ECON 101:
US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
International trade & globalization, in the form of trading the abstract 'labor' in lieu of physical flow of 'labor', had only thrived on the miseries of Chinese peasants, i.e., modern coolies. Bhagwati's immeserization growth theory explains why the more trade there is, the more worsening-off the living standards of Chinese peasants will be. In one word, Chinese communists ["national capitalists"], pre-occupied with "pleasure-seeking [hedonism] and literature-decoration" [inquisitions & censorship] like Manchu rulers, had transferred the hardship of Chinese peasants and their children into the huge export surplus, something that for sure had shocked Gordon Chang who, in "Coming Collapse Of China", claimed that China's entry into World Trade Organization (WTO) would lead to a shrinking export on the part of China and hence a collapse of Chinese economy. Just note that CCP does not know how to play a fair game, no matter W.T.O. or not. Indeed, China revaluated its currency by 2% on July 24th 2005. However, the old merchant saying goes like this: the wool grows on the sheep. The hardworking Chinese coolies would continue to elastically absorb the cost, including that from the appreciated currency, while China continues to export the goodies, women and "baby girls" to the world at the same price or even less. US government, in lieu of aiding the international currency gamblers, better knows how to route the exchange rate problem at the root, i.e., China's caste system !!! While US and Europe continue to subsidize their machine-operation farming industry, Communist China had lessened money input into the countryside from 1990 onward, and by 1994, dramatically cut the funds flow into the countryside, with the time period of 1994-1996 being negative growth. This is on top of the early ripoff, from 1952 to 1978, of an 'Agri-industrial scissor price differential' of 632 billion RMB from peasants in addition to a collection of 726.4 billion agriculture tax, whereas its funds input into the countryside was merely 173 billion for the same time period. (In 1980s or earlier, US$1=RMB4 and less.) The traffic to this website, with search keywords 'baby girl' and 'orphanage', makes this webmaster sick. The video of Chinese police fighting innocent Chinese peasants for land enclosure would probably make any human being of conscience indignant !!!
Modern Coolies & Immiserization Growth The fascist Chinese communist regime, pre-occupied with "pleasure-seeking and literature-decoration" like Manchu rulers, had created a monstrous "satiable" society by rewarding the few at the expense of the majority !!! There are credible sources to prove that bank managers in China collude with bank employees in embezzling funds or steering away funds to overseas accounts like HK, Switzerland, Japan, Australia and America. HK happens to be the paradise for "washing money", by the way. The corruption and crime going on in China, not merely restricted to the banks which are one of the "terminal illness", is fundamentally rooted in the crony personnel system in which parasites and thugs of each level, high or low, get entangled with each other. In the name of "globalization", communist regime had begun the process of liquidating the rotten and corrupt banking system by allowing Bank of America to invest $3B for 9 percent stake in China's state-owned Construction Bank. The United States government [State Department] and the Senators, who had actively pursued the cross-border fund transfers by Chiang Kai-shek cronies in the 1950s-60s and often tipped Chiang Kai-shek in person, are apparently turning a blind eye to the transnational financial crimes committed by the Chinese communists, but with an expectation of reaping dramatic returns after their Wall Street proxies are to take the Chinese banks to the IPOs in NYSE. 
To understand how desperate Chinese are, note that seven coolies, who were trafficked out of China by smuggling ring, stranded into Iraq during the Easter weekend of year 2004, only to be caught by Iraqi as "Japanese hostages".
More, on June 10th 2004, while George W. Bush was playing with Saddam's trophy pistol, terrorists killed 11 Chinese construction workers of peasant background in northern Afghanistan of Kunduz. The ten peasants from Shangrao of Jiangxi Province left behind dozens of kids and 10 widows. China Railway Shisiju [14th Bureau] Group Corporation paid those peasants merely US$10 per day !!! And, Chinese insurance company refused to provide the indemnity to the families of the victims on the pretext that terrorism attack was not in the clause.
(Also see Jan 18th 2005 report from Iraq to find out how the communists turned ordinary Chinese men into coolies and ordinary Chinese women into sex slaves both inside of China and abroad. Also see Asia Week report on scam immigration operations to bring in Chinese women who would "do anything and say anything to stay in the United States".)
For understanding China's "economic powerhouse phenomenon", go to section "China's Migrant Workers - Modern Coolies" for alternative theories and predictions on "boom or bust" as well as refer to Joshua Cooper Ramo's fabricated "asymmetrical strategy". With China's navy engaged in smuggling, army in profiteering & airforce constrained the number of flight hours for pilots, China does not have any arsenal to scare its opponents other than some missiles that, in the eyes of Martin Vandeer Wylder, could at most "make a pretty short fireworks display", no matter how Rumsfeld [who invested $500,000 in a venture capital fund in Shanghai] exaggerated the numbers to create a sensational "China menace" picture. Having noticed backlashes from Zhu Chenghu's A-bomb blackmail, retired communist diplomat Wu Jianmin, at http://news.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=news&MsgID=32387, proposed that China would need another 100 years for some catch-up work, with a faulty assumption that China's foes would pause to wait out the said timeframe. China's societal weakness, together with its racial ego & racial weakness, is no longer a "state secret" passed along by "servile" White-wannabe women companions of innumerable European and American men who, being the contemporary ranks of George McCartney and [Meriwether] Lewis & [William] Clark, already infiltrated into cities and towns across China. This website having named the names of Gap, Nike, Addidas and Walmart since the domain registration in 1999, finally, someone raised the attention: Harold Meyerson, at washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64806-2004Mar16.html , stated that AFL-CIO, on March 17, 2004, "filed the kind of unfair-trade petition that corporations commonly file, alleging that China's repression of workers' rights has displaced at minimum 727,000 U.S. jobs, and calling on the president to threaten China with tariffs until it stops artificially lowering its workers' wages". "Business Week", at businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D899H1T00.htm?campaign_id=apn_home_down , carried an article entitled "[American Textile] Industry To Seek More Limits On Imports [Of Chinese Clothing Products]". With cheap "made-in-China" commodities floating around the world, people in the West might not recover their conscience till after reflecting on the tragedy of the 1911 Triangle Company's Fire Disaster in New York on which occasion 146 coolie girls of European immigrant background jumped off the 9th floor to escape from the locked up workshops (see Rose Friedman recital in PBS program). Recent statistics showed that cheap Chinese imports could have saved an average American family 2 to 3 times more than the tax cut benefits from George Bush coffer. While it was true that US manufacturing jobs had continued to shrink, the living standards of Americans does not necessarily deteriorate at all. Right here in northern California, a young Pilipino man, who makes a mere $2000 per month at a dentistry, claimed to have concubines in Mexico, the Philippines and China. A good example to illustrate the innate American advantages would be the "autobiographical drama" of a young bankrupt American who wrote of his losing his job, internet stocks and the shirts at year 2000 dot com bust, travelling overseas for a relaxation, and then bringing home a pretty "servile" Asian woman for living in his mother's house: the American passport and 'Caucasian' outlook might be probably the best innate asset after all. (Go to the following interesting blog www.soapboxjams.com/china/archive/000201.html, which discussed China's "caste" issue in the context of enjoying the Chinese women of peasant background or provincial background, for a feel of the innate advantages. Quite obvious is that those White men who made noisy call of "Young men, go east !" did not go to China because they love China but China's "wealth and women" and all sorts of "dirty cheapness" in China. In my hometown, neighbors told me in year 2000 that an old British man, once a year, came to visit a young Chinese woman who had born a 'mingle', the sort of product some servile women would crave for at any cost. Incidentally, Ethan Gutmann, in "Losing the New China", already pointed out the "non-state-secret", i.e., foreigners' openly-pedophile pursuit of the cheap and servile women and whatever "dirty cheapness" - a replica of the 'xian (salty) shui (water) mei (women)' service provided to "Thirteen Wharf Firms" by Manchu compradors prior to 1839-42 Opium War.) 
Alan Greenspan, possibly the smartest American, had continued to express puzzlement over the "conundrum" of long term interest rate but did make clear that an appreciation of Chinese currency would not shrink the US import but to force US to import from the rest of countries other than China. What Greenspan does not know is that my countryside cousins, mostly women, had been going to Guam, Samoa and other Pacific islands for a decade as export of labor: what is coming to US market is merely a tag stating something not "made-in-China" but made-by-Chinese in nature.
Do note that no country in this world could compete against China and its enormous cheap labor or escape from the diminishing living standards as exemplified by the loss of US manufacturing jobs; for people in India and Mexico etc, the same diminishing living standards would be inevitable since no labor in India or Mexico could compete against the Chinese coolies whatsoever.
China's foreign exchange reserve, incidentally, was heavily vested in United States treasury notes and bills. Those in power in China, other than immediately taking action to provide free textbooks to the countryside kids as they promised early in 2005, should think about using some of the "blood & sweat" foreign exchange to provide a free breakfast to the countryside kids. (In contrary, the "totalitarian capitalists" decided to make some lavish shopping in America, with a recent 19 billion offer on Unocal. Now having lost the Unocal bid, they still refuse to properly use it for the welfare of the common Chinese people, not knowing that they would eventually squander away US$711 billion [as of June 2005] the same way as Manchu China, after the 1839-1842 Opium War, had forfeited the silver [including that from the mines of Mexico] that were accumulated over 300 years of foreign trade [60,000 tons equivalent of silver].) Berkshire Profit - Chicom's Hold Empty Bag, Plus 200+ Billion Subprime Loss! ECON 101: US Interest Rate Down = China Exchange Rate Up !
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7092151/: "[premier] Wen [Jiabao] also promised that all farm taxes will be ended by next year [2006?] and that, by 2007, every Chinese child can receive nine years of schooling. Children from poor families will be exempt from most fees and receive free textbooks, Wen said, though he did not say whether they will have to pay tuition." -- Is that a joke? Countryside schools either abandoned by kids going into child labor or dilapidated due to ill funding, the government should instead fix the issue via two prongs: 1) terminating tuition at all public elementary and high schools; and 2) raising salary for countryside teachers. Communist China had now jacked up annual tuition cost of attending a provincial normal college or university to a minimum of RMB6000 [US$770]. In contrast, Mao Tse-tung and etc were able to attend county-level middle schools and Hunan Provincial Normal College under Manchu Qing Dynasty's "New Administrative Measures" for free. Ordinary vocational or trade schools charged similar tuition, i.e., the byproduct of communist China's profit-driven "reform" in hospital and education systems. The daughter of my uncle, after having spent over 10000 RMB [US$1200], had to force the hospital into releasing the patient for 'herbal medicine' treatment in the countryside. Should you have no money in pocket, dare you enter the emergency room of a Chinese hospital. Here, I proclaim to Chi-commies: You commies are being cursed, and your commie sons and grandsons are being cursed, unless you reverse your track NOW. The curse is from my male countryside relatives, cousins and uncles who, at this moment, invariably suffer from liver problems of one sort or the other as a result of coolie labor for you Chi-com all lifelong. Knowing that Communist China, with its repressive policy against its majority peasant caste, would not spare a trickle of its foreign exchange reserve for the benefits of the modern coolies, the world had better embrace for more and more influx of Chinese goods. This is especially true when China's economic growth is unusually skewed to "foreign demand" [i.e., exports] rather than 'domestic demand'. Communist regime, having risked domestic inflation by printing extra RMB currency for sake of balancing the supply of US dollars from export gain, has no choice but to continue the yuan-dollar pegging, yielding to the inevitable consequence of "water overflowing over the bank" down the road. Fundamentally speaking, communist regime had adopted the same "block up" approaches economically and politically as Gun the father of pre-Xia dynasty founder Yu had undertaken as to the flood control. At stake is not a matter of the IQ or intelligence of the Chinese communist rulers and their "Harvard-educated" or "Stanford-educated" ministers and councilors but the stubborn and selfish greed for money, power, women and pleasure: There is no merit in Caoan Jushi's suggestion of some hideous agenda by some "disguised" ruling elites in deliberately corrupting China and the Chinese people to a final demise. Billion Chinese, in the opinion of the regime, had better work for menial pay than out of job. Any mishap in the currency fluctuation could disrupt the export-driven economy and subsequently lead to economic depression, social instability and political collapse. Some mathematics for you: In today's China, ordinary Chinese could make no more than US$2-US$10 per day. One of my aunts, whose land was "enclosed" by the government around 2000, had been receiving for years a mere subsidy of RMB 300 [US$40] per month. Before the enclosure, she could net no more than the subsidized income after paying for the costs of seeds, fertilizer and taxes. Another aunt is now receiving about RMB 30 [US$4] per month in the form of a non-governmentally-sanctioned retirement benefits for peasants of her county. In the cities and towns, innumerable workers had been forced to retire at age 40-55 in exchange for a nominal severance pay and a monthly subsidy of around RMB400 [$50]. (For China's ECON101, refer to Yang Fan's article on bubbles.) In contrast, a bank employee in Yangtze area might receive a subsidy of RMB300,000 [US$40k] for purchasing a property; and a high school teacher may receive an annual bonus of RMB9000 [US$1100] in year 2004. To yield the bureaucratic position to some younger people of connections, a small potato official from a county-level taxation department, at age 55, could get a one-time severance payout of RMB500,000 [US$61,500] as well as a monthly subsidy of RMB3000 [US$400], i.e., a prevalent mode of collective & collusive 'communizing' and carving-up of state-owned assets and revenue streams. The city-dwellers of Shanghai could easily reap a profit of RMB200,000 [US$10k-30k] in a matter of 1-2 years from the real estate market that soundly beats even Tokyo, HK or New York. E.g., the cousin of my grandfather, who was allocated 50 square meters living quarter on 2nd floor of a detached house in the old French Concession territory, now boasts a real estate value of 1 million RMB [i.e., US$115,000]. And, behind the drive of real estate price in Shenzhen & Zhuhai [i.e., special economic zones] were certainly hotbeds of second-wife villages and flourishing meat-swap market that had provided at one time 300 prostitutes for a Japanese tour delegation, tens of thousands of young women for HK truck drivers, and innumerable others for the "wealthy, powerful and distinguished" Chinese men and international rascals.
China, The Caste Society 
After obtaining power in 1949,
the Chinese communists successfully set up, on the Chinese continent, a cruel caste system. Unlike the Mongols' caste society of 14th century which was ethnic in nature, the current one is political and power-driven, and it is hidden and disguised in nature, unknown to the outside world as a result of collusion, conscious or subconscious, of the people in upper castes in China. This caste system was created for sake of pitting one class or level of people against a lower level with a wider base or population, solely for sake of strengthening the grip of power of dictatorship as well as exploiting the hardworking Chinese masses in the lower levels, peasants and workers alike. We call this communist system 'caste society' because the Chinese system of class differentiation and the rigid policy of having babies register in mother's residency is a cruel system exactly mapping the notorious 'Indian Caste Society' where babies born are predestined to be of the same insurmountable castes (Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras).
In the caste system, the people are born and bound, both physically and mentally. This kind of bondage had led to the unfair and unequal treatment of the Chinese people in terms of economic, political and social welfare, and directly caused the massive loss of brain power and intelligence as exemplified by the inadequate education 70-80% of China's population, peasants, have received. Though the caste society could be sub-divided into many levels, the main two groups would be the city-dwellers (not necessarily workers as used as a class in communist doctrines) versus the peasants. asiademo.org had included one extra caste, the "hei hukou" or "grey area households", namely, those Chinese who had no registration with the government whatsoever. When I was asked to explain in details the situations of peasants versus city dwellers, I thought it hard and then derived a good analogy. I told people that you could probably think of the Chinese peasants as the 'invisible men' as depicted by a Black author in US (Ralph Ellison), and the kind of relationship between the Chinese peasants and city-dwellers would be equivalent to the Blacks versus the Whites in US in the 1960s. In today's world, you could find the segregation, physical and economical, in such countries as China and North Korea. In China, the babies born in the Chinese countryside had to register with their mother's locality and that they had no right to move to town, study in town or work in town. Worse than that would be the acquiesce of the city dwellers of China as well as the mockery at the miseries of Chinese peasants. Among the city dwellers and the peasants, sub-castes abound in that communist cadres are divided into 25 levels, workers 8 levels and the peasants at least 4 levels. Movement between the levels in each caste usually difficult, inter-caste movements are almost impossible. Peasants in the countryside are never allowed to move to the towns and cities, township residents are not allowed to move into provincial or municipal cities, and people in the inner provinces are not allowed to move to the coastal areas where chances of livelihood and welfare are much better. Illustrative examples will be: city residents of a certain municipal district, like Minhang District of Shanghai Municipality, are not allowed to migrate to the Shanghai city proper, Shanghai residents not allowed to migrate to Beijing the capital, and the residents of Guangzhou not allowed to migrate to Shenzhen or Zhuhai the Special Economic Zones (SEZ). Now HK is and Macau are back in China, the kind of mechanism applies again here, namely, the Chinese children whose parents moved to HK or Macao would not be allowed to enter HK or Macau for permanent residency, and in most recent case, China intervened in HK's judicial affairs by overturning HK legislature which ruled that those mainland children could reunite with parents in HK and Macao. To understand how strict China's registration system is, just note that in today's Beijing the capital, a separate ruling is in effect, requiring that whoever male Beijing resident must undergo a DNA test to determine father-child relationship before their pre-marriage child could apply for registration of household in Beijing Municipality. People may ask how could this kind of cruel pyramid-style system have survived in China for almost 50 years (from 1949 to 1999) and would for sure continue. The answer lies in the fact that this caste society had deliberately pitted one class or level of people against lower levels with a wider base or population, thus making the higher class or level of people into unconscious and subconscious safeguards of the regime in repressing the lower class or level of people. As long as the people in the upper castes do not realize the roles they are playing, there would be no self-liberation of the upper castes, not to mention the fate of those in lower castes. Besides, the government has police, military police (1 million strong, converted from army after the Tiananmen Massacre) and army, and it never hesitates to sacrifice human life for achieving its ends, power and dictatorship. While the Manchu dynasty, under constant attacks and revolts from Han Chinese, could still survive for hundreds of years (with ironically such military pillars as Han Chinese General Zuo Zongtang), there is no reason to doubt the determination of the Chinese communists in continuing their repression of the Chinese people via any means or tools they have on hand. Externally speaking, western economic powers, represented by their corporate interests, including Gap, Nike, Addidas and Walmart, would love to deal with the Chinese regime which never care about those Chinese coolies working in the sweatshops of Saipan, toured and touted by Tom Delay etc of the American Congress. Northern Mariana Island legislation: "According to ABC's 20/20 television program, Abramoff lobbied DeLay to stop legislation banning sex shops and sweatshops that force employees to have abortions in the Mariana Islands when Abramoff accompanied DeLay on a 1997 trip to the island. While on the trip, DeLay promised not to put the bill on the legislative calendar". Chinese compatriots, look out! Those slaves in sex shops and sweatshops of Pacific Islands are staffed by our brothers and sisters ! All in all, in the siege of Shanghai during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Rebellion, the Westerners supported the Manchu rulers, not the quasi-Christian brothers of Taiping. Another illustrative example would be the retention of Manchu Dowager Empress Ci-xi by the eight allied powers after quelling the 1900 boxer rebellion even though the said dowager empress had orchestrated the anti-West boxer rebellion as a result of European nations’ support for the restoration of the deposed Emperor Guangxu. In early this century, Chinese Republic founder, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, rejected by the western powers, had to seek help from the Soviet Union, a fundamental cause in the "Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution". More available at Century-long American hypocrisy towards China, Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese and What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution. Note: The word caste was a social phenomenon in India. Hindu society is divided into castes and several thousands of sub-castes. Caste is a highly organized social grouping. A Hindu is born in a caste and dies as a member of that caste. As caste is determined by birth, one can never move from one caste to another. Castes are not equal in status but arranged in a vertical order in which one caste is at the top and is the highest (the Brahman), another at the bottom and in between them there are the Kshatriya, the Vashya and etc in a descending order. This inequality in status is said to be an outcome of a person's deeds (good or bad) accomplished in his previous life. In the words of S.D. Theertha, "... the Hindu social order is simply a menace to freedom, unity and peace. The three thousands and odd castes and the larger number of sub-castes, into which the Hindus are irretrievably divided, keep nearly ninety-five per cent of the Hindus in perpetual disgrace and permanently condemned to an inferior social status. Early Crackdowns and Land-Reform Joke On Peasants After obtaining power in 1949, the Chinese Communists (CCP) first launched so-called "Suppression of Reactionaries Movement" & "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" in early 50s. "Suppression of Reactionaries Movement" started in 1950, while "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" was launched in 1955 with the advent of 'Hu Feng Reactionary Clique'. The 1955 crackdown (which implicated 4 million people) was officially declared a so-called 'Kuo Da Hua', namely, over-implication, but the 1950 crackdown stood as 'justified' still today. During the "Suppression of Reactionaries Movement", Chinese communists (CCP) required that every Chinese obtain three letters of reference from people in their hometown attesting to their past. Every Chinese citizen was made into a folder in the personnel file. The folder, a determinant in a person's future promotion, transfer and benefits, would be kept in the personnel department of the working unit. The household registration would be enforced, first handled by the Civil Administration Ministry, and then taken over by Public Security Ministry on Jan 13th, 1956. So-called 'referral letter' stamped by some working units would be required for sake of buying train tickets or staying in a hotel. In addition to physical and psychological control, rice or flour coupons would be used to maintain economic control of the people. Three kinds of coupons, i.e., national circulation, regional circulation, and local circulation, would allow township Chinese to travel to a destination of measured range. For peasants, they would have to exchange their uncooked rice for the coupons before they could walk outside of their domain. Before the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River, CCP declared a general amnesty for all officials and soldiers of the Kuomintang (KMT or GMD) government by stating that only the top 'war criminals' would be tried and punished. However, once CCP took over the country, it began to round up small potato officials and officers of the ex-regimes, Nationalist and Puppet Nanking Government alike. During the time period from 1949 to 1952, landlords and wealthy peasants (one subcaste among the peasant caste), low level ex-KMT officers, and other reactionaries were rounded up in various kinds of camps, custody and prisons. Three distinctive stages could be distinguished: the initial voluntary surrender and registration, consecutive targeted arrests, and final investigations. Millions would be either executed on the massive scale or imprisoned for life. For example, in the spring of 1951, in Hetongxian county of Sichuan Prov, Xia Zhishi, a veteran of 1911 Xin Hai Revolution, was executed together with elder brother, junior brother [4th son in order] and a nephew. (See page 415 of Dong Zhujun's book "My One Century" [Sanlian Bookstore, Peking, China, Sept 1997 edition]. Dong Zhujun learnt of the execution details from the letter written by stepson Xia Shuyu, and for three years, provided financial support to seven children born by her stepson.) 2-3 years after that, about 1953-4, Dong Zhujun received a letter from the daughter of another stepson born by her ex-husband Xia Zhishi, i.e., Xia Naigeng, stating that he [Xia Naigeng] was thinking about a flee to Shanghai's stepmother numerous times ... regretting no decision was made ... seeing his wife and daughter at prison cell at 11:00 am for a final bye ... hoping that stepmother could take care of his wife and daughter after he was to leave this world the next morning ... and wishing to become dog or horse to requite stepmother in next life." Xia Zhishi was restored reputation and rebuilt tomb in 1988. The 1950 crackdown started with the so-called "March 18 1950 Instructions As To Severely Cracking Down On Reactionaries', and 'Double 10 Instructions", namely, Decree on Oct 10th 1950. By November of 1953, altogether 4 to 20 million people were executed. In whole year of 1954, 330,000 reactionaries and criminals were arrested nationwide, among whom 111,000 were classified as "reactionaries" and 10,000 around were executed per Hua Min (whose "China Great Reversal" [Mirror Books, Flushing, New York, Dec 1996 edition, ISBN 1-896745-19-9] was a book analyzing China's society in 1956, and before and after 1956). Peasants, both poverty-stricken due to grain surrender and lacking motivation due to collectivization, certainly complained about communist regime, with the result of about 100,000 peasants and agriculture cadres sentenced into "reactionaries". Mao Tse-tung disclosed in April 1956 that about 2-3 million were killed, imprisoned or supervised. Mao disclosed in Feb of 1957 that altogether 700 thousand reactionaries were executed from 1950 to 1952. Luo Ruiqing, the minister for public security, disclosed that 4 million were executed from 1948 to 1955. (These figures do not include the so-called 2.7 million KMT armed bandits who were destroyed from 1950 to 1952. Sichuan Prov, which had contributed the most to the 1937-1945 Resistance War, was also among the last provinces where KMT remnant armies fought the guerrilla war against communist forces persistently. Jung Chang's "Wild Swans" pointed out that KMT guerrilla forces, at one time, surrounded Yibin of Sichuan Prov after Jung Chang's father led his bulk of liberation army into the countryside for collecting grains. http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/11/27/76409.html carried an account of massive executions in Sichuan Prov, including that of Luo Guangying who had instigated cousin Luo Guangwen's uprising against KMT in Chengdu city.) Mao claimed that China did not have to undergo the 1956 Hungarian Rebellion as a result of the harsh crackdowns against "Little Chiang Kai-shek" in 1950 and 1955. During the 8th Plenary Meeting of the Communist Party, Liu Shaoqi declared that 'class struggle was over'. Jung Chang's "Wild Swans" recorded that KMT Colonel Ji, i.e., one time boyfriend of her mother, had been executed as "Little Chiang Kai-shek" although the guy had assisted Jung Chang's mother in blowing up the ammunition depot during the Jinzhou Campaign. Meanwhile, the farmland was seized and confiscated from the landlords and wealthy peasants and re-distributed to lower level peasants. Land reform was also conducted for creating incentives to have peasant families send in their sons to the "People's Volunteer Army" on the Korean Battlefield, with a slogan termed "safeguarding the victory's fruits". The communist government would use a quota for determining the 'class enemies'. Noteworthy would be the campaigns launched by Tao Zhu in Guangdong Province which boasted a large overseas Chinese population. A certain percentage of 'wealthy' people would have to be filtered out as landlords to be shot to death in each and every village. This is called 'Cun Cun Jian Xue', namely, each and every village must have blood-letting. My father recalled that executions by rows occurred daily in a playground near the middle school of the town where he lived. A history teacher of his was pulled out of classroom one day and never seen again. A high school student, son of a doctor and a good basketball player, was shot to death for enrolling in the nationalists' so-called "Three People" youth organization, on a day my father could not forget because he defeated the street peddler for each draw in cigarette cover gambling. Land Reform According to economic chronicles (edited by Ma Hong, published July 1982), by August of 1952, altogether 0.3 billion peasants were distributed the land and the land reform was completed in the 90% percentile nationwide. This land reform turned out to be a sick joke because the peasants would soon enter the collectivization phase of socialism, namely, the "Shining Path" (an euphemistic word to be used by the Marxist guerillas in Latin America), at which stage the land would be re-seized from the peasants to form the so-called "agricultural cooperatives", a precursor to the "People's Communes" which were to come during the Great Leap Forward of 1958-1960. In the agriculture area, Third Plenary of Seventh National Session of the Chinese Communist Party (June 6th-June 9th of 1950) stated that "land reform was foremost key to achieving an upturn of the finance and economic status of the country", namely, killing the landlords and confiscating the landlords' assets and properties for sake of financing the operations of the government rather than waiting for the peasants to grow crops and produce output to be harvested one year later. "Land Reform" was classified as No. One of the eight major tasks outlined by the Third Plenary of Seventh National Session. On basis of CCP National Session paper, Chen Yuansen concluded that altogether 2 million landlords and relatively wealthy peasants were executed during the 1950 land reform storm. Land reform, first started with CCP Central's "Instructions In Regards To Countering Spies, Liquidation [?] & Land Issues" [dubbed "May 4th Instruction"] on May 4th 1946, was already completed in so-called "old [liberated] areas" before 1949; however, 70-85% of peasants automatically fell into the category of so-called 'medium or well-to-do families' and majority peasants had basically no interest in forming "agricultural mutual-aid teams" or "agricultural cooperatives". Liu Shaoqi pointed out in Dec 1951 that so-called "agricultural cooperatives" for mutual assistance and cooperation in production could be "erroneous, precarious and utopian". Mao Tse-tung, however, demanded that CCP should launch "agricultural cooperatives" as a top issue. In late 1952, peasants were forced into 8 million 'mutual-aid labor groups' and 4 thousand 'agricultural cooperatives' through collectivization. Hua Min pointed out that by the end of 1952, there would be 8,300,000 "agricultural mutual-assistance groups" and 3600 "agricultural cooperatives". Early 50s was designated 'New Democracy-ism', while the time period prior to 1949 would be termed 'Old Democracy-ism'. (Mao Tse-tung devised this term to solve China's missing stage of capitalism as necessitated by Marxist societal developments, namely, a society must first go through capitalism before proletarian revolution leads to socialism.) In 1953, Mao Tse-tung suddenly initiated the transformation to socialism. As pointed out by Bao Tong, in his article, Revealing the CCP, 1949 saw Mao upholding the so-called "Common Guiding Principles" which was submitted to CPPCC and conferred constitutional status. This document stated that "the state protects the private property of workers, peasants, small and domestic bourgeoisies", that "freedom of thought and freedom of migration" of the people was protected, and that "the members of the National People’s Congress (NPC) at all levels shall be elected by a direct election process." But in 1953, Mao suddenly initiated "the transformation towards socialism," and dealt a death penalty to the Common Guiding Principles according to Bao Tong. Owning to the reluctance of peasants in forming "agricultural cooperatives", Deng Zihui advised against forcefulness in promoting the cooperative movement in Feb 1953. However, local communist officials threatened peasants with choice of 'socialist path' vs. 'capitalist path' and forcefully concentrated peasants' cattle, tools and other personal belongings. In Aug 1953, Mao Tse-tung called on struggles against "rightist opportunism" for safeguarding the success of socialist cause. In Dec, CCP issued a decree entitled "Resolution In Regards To Developing Agricultural Production Cooperatives". By the spring of 1954, nationwide, "agricultural cooperatives" numbered at 95,000, more than twice the target number of 35,000, with 80% cooperatives formed under coercion. By Jan 1955, "agricultural cooperatives" increased to 480,000. In March, Zhou Enlai & Liu Shaoqi advised that "agricultural cooperatives" should 'stop, contract and develop'. However, in May, Mao advocated 'foment' policy as to "agricultural cooperatives". In July 1955, CCP minister for agriculture, Deng Zihui, was criticized to be a 'feet-bound woman' by Mao. In Oct, CCP Sixth Plenary of Seventh National Session further attacked "rightist opportunism" and upheld the orientation of "agricultural cooperatives". At the meeting, Mao called for extermination of capitalism and 'petty production mode'. In Dec 1955, Mao authored "Socialist Peak In Chinese Countryside" and pushed for speeding up the reform of craftsmen industry and bourgeois industry/commerce towards socialism. On Jan 21st, 1956, 500 thousand Shanghai citizens, on parade and under the rains, ran on the streets for 'entering socialism'. By 1956, in the countryside, small "agricultural cooperatives" were merged into big "agricultural cooperatives", and elementary "agricultural cooperatives" were elevated into advanced "agricultural cooperatives". By the end of 1956, CCP finished the transformation within 1.5 years, faster than its original plan of 10-15 years. Political Crackdowns and Movements The 1950 crackdown, "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries", started with the so-called 'March 18 1950 Instructions As To Severely Cracking Down On Reactionaries', and 'Double 10 Instructions', namely, Decree on Oct 10th 1950. By November of 1953, altogether 4 to 20 million people were executed. Hua Min stated that in whole year of 1954, 330,000 reactionaries and criminals were arrested nationwide, among whom 111,000 were classified as "reactionaries" and 10,000 around were executed. (Mao disclosed in Feb of 1957 that altogether 700 thousand reactionaries were executed from 1950 to 1952. Luo Ruiqing, the minister for public security, disclosed that 4 million were executed from 1948 to 1955.) Political crackdowns and movements would ensue further. The communists launched separate movements of "Three Anti & Five Anti". On Nov 30th, 1951, "Three Anti" [namely, anti-commingling, anti-waste and anti-bureaucratism] was launched. 'Land Reform' ensued in the same timeframe. In the culture and arts arena, an 'Arts Rectification Movement' was launched in Dec 1951. On Jan 26th, 1952, "Five Anti" [namely, anti movements in regards to bribery, tax evasion, larceny, cut-corner work and economic espionage] went into a full swing. The "Three Anti" movement was targeted at communists themselves, but the "Five Anti" was targeted at stranded and speculative capitalists and wealthy people who were accused of cutting corner in making products for dispatchment to the Korean battlefield. Numerous memoirs recorded that capitalist business owners jumped off high buildings or jumped into the Huangpu River of Shanghai to commit suicides. (The enterprises of those business owners would be converted into so-called 'Jiti' nature.) On Jan 5th, 1953, Mao launched a new "Three Anti" movement by issuing a 'Decree As To Anti-Bureaucratism, Anti-Order-ism, & Anti-Lawlessness'. The Party internal fights will be Mao Tse-tung's routing the political enemies, like Gao Gang the communist party chairman of Manchuria, in Dec 1953. Earlier, Mao ordered the pilgrimage of five CCP Regional General-Secretaries to Peking. CCP used to have five secretaries in charge of five sections of China, including Gao Gang and Deng Xiaoping etc. Gao was recorded to have pulled out his gun and shot himself in the head to commit suicide. Gao Gang first tried suicide in vain by shooting himself with a gun from his bodyguard [refer to secretchina.com/news/articles/5/2/11/84979.html ], and after few attempts, finally succeeded in suicide by taking insomnia tablets [refer to secretchina.com/news/articles/5/2/11/84980.html ].) Few high profile communist officials (including Liu Shanqing?) were executed for alleged economic crimes. Army officers or soldiers who dumped their countryside wives for city bourgeoisie girls were heavily criticized as well. (This national wife-dumping movement, i.e., monopolizing women of relative beauty or robbing women of reactionary descent or background, was in the name of anti-feudalism, or against matchmaker or parents-assigned marriages, or in the name of 'revolutionary freely-matched love'.) Additional casualties noteworthy would be two communist cadres called Pan Hannian & Yang Fan1, rumored to be the persons sent to Nanking for talks with then Japanese occupation commander Okamura Yasuji just as the French communists had endured under the Nazi when the news came that the Soviet Union signed a friendship treaty with Germany. Pan Hannian would be accused of corruption and sentenced to death on probation; he later died during the cultural revolution, only to be restored reputation in 1980s. Pan Hannian & Yang Fan1 were said to have been targeted for sake of burying treachery evidence. (Click http://www.panhannianguju.org/phncq8.htm to see how CCP slapped own face by describing the collusion details, i.e., Pan Hannian went to see Wang Jingwei without the knowledge of the Politburo and how Pan Hannian colluded with the puppet government during the resistance war time period. Per Yu Maochun's "OSS In China", Pan Hannian was both a Chinese communist spy as well as a Comintern spy, for which Mao purged him in 1955 as a way to route the Russian influence as well as cover up the communist treachery. Pan Hannian was restored reputation in 1982, five years after he died on a forced labor farm in Jiangxi Prov. Communists still prohibited the disclosure of its treacheries as shown in the banning of Zhong Kan's "Judgmental Biography of Kang Sheng" in 1981. Alternatively speaking, it was Yang Fan who implicated Pan Hannian for having reported on the 'actress' life of Mao's unofficial wife Jiang Qing, aka Lan-pin in 1937-38. More treachery could be seen at terror.htm. Jiang Qing, for her open sexuality on Shanghai Bund and implication in a KMT arrest in 1934, was given negative feedback by underground communists like Yang Fan, for which Jiang Qing & Kang Sheng, in Feng Zhijun's opinion, had routed Yang Fan & Pan Hannian in 1954 and put them to lifelong imprisonment.) Religious suppression followed suits. On July 22nd, 1954, so-called 'Autonomous & Patriotic Christianity Committee' was established. On Aug 26th, 1954, polices in regards to 're-education via forced laboring' were enforced. "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" was launched in 1955 with the advent of 'Hu Feng Reactionary Clique'. The 1955 crackdown, which implicated 4 million people, was now officially declared a so-called 'Kuo Da Hua', namely, over-implication. Hua Min pointed out that Mao had invoked the 1942 Yan'an Rectification Movement as a good example for launching a new wave of "purging reactionaries". On July 1st 1955, CCP issued "Instructions In Regards To Launching Struggle For Purging Hidden Reactionaries". Lasting two years, Mao Tse-tung was commented to have utilized this purge movement for enforcing the progress of "socialist reform" in the form of "agricultural cooperatives". CCP set a target number of 5% for the "hidden reactionaries", and this number was lowered to 1.43% after USSR exposed the crimes Stalin had conducted during the Purge at Soviet 20th Congress. CCP Central, for adjusting its over-implication, claimed that by 1956, among those investigated, about 1.43% had been classified as real reactionaries, and this number could amount to 1.5% with all cases to be investigated and tried. Hua Min cited CCP documents with the following wording: "For the 8.6 million people to be investigated for the second batch of 'purging reactionaries movement' in 1956, we [i.e., CCP] thought that we should lower the target to 2% from 5%." The end result of the 2nd batch, per Hua Min, yielded the number of 0.3% as reactionaries among statistics from 15 provinces and municipalities. TO BE CONTINUED ! Brief Spring (1956-1957) & China Great Reversal The period following the bloody crackdown would see some kind of revision in government policies. Some intellectuals began to question the severity of the executions, some other intellectuals began to challenge the agricultural policies, and some intellectuals demanded academic freedoms. Against this background, Mao would stage several political movements targeted at specific representatives of specific schools of thoughts. Mao insisted that the executions of 'Little Chiang Kai-shek Etc', in millions, were warranted; Mao personally cursed agriculturalist Liang Suming (Last Confucian of China) for more than one hour during the Sept 1953 National Agriculture Meeting; Mao classified Hu Feng (who wrote a thirty thousand word letter to Mao arguing for academic freedom) as an anti-party clique in 1954; and Mao sent Ding Ling (a communist writer) to labor camp in 1955. Mao launched, on Jan 20th 1955, the 'Movement For Criticizing Hu Feng Thoughts'. Hu Feng Anti-Party Clique implicated 2100 victims. Hu Feng was sentenced to "life imprisonment" and would not get out till 1978. Ding Ling, for her role in 'Ding Ling & Chen Qixia Anti-Party Clique', would be sentenced into exile for 22 years. The Movement of "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" in July 1955 would see 140,000 people rounded up in class struggle, and 81,000 of them identified as counterrevolutionaries (see http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wow2/publications/jun2199.pdf). In the mid-1950s, changing in the international arena would be the event that Stalinism was negated in USSR in 1956 and the horrors of the Purge was exposed by Nikita Khrushchov. Some Chinese communists began to identify with the moderateness of new Soviet leadership. Numerous memoirs and writings had described the time period prior to the Anti-Rightist Movement as a relaxing interval. Parties with social dancing were popular all over the nation, and the party's headquarters, Zhongnanhai, would hold dancing parties at least twice a week, and Mao and Liu etc were said to exchange dancing partners (actresses from the PLA's troupe) several times during one tune. Intellectuals began to speak out again, and the political vase parties began to criticize the communists, too. Facing various criticisms, Mao launched the 'Rectification Movement' on April 27th, 1957. Mao said he had successfully induced the snakes out of their hibernation and officially launched 'Anti-Rightist Movement' in June 1957. At some college in Nanking, students held criticism and debates for three days and three nights, continuously, and 20 out of one class of 40 were later dispatched to Manchuria for military farming. During the Anti-Rightist Movement, Mao said that Qin's First Emperor Shihuangdi just buried alive 460 Confucians but he had successfully eradicated 552,2887 "bourgeoisie rightists" nationwide in 1957. Ding Ling etc and rightists were expatriated over to Sub-farm No. 5 (i.e., Mt Yunshan Husbandry Farm) of Military Farm No. 850 in the Ussuri River border area. Xie Hegeng, once a top CCP mole inside of KMT nucleus, was spotted by rightist Yin Yi in picking up rotten vegetable leaflets for food in 1960. (Also serving terms together with the rightists on re-education farms would be former KMT tank battalion officers whom my father, as machinery technician, had worked together in machinery repair working unit. My father also recalled that the iron & cast team on Farm No. 850 mainly consisted of so-called "convicts". Former KMT tank battalion officers were exiled to the border much earlier than People's Volunteer Soldiers who were repatriated from Korea in 1958. Per Gao Wenjun's account, numerous KMT officers, including two of his Whampoa Cadet classmates, were exiled to the New Dominion Province right after communist taking over power in 1949.) On Aug 8th, 1957, Mao launched 'Massive Socialism Education Movement' in the countryside. On Oct 9th, 1957, Mao proposed the so-called 'Four Mega Weapons', namely, Big Character Poster, Big Debate and etc. People's Daily, on Nov 13th, first proposed the 'Great Leap Forward' (GLF). On Nov 18th, Mao boasted of winning a nuclear war with sacrifice of half of China's population. In Feb 1958, "People's Daily", officially proclaimed GLF. In same month, a so-called patriotic hygienic movement was launched to exterminate flies, rats, swallows and mosquitoes. April 9th, 1958, "People's Communes" were proposed. 'High output satellites' were launched in July 1958. Aug 1958 Beidaihe Meeting officially endorsed the idea of "People's Communes". Early 1959, Tibetan rebellions were quelled. Lushan Meeting of July 2-Aug 16 1959 declared the 'Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique'. After 1959's Lushan Meeting, Mao went on the Anti-Rightist Trend to rout another 3,800,000 people. Dec 1959, the CCP Propaganda Department launched criticisms of 'humanitarianism' and the demography theories of Ma Yinchu. (Some of the dates listed here were corroborated with Bloody 50 Years.) "Household Registration System" On April 17th, 1953, the State Council issued a decree called "Instructions As To Persuading and Desisting Peasants From Chaotic Relocation Into Cities". On March 12th, 1954, the government, seeing that the previous order had not much effect, issued a second decree dubbed "Instructions As To Continuously Enforcing The Persuasion and Desisting of Peasants From Chaotic Relocation Into Cities". Various provincial and local governments had been required to enforce the rulings. However, statistics showed that peasants numbering 570,000, from 1956 to 1957, had moved into towns and cities. This was, in fact, a direct result of the panic caused by the communist government which issued a 3rd decree on Jan 13th, 1956, i.e., "Instructions As To Transferring Of Agri-household Registration, Statistical Work and Household Registration To Public Security Ministry". Whow! Now the household registration was no longer enforced by the so-called "Civil Administration Ministry". On Jan 9th, 1958, the so-called First National People's Congress officially made a law entitled "The Rules and Regulations of Household Registration of the People's Republic of China", and the ruling was issued in the name of State President Mao Tse-tung. The CASTE was officially born !!! This strict enforcement of the caste won't change till the early 80s when the local governments, short of cash as well as greedy of extra cash income, broke the ban by selling township registers to peasants as well as inner-province people. Lai'an County of Anhui Province was the first to take the "ransom", and they charged 5,000 yuan for selling a register. Within 6 days, altogether they sold out 773 household registers, cashing in a total of 3,863,000 yuan. 500,000 Anhui peasants followed suit shortly. Shandong Province is next, and a register would be sold for 5,000 to 12,000 yuan. In Jiangsu Province, 3,000 could buy it. Hubei Province, 6,000 yuan. Henan Province would be the next. By 1986, the Central Government decided that this must be stopped. A mutant form of business, however, would develop in early 90s, in such advanced regions as Guangdong, Shanghai and Zhejiang Province, in the name of payment for "city management fees", to exchange for a right to live in towns and cities. Guangzhou Municipality charged a fee of 3,500 to 13,000 yuan. The vampires grew on the daily basis. In Dec 1993, Shanghai Municipality decreed that its register could be obtained via an investment of 1,000,000 yuan or 200,000 US dollars, similar to the L-1 Visa in America. Shenzhen Municipality of Guangdong Province followed suit in early 1995 by asking for 1,000,000 yuan. On June 13th, 1995, Beijing the capital devised the first ruling against the mobile population. Bear in mind that today's peasants could only make 200 yuan per month excluding taxes, fees and fertilizers, and the peasant children could only make 2 yuan by inserting fuses into the fireworks per day. What a state-level joke!!! There should be no surprise about the "purchasing power" of those "lucky" peasants. In mid-80s, Chinese families and relatives would assemble an astronomical figure of money just for sake of sending their son or daughter to Japan and Australia for the so-called "overseas studies". They ended up doing "gold rush". The kind of human control and organization could be traced to 2,500 years ago when counselor Guang Chong first organized Qi Principality's army into groups of 5, 10, 100, 500, 1000 etc. Reformer of Qin Principality, Shang Yang, was credited with enforcing a rule of neighborhood watch. Shang Yang made five households into a so-called 'bao', and ten 'bao' would be a collective unit for punishment should the neighbors fail to report the crime committed by one member. (Shang Yang had ordered the passes be closed at nights, and when he fled the capital, he could not sneak out of Hanguguan Pass at night. When he looked for rest in a commoner's residence, he was told that he could not stay because 'Prince Shang Laws' forbade it. Shang Yang became a victim of his own system.) In Tang Dynasty, Emperor Tang Taizhong had enacted some form of Bao Jia system. In Song Dynasty, reformer Wang Anshi proposed the 'Bao Jia Law'. In ancient times, the government could not afford to pay salaries to redundant bureaucrats, and the government would pay salaries to the county head, only. As exemplified by Yuan Dynasty's so-called 'Three Old Men System', each and every village would be responsible for human management on their own, and familial control was a way to alleviate the government of the administration and financial burdens, not for spying and monitoring. It would be in Ming Dynasty that we would see a "Li-Jia (Neighborhood Watch) System" that was devised solely for watching and spying on each other in the neighborhood for illegal activities. Ming Dynasty would appoint certain elders to supervise village communities, and collective responsibility and punishment would be imposed. This "Li-Jia or Bao-Jia System" was later adopted by Japanese in their colonial rule and suppression of people in Taiwan as well as in mainland China. Dual Township-Countryside Household System By means of "Household Registration System", also dubbed the "Dual Township-Countryside Household System", the Chinese communists would divide the Chinese society into two major castes, namely, the township residents who would be paid a monthly salary together with benefits of housing, education, rice and meat coupons, and retirement benefits, against the "agricultural households" who must make their living out of the fields as well as contribute grains, cotton, vegetable oil, vegetables and other agricultural products to the cities at a pre-set price. While the government would allocate maybe 10 workers to a machine that might require only one to two persons, just for sake of creating the false phenomenon of "full employment" in socialist society, the peasants and their whole families, women and children included, would continue the toiling under the sun and in the rains, for 50 years, ending in death of at least 27-40 million peasants in the Great Famine of early 60s as a direct result of the Great Leap Forward (whereas today the government still blamed it on the repayment of Soviet debts incurred in the Korean War and natural disasters). One economist had researched the pre-set price data and calculated the exploitation of peasants by the government in terms of Chinese currency, and his conclusion was that the Chinese government, from year 1952 to year 1978, had cheated out of Chinese peasants about 714 billion Chinese yuan via the price difference between industrial and pre-set agricultural products, a pricing mechanism dubbed "Industrial-Agricultural Scissor Differential" by the communists. This exploitation would be equal to 190 billion Chinese yuan from year 1978 to year 1991. "Industrial-Agricultural Scissor Differential" was widened in Oct 1953 when CCP adopted a policy of "planned purchase by the State and planned distribution by the State", namely, CCP exercising absolute control over the harvest of grains, vegetable oil and cotton etc. This was supposedly for meeting the new challenge of 17,000,000 new township population. Hence, CCP determined that the State would need to "purchase" 70.9 billion "jin" of rice for the period of July 1st 1953 to June 30th 1954. (Here, 2 "jin" is equivalent to 1 kilogram [kg].) The actual "purchase" figure was 78.45 billion "jin" of rice, an increase of 29.3% over prior year, at the expense of peasants' living standards. 78.45 billion "jin" of rice, Per Hua Min, was equivalent to one month grains supply for 0.5 billion Chinese peasants in 1954. Hua Min pointed out that Chinese peasants, who surrendered 67 billion "jin" of rice in 1952, would be required to surrender 90 billion "jin" of rice by June 1956, with an increase of 35%, whereas production had merely increased by 12% and agri-population had increased by 2%. Peasants, both poverty-stricken due to grain surrender and lacking motivation due to collectivization, certainly complained about communist regime, with the result of about 100,000 peasants and agriculture cadres sentenced into "reactionaries". (In whole year of 1954, 330,000 reactionaries and criminals were arrested nationwide, among whom 111,000 were classified as "reactionaries" and 10,000 around were executed.) People may ask, "Why don't the peasants get married with city dwellers and hence leave the countryside once and for all?. The cruel reality here is that the communist "Household Registration System" mandates that all babies born would automatically get registered in the same household as the mother's. This basically means that peasant women would never be able to marry city dwellers to have their babies enjoy the rights afforded in the cities, the birthplace of the father, even though the father belong to the city caste. On the contrary, the city women would never ever consider marrying someone from the countryside, self-apparent in the benefits of housing, education, medical care and etc that would otherwise be lost should they marry men from the countryside. Some wise guy pointed out that Chinese communists had deliberately weakened the Chinese race physically as well as mentally. The stringent caste society had led to an unscientific inter-marriage among the peasants (comprising of 70-80% of the total Chinese population), with statistics showing that 80% of peasants inter-marry within the same county, 50% within the same xiang (shire equivalent, previously in the form of communes), and 30% within the same village. I simply could not imagine how short-sighted the communists are in weakening the Chinese Race and am extremely worried about the future of the Chinese People and Chinese Nation !!! In the old days, peasants, once they entered the towns and cities, would not be able to buy a meal without the rice or flour coupons. Xin Hao-Nian's book, Which Is The New China, reminded me that there were in existence three kinds of coupons, national circulation, regional circulation, and local circulation. This is in addition to the requirement of a so-called 'referral letter' stamped by some working units for sake of buying train tickets or staying in a hotel. http://bloody50.freehosting.net/Histories/Tugai/Jianwen.html mentioned that Sichuan peasants, in the old days, would have to carry rice inside a towel whenever they visited some towns. Why? Because the peasants, without the coupons, would have to exchange their uncooked rice for some cooked food with the restaurant or shops. What a joke here in that peasants, who produced the grains, could not buy any food while visiting towns and cities! With the recent economic reforms heralded by Deng Xiaoping, some benefits |
![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
