ECON 101:
US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
|
||||
***
| HomePage | Huns | Turks/Uygurs | Tibetans | Koreans | Khitans | Manchurians | Mongolians | Taiwanese | Ryukyu | Japanese | Vietnamese |
| Pre-History | Xia-Shang | Zhou | Qin | Han | 3 States | Jinn | 16 Nations | South-North | Sui-Tang | 5 Plus 10 States | Song | Liao | Xi Xia | Jurchen | Yuan | Ming | Qing |
| Tragedy Of Chinese Revolution | Terrors | Wars | China: Caste Society | Anti-Rightists | Cultural Revolution | 6-4 Massacre | Land Enclosure | FaLunGong |
|
|||||||||||||
Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
Today, ethnicity is used mostly for gaining benefits and special treatments, as in the case of 'familyhood planning'. People of Manchurian descent or Sinicized Muslims (Hui minority), for example, might be able to raise more than one child. During my college years, several classes were set up to enroll minority students, only.
Though, Uygurs complained about forced abortions frequently. In another sense, the corruption of the Chinese bureaucracy and apparatus had produced such phenomenon as 'second wife' or 'third wife' among rich Chinese men, making 'familyhood planning' a joke or an extra mechanism for various parasite officials to milk the ransom money nationwide.
Also important as to Chinese ethnicity will be the ongoing defection of the Chinese compatriots to the West as a result of loss of national and ethnic pride and dignity, with pursuit of economic betterment certainly the main factor. Conspicuous would be China's female "obsequiousness" and "sycophancy". There is a writing on a Joy Luck Club of 500 Chinese women in a small Switzerland city. Note it is more than a fad of dying hair for those women who married European men of various ages. And, China's prostitution, no matter for money or for going overseas or for both or for a racial change, had first revived in early 1980s around guesthouse and hotels where foreigners stayed. Per Li Ao, China's female "obsequiousness" and "sycophancy" could be traced to Mme Chiang Kai-shek who was bent on fawning on White men, including Wendell Willkie and Franklin Roosevelt's son Elliot, during her visit to US in early 1940s. (Li Ao could have been harshy in this aspect and moreover pointed out the Chiang cronies milking 0.75 billion out of 3.8 billion wartime US military aid, but Song Mei-ling's contributions to China's resistance war and her philanthropic activities should not be discounted.) All walks of people had chosen to flee or leave the country. In early 1990s, a flurry of freight ships, with illegal Chinese immigrants, sailed towards the American coasts. 'Golden Venture' stranded on the beach of Long Island, causing numerous drowned deaths when those illegal immigrants attempted to swim to the shore, and another boat stealthily sailed under the Golden Gate Bridge to dock at Fishermen's Wharf, causing a manhunt across the city of San Francisco and ending in surrender of several refugees by the 'safe haven' of a church. The exile never ends. Most recent case would be the suffocation death of dozens of Chinese in a container truck near Dover of Britain. To understand how desperate Chinese peasants are, just note that seven coolies, who smuggled out of China, stranded into Iraq during the Easter weekend of year 2004, only to be caught by Iraqi as "Japanese hostages". More, on June 10th 2004, while George W. Bush was playing with Saddam's trophy pistol, terrorists killed 11 Chinese construction workers of peasant background in northern Afghanistan of Kunduz. The ten peasants from Shangrao of Jiangxi Province left behind dozens of kids and 10 widows. China Railway Shisiju [14th Bureau] Group Corporation paid those peasants merely US$10 per day !!! And, Chinese insurance company refused to provide the indemnity to the families of the victims on the pretext that terrorism attack was not in the clause. Dignity and pride gone notwithstanding, China and Chinese people are suffering unprecedented crisis in belief, morality and values. In today's China, a land void of morality and values, everything could be for sale, not restricted to women and baby girls. It was widely noted that China's women had been smuggled across the Straits to Taiwan and Southeast Asia and transported as far as Arabia, Europe and America for prostitution. Quite a proportion of them should be considered "voluntarily engaged" in this business. World Health Organization, in its dealings with communist China on the matter of pregnancy prevention and women's health, had obtained communist government's shameless acknowledgement that China was in possession of 6 million women engaged in prostitution ! (Actual numbers could be much much worse, and those women could be ONLINE now. And, as much as 10% of China's gross national product could be related to prostitution-driven industries.) Hordes of shameless prostitutes had bought visas to America with apparent acquiesce of American consulate officials and continued their shameless dealings, as evidenced by their massage advertizings in major metropolitan newspapers in US. Compounding the above frustrations would be the 'internet revolution' of late 1990s, which saw hundreds of thousands of English-illiterate Chinese women registering themselves on websites to trade their flowery youth for a pass to America or Europe by means of a marriage, faked or convenience-based, with ill-motivated people, including old White men. They often went into speedy marriage to avoid expiration of tourist visa. Poverty-stricken families were quoted to have encouraged their children in "going far and away", "no coming home without a fortune", and "marrying a oceanic [Western] man for goodness' sake". What a humiliation the Chinese nation and people are imposing on themselves ! The unabating fad of dying the hair into creepy colors, both inside China and among overseas Chinese women [and some men], also exhibited a more innerside desire for dying the skin into something non-Chinese. (An illustrative example would be two young Chinese women, 27 & 31, going after an old White man aged 57 at the same time, which led to murder-suicide, as reported by http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/03/16/BAG0TBQ3I31.DTL. Before singing Bolton's song "Little China Girl", make a note that "servile" Chinese woman could be deadly to "decent" man of the community [i.e., Birk S. McCandless of McCandless Business Park and Birk's Restaurant]. Incidentally, the comfort for Birk S. McCandless in 'paradise' would probably be the 2 minute breakdown in sobbing by a third Chinese woman upon hearing of the tragedy. For related discussions on "servility", see THE "MAIL-ORDER BRIDE" INDUSTRY AND ITS IMPACT ON U.S. IMMIGRATION.) Today's Chinese and China is a tragedy in sharp contrast with Chinese 100 years ago. While there are many similarities between the time periods of late Manchu Dynasty and today's degenerating Communist China, one important distinction would be the patriotism and devotion of Chinese revolutionaries in early 20th century and the loss of national and ethnic pride and dignity among Chinese of 21st century. One century ago, especially after Manchu Qing's 1905 abolition of the imperial civil services exam, innumerable talented revolutionaries pursued overseas studies in Japan and the West, but they had mostly returned for services under Manchu Qing's government and the New Army, served as a generation of revolutionaries with progressive thinkings and ideals, and played pivotal role in 1911 soldier uprising at Wuchang, Hubei Prov. And, overseas Chinese, entitled the 'Mother of Revolution' by Dr Sun Yat-sen, had made extraordinary contributions in both monetary aid and personal sacrifice. For example, majority of 72 martyrs buried on Huanghuagang Hill, i.e., participants of March 29th, 1911 uprising against Manchu China, had been young overseas Chinese. During WWII, in Vietnam, young ethnic Chinese launched truck driving schools for service inside of China, and about 3033 drivers and technicians returned to China for serving on Sino-Burmese Highway. To re-ignite national and ethnic confidence, there is a need to re-examine the origin of the Chinese nation and to dispell some ill-intended claims as to non-Mongoloid origin of Chinese civilization, apparently deviations of the "racial approach" in regards to the origin of civilization. (Arnold J. Toynbee, in 1910s, already refuted the racial approach to the origin of civilizations. Civilization was born out of challenges, not due to the superiorness of a certain racial or ethnic group, per Toynbee.) Nativity of Chinese Origin vs External Factors There are several claims about the external factors in the creation of the Chinese people, namely, the Chinese could be from the Nile Valley where the pictographic characters first appeared, or the ancient Chinese could be linked to the Indo-Europeans whose mummies are discovered in the Loulan areas of today's Xinjiang. Scholar Luo Xianglin pointed out that Frenchman Terrien Lacouperie was the first to propose the fallacious claim of Babylon as the "Western Origin Of The Early Chinese Civilization" in 1894. Very likely, renowned scholar Wang Guowei followed through with the'Babylon' line of thought, fallaciously proposing the notion of linking 'Hua' to the Avars and 'Xia' to the Tu-huo-luo kingdom in Central Asia. Wei Juxian & Zhang Guangzhi further carried on the fallacy: Wei Chu-hsien committed a fatal mistake in extrapolating on the tin decipher for the city of Wuxi ["no tin"] and polarized the Xia-Shang dynastic substitution as a fight between Mongoloid [Negroid to be in Wei's apparently blown-away alternative writing] and Caucasoid, i.e., a fallacy that scholar Luo Xianglin opposed. (http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/uyghhst.htm had a good exposition of the "remarkably racialized ideas" and approaches built on basis of the mummies. Nova, in its TV series, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/chinamum/taklamakan.html shows the excavations of mysterious 3000-year-old mummies in China's western desert, inside today's New Dominions Province. Note more Tang Chinese mummies were found in this area than Indo-Europeans mummies.) Note that the 'SanMiao' people were mostly relocated to western China to guard against the western barbarians by Lord Shun as a punishment for their aiding Dan Zhu (the son of Lord Yao reign 2357-2258 BC ?) in rebellion. Hence, the Sino-Tibetan speaking San Miao people had dwelled in Gansu much earlier than the later Indo-European Yuezhi people, by about 1000 years at minimum. I had read about some unfounded claims that the character 'huang' for Huangdi (namely, the Yellow Lord or Emperor) meant for the hair by ignoring the fact that Huangdi was the embodiment of the virtue of 'earth' or 'soil' in Chinese metaphysics. Chinese would designate the northern Shanxi area as the so-called 'huangtu gaoyuan', i.e., yellow mud plateau. Some Hakka wannabe made a fallacious claim by pointing that the first character 'huang' of Huangdi was made of two parts of 'white' and 'lord'. Only after examining the history of Qiangic people to know that they might have possessed relatively dark face would there a reasonable explanation as to the Huangdi character, i.e., the whiteness coined in 'huang' was relative to the darkish face of people like the Qiangs. Note that some Western "racial approach" experts tried to dig up a non-Mongoloid origin for the Yi-zu minority of Southwest China. (Alternatively, some Chinese scholar had compared the Yi-zu people to the Tanguts of Xi-xia [Western Xia] Dynasty, claiming that they all possessed dark face with red decoration and comparatively higher nose bridge.) Also cited would be some unsubstantiated claims about Indo-European links to excavations near Banpo, Xi'an, Shenxi Prov. I also saw pictures of huge mounts in central China which people claimed to be the tombs of great overlords and saints 4000-5000 ago. The mounds, i.e., Kurgans, would be later a Schythian & Turkic tradition of burial. I read about a good article talking about the similarity of legends about King Arthur's sword, Excaliber, and the legend about one of the three famous Chinese swords: both swords had kind of been attracted to some kind of spirit in a lake or a river. The sword story would be extrapolated to point to the early Proto-Turkic or Proto-Scythian people for speading the legends to both the east and the west. Some Chinese classics also talked about special machinery landing on the top of Taishan Mountain 3000-4000 years, adding to the speculation of ET and UFO linkage. Not to mention unfounded rumors that human civilizations had risen and fallen several cycles in the past millions of years, something not conforming with the glaciations of the earth or the evolution of galaxies at all. Some Christian who is in charge of Chou (Zhou) family lineage in Hawaii had even claimed that the Zhou and Shang dynasties were branches of the Jewish-Arabic family from the Middle East, which was an attempt of putting every race under Adam & Eve. A lack of knowledge about the history of China or the classical language of China had produced numerous unfounded claims among Western scholars or sinologists. Fallacious claims include the link of the Rouran or Ruruans to Genghis Khan's Mongols and the link of Tuoba or Topa people to the Turks. Xia Chinese vs Huns, and Qiangic Tibetans vs Tokharai Yuezhi Among ill-intended claims as to non-Mongoloid origin of Chinese civilization, apparently deviations of the "racial approach" in regards to the origin of civilization, there were claims about Linzi DNA analysis. As most Chinese scholars had pointed out, the findings from Linzi DNA only pointed to the phenomenon of human migrations, NOT genetic mutation, NOR "looking similar to Caucasians". At http://tech.sina.com.cn/ology/2000-08-10/33254.shtml, Dr Wang Li stated that DNA analysis of remains from Linzi tombs in Shandong Province had shown that the people living in Shandong 2000-2500 years ago had shared some similar gene traits to today's people in Central Asia and West Asia on the maternal side. Note Dr Wang Li corrected the saying to point to CENTRAL and WEST of Asia, not Europe. Besides, the only similar trait is on the maternal side. More importantly, http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/214 carried an article about the new research paper by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, claiming that "The reanalysis of two previously published ancient mtDNA population data sets from Linzi (same province) then indicates that the ancient populations had features in common with the modern populations from south China rather than any specific affinity to the European mtDNA pool". (Prof Wei Chu-Hsien, in China & America, had research into 'bat cave' drawings on Taiwan Island and concluded that ancient Taiwan aboriginals had migrated there from coastal China.) I had expounded ancient classics to point out that Sino-Tibetan Qiangic people had dwelled in Gansu Prov for 4000 years, earlier than Loulan mummies. This is important because we know today's Tibetans are the real descendants of those early people. The Qiangic people, said to be offsprings of Yandi the Fiery Lord, were the brother tribe of Huangdi (i.e., Yellow Overlord), and both Yandi and Huangdi were the sons of Shaodian Tribe. As long as the Qiangic people dwelled in between Chinese in central plains and whatever people in Turkistan, then there would be a good dividing line to start with. Note that Di[1]-Qiang[2] people had much greater influence in ancient China than people could imagine. They also migrated to Yunnan Prov to be ancestors of today's Yi-zu and Bai-zu minorities, and they also shared genetical similarity with ancient Jomon people in Japan. This passage, "Xia Chinese vs Huns, and Qiangic Tibetans vs Tokharai Yuezhi", is to point out that i) it were the Qiangic Mongoloid who first reached Chinese Turkistan and ii) it were the Huns who first raided Jiankun Statelet in northwest Siberia. A clear understanding of the relationships between Xia Chinese, Huns, Qiangic Tibetans and Tokharai Yuezhi is important to untangling the origin of Chinese Nation. Xia Chinese is ancient term for designating the group of Chinese in southern Shanxi Province, eastern Shenxi Prov and western Henan Province. They were the people who set up the Xia Dynasty. Corresponding to the ancient term of Xia would be the ancient Qiangic people. Jiang-surname SanMiao people, said to be Qiangic, were first relocated to Gansu Prov during 23rd-24th century BC (?) by Lord Shun. Ancient Qiangic people who went west were validated to have resided in Eastern Chinese Turkistan, including the Khotan area of southern Xinjiang. Remnants of the Qiang people, who migrated on a different path to Yunnan Prov in the south, would include today's Pumi-zu minority who possessed an ancient epic kailu jing (i.e., epic of opening up the road) tracing their possible path back to Gansu Prov and early Xi-rong [western rong] people. Pumi-zu, who called themselves 'pei mi', were validated to be ancient 'bai[white] ren[people]' or 'bai[white] lang [wolf] guo[statelet]', a group of people who sought vassalage with Han Emperor Mingdi (r. 58-75 AD). The Qiangic groups in southern China still called Chinese 'Xia-ren' or the Xia people. After Shang people, who dwelled in eastern Henan Prov and Hebei-Shandong provinces, overthrew Xia during 17-18th century BC (?), the influence of Xia remnants was restricted to their historical land of southern Shanxi Prov. Chunwei, i.e., the son of last Xia Dynasty Lord Jie, fled to the northern plains to be ancestors of the Huns. In the 3rd century BC, the Hun Chanyu ordered that his king attack the Yuezhi as a punishment for the Hunnic king's disturbing peace at the Chinese border. Majority of the Yuezhi fled to the region of Amu Darya river, and some fled across the mountains to live among Qiangic people in the south. In 100 BC, Han Emperor Wudi sent a mission of Su Wu and over 100 people to the Huns, but the mission was detained by the Huns. Wudi later dispatched an army to punish the Huns. One contingent of 5000 archers (arrow & bow soldiers) from southern China, led by General Li Ling (grandson of Li Guang), was encircled by the Huns numbering 30000, and General Li Ling surrendered to the Huns after engaging half a dozen rounds of retreating fights and exhausting all the arrows. Li Ling was assigned by the Huns to ancient Jiankun statelet in northwest Siberia as so-called Hunnic "rightside virtuous king". Successors of the Huns, led by Helian Bobo of Tie-fu Huns, established a Xia Dynasty lasting through AD 407-431. Helian Bobo's acknowledgement and tracing of ancestry in a common origin as Chinese clearly spelled out the fact that it was the Mongoloid who had first raided to the west rather than the other way around. 
http://www.taklamakan.org/allied_comm/commonv-1-8.html carried an article by Takla entitled "The Origins of Relations Between Tibet and Other Countries in Central Asia", stating that "according to the researches of Sir Aurel Stein [i.e., the arch thief of China's Dunhuang Grotto treasures] on the origins of the people of Khotan, most were the descendants of the Aryans. They also had in them Turkic and Tibetan blood, though the Tibetan blood was more pronounced. He discovered ancient documents at a place called Nye-yar in Khotan and he has stated that the script of these documents contained no Pali, Arabic (Muslim) or Turkic terminology. All were Tibetan terms and phrases."
Tibetans, clearly the descendants of Sino-Tibetan-speaking Qiangic SanMiao people, had their influences reaching the southern Chinese Turkistan in addition to the He-xi Corridor.
P.T. Takla stated further that "according to Wu Hriu(2), the facial features of the people of Khotan were dissimilar to those of the rest of the Horpa nomads of Drugu (Uighurs belonging to the Turkic people) and similar, to an extent, to the Chinese. Khotan in the north-west was called Li-yul by the ancient Tibetans. Since Khotan was territorially contiguous with Tibet, there are reasons to believe that the inhabitants of Khotan had originated from Tibet."
Concluding this episode, my unchanged belief is still that Sino-Tibetan-speaking Qiangic SanMiao people first reached the He-xi Corridor of Gansu Prov 4000 years ago and onward to Khotan area of southern Chinese Turkistan. It is never an accident that early Chinese legends were full of events about the west, including Mt Kunlun, Queen Mother of the West, Khotan jade, and Mt Kunwu Diamond Ore etc. Tokharai, possibly related to the Indo-Scythians, reached the area of Lake Koko Nor and later Tunhuang Grotto thereafter. Three Huang and Five Di In the prehistory and Xia-Shang sections, I had discussed historical records showing the origins of 'San Huang Wu Di', namely, three 'huang' overlords and five 'di' overlords. Both Di4 and Huang2 imply the same denotation as someone who is an overlord while 'huang' could imply a semi-godly figure. In Chinese, the terminology for the empire came from an imported word, 'Teikoku', which the Japanese derived by lining up the two Chinese characters for lord and state together. 'San Huang' would be Fuxi, Yandi (Fiery Lord) and Huangdi (Yellow Emperor). Another saying would be 'Heaven Huang', 'Land Huang', and 'Human Huang' or 'Taishan Mountain Huang'. The Three Huang denotation was embodying the ancient Chinese religious ideas and it could be compared to the trinity in Chritianity. Concretely speaking, the relationship between heaven, land and humans would be the eternal topics of ancient Chinese. The impact could be seen in early dynasties like Shang which upheld polytheism and semi-human gods just like the ancient Greeks. Below, I had followed conventional history in attributing the idea of 'Mandate of Heaven' to Zhou Dynasty (instead of Shang Dynasty) because of distinction here between the polytheism reverance of the Shang people and the Heaven reverance of the Zhou people. 'Wu Di' or Five Di would be Shaohao, Zhuanxu, Gaoxin, Tangyao (Lord Yao) and Yushun (Lord Shun). Historian Sima Qian had a different order, but the essence is basically the same. According to Sima Qian, Lord Huangdi, namely, Yellow Lord, was the son of Shaodian (disputed to be the name of a state rather than an emperor). His last name is Gongsun but renamed to Ji while growing up on the bank of Ji-sui River, and first name Xuanyuan. Lord Yandi (Fiery Lord) was in charge of China at the time, with last name of Jiang (said to evolve into the Qiangic nomads by a famous linguist), derived from the Jiangsui River. Since he could not control the tribes, Lord Huangdi organized his army and took the place of Lord Yandi. Lord Huangdi defeated Lord Yandi in a place called Banquan, and defeated another Yi tribal leader called Chiyou in Zhuoyai (Zhuozhou?). Lord Huangdi had 25 sons, among whom 14 had established their own family names. One of his son is called Changyi, and Changyi's son, named Gaoyang, is Lord Zhuanxu. Lord Yu was the grandson of Lord Zhuanxu. Lord Yu's people would be termed the 'Xia' people who, together with Dong-yi people, constituted the two major components of ancient Chinese. There is a dispute here as to Lord Yu. Sima Qian thought that Lord Yu was born in today's Yuxian County, Henan Province, but other people had claimed that Lord Yu came from the Western Rong tribe as Lord Yu was also named 'Rongyu'. The 'Xia' people, in another sense, would also imply a more restrictive meaning for the people who dwelled in the land of Xirong (the Western Rong nomads) or Xi Yi (Western Aliens). Lord Yu was said to have origin in the land of Xi Qiang (Western Qiang) & Xi Rong, and he was born in a place called 'Shiniu' (ancient Chang-mang statelet, between Sichuan, Henan and Shenxi provinces). Scholar Liu Qiyu further tackled the issue of 'xi' or west. His validations pointed to the land of 'he qu' (i.e., the inflexion point of the Yellow River Bends) as the 'land of the west', i.e, later land between Qin and Jinn principalities. He also validated the ancient Chinese prefecture of 'ji-zhou' as equivalent to the ancient term 'zhong-guo' for China, and listed multiple ancient classics to lock down the land of original China as being the domain of southern Shanxi Prov. (Liu Qiyu pointed out that original places for Taiyuan and Jinyang etc would be in southern Shanxi Province and that they did not get appropriated to northern Shanxi Prov until after Jinn Lord Daogong quelled various 'Di2' statelets in the north. Liu Qiyu further stated that after the split of Jinn into Haan-Zhao-Wei principalities, southernmost Wei statelet got the privilege to be called Jinn due to the fact that Jinn historically inherited the ancient Xia land that was termed 'ji-zhou' the Ji4 prefecture or 'zhong-guo' the central statelet.) Lord Yu, for sake of flood control, had travelled across the country. In today's Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, near the east coast, people could still find his monument at which site Qin Emperor Shi Huangdi had once revered 2200 years ago. Though the Xia people led by Lord Yu had originated in northwestern and central China, the Xia descendants had apparently been linked to the rice culture in the Yangtze Delta. Xia King Shaokang had designated one son as the guard of Lord Yu's tomb on Kuaijishan Mountain, Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Recent excavations had provided further support to this claim, and Lord Yu descendants are reported to have revered Lord Yu in Shaoxing for thousands of years, till today. Chen Sou's San Guo Zhi, written almost 1800 years ago, had even linked the similarity of tattoos on fishermen in Zhejiang to the rice culture people living on the western coast of Japan around the 2-3rd centuries. The Wa people of Japan were recorded to have tattoos over their body, in a similar fashion to the Zhejiang people in Yangtze (Yangzi or Changjiang) Delta where the descendants of King Shaokang of Xia Dynasty (21-16th c. BC) had lived. It was said that the later Yue Statelet was descended from this lineage of King Shaokang at ancient Kuaiji, namely, today's Shaoxing. Later Dong-yue and Min-yue, during early Han Dynasty, were of the same family as ancient Yue Statelet (Gu-yue Statelet). Hua/Xia Origin As scholar Liu Qiyu pointed out, 'hua' and 'xia', pronounced the same way as [hwer] in Yantze Delta dialects, would mean for the group of people dwelling to the north of the ancient South Yellow River Bend and to the east of the ancient West Yellow River Bend. (Ancient West Yellow River Bend is the same as today's East Yellow River Bend. Ancient Yellow River Bend did not equate to today's inverse U-shaped course with the North Bend lying inside Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, but the U-shaped Bend with South Bend in southern Shanxi Prov and then a south-to-north turn in Hebei Province for exit into the sea.) Liu Qiyu's dissertation proposed the opposite movement of the Xia people, i.e., that the Xia people, the direct descendants of Huangdi with dragon totem, originally dwelled in southern Shanxi Province and then expanded eastward and southward, across the South Bend, to today's Henan Province. Xia people, under Qi (Lord Yu's son), defeated the You-hu-shi Dong-yi people, built cities and capital in Henan Prov, endured power struggles with Dong-yi people under Hou-yi and Han-zhuo, and stayed in Henan Prov for hundreds of years till Shang-tang's group of Dong-yi people expelled them. After Shang Dynasty overthrew Xia, remnant Xia people fled northward and westward, and majority of them returned to their ancestral home in southern Shanxi Prov. Some of those Xia people who fled northward and westward would become the Yuezhi in the west and the Huns in the north per scholar Wang Guowei. (Note that Wang Guowei's speculation as to Yuezhi would throw the discussion into an ethnicity dispute. It is understandable that Wang Guowei might have blundered in early 20th century since Loulan mummies were not known at that time.) Lineage of Chinese Lords & Dynasties Chinese classics, according to Sima Qian's Shi Ji, claimed that early Chinese overlords of 'Wu Di' or 'Five Overlords', i.e., Shaohao, Gaoyang (Lord Zhuanxu), Gaoxin (Diku), Tangyao (Lord Yao) and Yushun (Lord Shun), were of same heritage. They could all be traced to Huangdi the Yellow Overlord. Huangdi-Yandi-Chiyou Huangdi was born in eartern China, near Qufu of Shandong Province. In this sense, Huangdi had origin in the Yi people's land of the east, in or near today's Shandong Province. Today's Chinese, without distinction, would usually call themselves the descendants of Yan-Huang, namely, Fiery Lord and Yellow Lord, while not acknowledging that the Yi people might have comprised a much larger percentage of the original Chinese. Yandi, Huangdi, and Lord Zhuanxu were recorded to have treated Qufu, Shandong as the capital. Lord Zhuanxu later relocated to Shangqiu, Henan. Qufu was considered to be the statelet of Da-ting-shi clan. Also close to Jinan, Shandong would be a barbarian group called 'Chang Di' or tall-guy Di(2) barbarians. Shi Ji stated that Huangdi did not have a fixed palace. The domain would extend in four directions: Huangdi drove off the ancient 'Xunyu' barbarians in the north, reached Gansu Province in the west, and climbed Mount Xiongshan on the Yantze bank in the south. The domain of his grandson, Lord Zhuanxu, reached Jiaozhi, today's Guangdong-Guangxi bordering Vietnam. Huangdi's Wars With Chiyou & Yandi, Respectively When Huangdi was in regency, he had 83 Chiyou brothers in his court. Since the Chiyou brothers were very cruel to people, Xuanyuan or Huangdi (the Yellow Lord) fought 73 successive battles against Chi-u (Ciyou), the leader of Jiuli tribe. Jiuli, i.e., nine 'li' people, were considered a group of Yi people. Some advocates for southern aboriginals claimed that Chiyou (Chi-u) belonged to southern Chinese who descended from the Liangzhu Culture and that southerners had expanded into Hebei areas of northern China, instead. Qin Yanzhou speculated: that Jiuli was an alliance of ox-totem southern proto-Nan-Man people and bird-totem eastern proto-Dong-Yi people; that after Jiuli's defeat, proto-Nan-Man people evolved into San-Miao people; that proto-Dong-Yi inter-married with Lord Zhuanxu's tribe into later Chu-Qin-Zhao statelet's ancestors; and that proto-Dong-Yi inter-married with Lord Diku's tribe into later Shang people. Qin Yanzhou further divided the San-Miao into Dong-yue (Eastern Yue or She-tribe) in the southeast, Yao-tribe in the south and Wuling-man barbarians (Miao tribe) in the southwest. Qin Yanxhou classified Nan-yue (Southern Yue people) and today's Zhuang-tribe of Guangxi/Yunnan provinces as a mixture between Mongolians and Malays. Note Qin Yanzhou's speculation is not supported by either written classics or archaeology. Chiyou As The Cultivator Of Original Chinese Civilization http://www.hmongcenter.org/inonkinchipa.html had a good account of Chiyou's contributions to the original Chinese civilization. It cited Historian Fan Wenlan's research in saying that "Huang-Di's tribes were living an unsteady nomadic life in Zhuolu area when Chi You realized the unification of agricultural tribes and founded the Nine-Li State" along the Yangtze River and Huai-shui River. It stated that "Chi You was the first to create weapons, penal laws and a religion, which not just played an important pole in the development of Chinese culture and technology, but ushered in a new epoch for the Chinese nation to enter a civilized era." It validated the influence of Chiyou as an overlord of then China by citing the fact (as recorded by Sima Qian's Shi Ji) that "Huang Di and the following monarchs respected Chi You as respected Chi You as Fight God after his death. ... Huang Di used Chi You's image to threaten those who wouldn'tobey him. Thus Huang Di and his people took Chi You for a god to protecting themselves and had respect for him." (Per Fan Wenlan, Chiyou possessed 9 tribes, with nine sub-tribes each, totalling 81 tribes, and that is how the 81 Chiyou brothers came to be known in Sima Qian's Shi Ji.) Apparently, Chiyou, being an overlord of then China, did not serve Huangdi in the court at all. History was just revised by the victor. Xia Lineage As illustrated in prehistory section, following the Five Overlords would be Lord Yu, the father of the founder of Xia Dynasty. (Ban Gu of Latter Han Dynasty disputed the generation gap between Lord Zhuanxu and Lord Yu, claiming that Gun was the fifth generation grandson of Lord Zhuanxu and that Lord Yu would be six generations away from Lord Zhuanxu.) Tian Changyue, the editor of Hua Xia Civilization anthology, compromised the issue of Lord Yu's point of origin by stating that Xia people might have two tribes, with father Gun developing in southern Shanxi Prov where they were previously subordinate to Lord Yao and the son Lord Yu developing in western Henan Prov by means of an alliance with Lord Zhuanxu's tribe. Lord Yu, per Tian Changyue, adopted 'xuan yu' (i.e., black fish) as the totem and developed in today's Dengfeng-Yuxian areas of western Henan Prov while his father Gun continued with the dragon totem and Lord Yu's tribe would later absorb his father's native Xia people in southern Shanxi Prov. There is no dispute as to Xia people'e final demise in Henan Prov. Liu Qiyu validated the demise of Xia in Henan Prov by citing the ancient statement that "Xia ended when the Yi-shui and Luo-shui rivers ran dry". Shang Lineage The second dynasty was founded by Shang people. According to Sima Qian's Shi Ji, the ancestor of the Shang people was named Xie, a son of Lord Diku. Lord Yao conferred Xie the post of 'si tu' and the last name of 'Zi'; Lord Shun conferred Xie the land of Shang (later Shangluo County) for aiding Yu in flood control. Fourteen generation descendant would be Tang (Shang-Tang), the founder of Shang Dynasty. Scholar Zhang Guangzhi stated that Xia-Shang-Zhou lineages should be looked at both horizontally and vertically. Horizontally speaking, Xia-Shang-Zhou clans had co-existed together, with one of the three asserting over the others as an overlord at specific time in history. Even after the demise of the predecessor dynasty, remnants still survived under a different statelet name. Xia Dynasty remnants would survive as the Qi-guo statelet, located in today's Qi-xian county of Henan Prov. Qi-guo lineage continued through Shang and Zhou dynasties. (Ancient proverb about a Qi-guo person worrying about the fall of skies would be related to this country.) Shang Dynasty itself was made into the principality of Song by the succeeding Zhou Dynasty (1121 - 256 BC). Confucius at one time returned to his ancestral Song Statelet and spent considerable time studying the Shang "Li", ritual or formality or system, which continued on in Song long after Shang's demise. The lineage of history is cited repeatedly in China's 24 Histories. Zhou Lineage According to Shi Ji, Zhou'a ancestor could be traced to Houji, the Chinese god or father of agriculture. Houji, like Shang ancestor Xie, was the son of ancient lord Diku. Both Lord Yao and Lord Shun used Houji as the master of agriculture; Lord Yao conferred Houji the last name of 'Ji', meaning origin. When Xia King Taikang lost his throne, Houji's son (Buzhu) left for Rong & Di land; another two generations will be Gongliu who renewed agriculture in Rong & Di land;. Gongliu's son (Qingjie) set up a statelet in a place called 'Bin', in today's western Shenxi Province, a place belonging to Xirong; another eight generations or three hundred years would be Zhou's founder, Gugong (aka Tanfu); Gugong, being attacked by Rong & Di and Xunyu barbarians, would relocate to Qishan and built city in a plain called Zhou-yuan under the foot of Qishan Mountain; Gugong declared their statelet 'Zhou' and he is also known as 'Zhou Taiwang' (grand king) posthumously. Gugong's elder son, 'Tai Bo', went to Zhejiang's Yantze Delta (Meili Village, Wuxi County, Changzhou, Jiangsu) for sake of launching own statelet. Tai Bo wanted to yield the succession to his brother Ji Li. Ji Li's son, born by Zhi-ren-shi woman, would be Ji Chang, i.e., Zhou King Wenwang or Count Xibo. Barbarians versus Chinese The most important evidence I could rely on for the nativity of Chinese origin will be the fact that historians of every dynasty repeatedly cite the past of Chinese without major conflict. The differentiation of the Chinese people from the barbarians served as a safeguard for the continuity of the Chinese though some of the barbarians could be traced to the same origin, interestingly. Common Origin For Di1-Qiang1 Barbarians & Xia Chinese Wang Zhonghan, at http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs20.htm, had pointed out the historical conclusion that ancient Qiang people [ancestors of Tibetans] and ancient Xia Chinese shared the same origin. The Qiang people derived from Yandi the Fiery Overlord. The Qiangs were the descendants of the Yandi (Fiery Lord or Fiery Emperor) tribal group carrying the tribal name "Jiang". In the paragraph on Rong's Possible Link To Qiangic People, I detailed the compositions of the Rong to derive a good conclusion that some of the Rongs at the time of Zhou Dynasty shared the same blood-line with Xia Chinese but differred in 'Culture' such as cuisine, clothing, money and language. Qiangic descendants included today's Tibetans. "Xin Tang Shi" (New History Of Tang Dynasty) said that the Tibetans belonged to the Xi Qiang, namely, the western Qiangic peoples. The book which was called 'Continuum To Hou Han Shu' stated that the Qiangs, literally meaning 'shepherds in the west', were alternative race of the Jiang surname tribes of San Miao. According to Sima Qian, the 'SanMiao' people, who originally resided in the middle Yangtze River area where the later Chu Statelet was, were mostly relocated to western China to guard against the western barbarians. Lord Shun, who took over the overlord post from Lord Zhi (reign 2366-2358 BC ?, the son of Lord Diku), relocated them to western China as a punishment for their aiding Dan Zhu (the son of Lord Yao reign 2357-2258 BC ?) in rebellion. (This could lead to a sound speculation that Sino-Tibetan speaking San Miao people had dwelled in Gansu much earlier than the later Indo-European Yuezhi people, by about 1000 years at minimum.) http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs20.htm "氐羌与炎帝、黄帝有密切的渊源关系。《国语·晋语》记述，炎、黄二帝为兄弟，是少典氏（父）与有氏（母）所生，黄帝得姓姬，炎帝得姓姜。《左传》哀公九年说：“炎帝火师，姜姓其后也。”在甲骨文字中，羌从羊从人，姜从羊从女，两字相通，表示族类与地望用羌，表示女性与姓用姜。民国初年以来，章太炎在《检论·序种姓》②中已指出：“羌者，姜也。”后来傅斯年在《姜原》③中进一步论证：“地望从人为羌字，女子从女为姜字”；顾颉刚在《九州之戎与戎禹》④中更指明：“ aaaa 姜之与羌，其字出于同源，盖彼族以羊为图腾，故在姓为姜，在种为羌。" Relationship Between Shang Dynasty, Succeeding Zhou Dynasty & Barbarians Nomads, by the name of 'Shanrong' or 'Xunyu' or 'Xianyun', had been roaming on the east-west Asian steppe over 4000 years ago, prior to Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties. The demise of Xia Dynasty would see Chunwei, the son of last Xia Dynasty Lord Jie, fleeing to the northwest to join the nomads and becoming the de facto ancestor of the later Huns. Sima Qian's section on Shang Dynasty did not mention too much on the steppe people other than King Wuding's wife, Fu Hao, who had led a personal campaign against ancient Gui-fang (ghost domain) barbarians as the famous female warrior of China. Wang Zhonghan expounded the inter-relationships between Shang people and Qiang people. Namely, Shang people often campaigned against the Qiangs, and treated the Qiangs as funeral objects for live burial. Three Shang vassals, i.e., Zhou ancestor Xi-bo, Marquis Jiuhou [Gui-hou, i.e., of Gui-fang], and Marquis E-hou, were a good starting point to understand the ethnic nature of ancient peoples. As oracle bones and bronze inscriptions already had proven, Zhou people and Xia people shared the same origin. After the defeat of Xia people by Shang, remnants, i.e., Gui-fang [ghost domain], were a major enemy to the Dong-yi ethnic Shang Dynasty till the Gui-fang statelet was subdued. Similarly, Zhou people had zigzag wars with Shang Dynasty for hundreds of years till the submission to Shang as well as marriage with Shang princesses. "在被商王朝当作羌人或氐羌的方国中，也有和商朝关系比较好、甚至在商朝做官，参与商王对羌人的征伐，或者先与商处于敌对关系，后又成为商朝诸侯的。前者如鬼方，卜辞记录表明不仅罕见商王对鬼方的战争，而且“鬼族的代表人物良武丁时起就参与王朝的祭祀、征伐、掠夺羌人等活动，常与当时统治集团中的一些重要成员相提并论，连是否‘得疾’都受到商王的关心”②。《史记·殷本纪》记述纣王曾“以西伯是、九侯、鄂侯为三公”。九侯即鬼侯③。在卜辞中也有占卜是否让鬼族人参加祭祀作杀牲者，“验辞记占卜结果令鬼与周一同担任这个职务”④。纣时“三公”是何种性质的官，难断，卜辞中有令鬼与周同参加商王祭祀活动作杀牲人的记载，证明商末鬼方与周的首领确曾在商王朝廷用事。" During the earlier reign of Shang King Aoding, Zhou people were often campaigned against by Shang Dynasty. Zhou, after submission to Shang, then campaigned against the Qiang barbarian on behalf of Shang, which was for expanding its domain as well as its power base in another sense. Xu Zhuoyun cited Chen Mengjia's research in pointing out that Zhou Taiwang, during Shang King Wuyi's reign, relocated to Mt Qishan under the pressure of Doggy Rong; that Zhou Lord Ji Li [Ji-li or Jili], during the 34th year reign of Shang King Wuyi, paid pilgrimage to Shang court; that Jili defeated Xiluo-Gui-rong barbarians and captured 20 Di[2] kings the next year on behalf of Shang court but Shang King Wuyi was killed by a lightening around the Wei-shui River; that Jili campaigned against Yanjing-rong barbarians but got defeated during the 2nd year reign of Shang King Taiding; that Jili, two years thereafter, defeated Yuwu-rong barbarians and received conferral as 'mu shi' (shephard chancellor) from Shang King; that Jili first campaigned against Shihu-rong barbarians during the 7th year reign of Shang King Taiding and against Yitu-rong barbarians during the 11th year reign; that Jili was killed by Shang King Wending (Taiding) thereafter; and that Zhou people began to attack Shang Dynasty during the 2nd year reign of Shang King Di-yi (Yili). Xu Zhuoyun speculated that Shang King most likely died in the hands of Zhou people rather than a lightening in a similar coverup as later Zhou King Zhaowang's death on the Huai-shui River as a complication of conflict with southern barbarians. However, Shang-Zhou relationship had improved since Jili's successor, i.e., Zhou King Wenwang, had again married with Shang princess. Both the mother and the wife of Zhou King Wenwang, per scholar Fu Sinian, were princesses of Shang royal house. Zhou people were conferred the title of 'Xi Bo' (Count of the West) by Shang Dynasty King Zhouwang as a buffer state against the Western nomads. As for Zhou people, they also inter-married with Qiangs throughout history. Xu Zhuoyun cited scholar Liu Qiyi's research of 'jin wen' or bronze inscriptions in stating that 12 kings of Western Zhou Dynasty had inter-married with Jiang-surname women consecutively. During the campaign against Shang by Zhou, Zhou King Wuwang claimed to be people from the west. Scholar Liu Qiyu, in anthology Hua Xia Civilization, tackled the issue of 'xi' or west. His validations pointed to the land of 'he qu' (i.e., the inflexion point of the Yellow River Bends) as the 'land of the west', i.e, later land between Qin and Jinn principalities. Zhou allies included, per "Shi Ji", eight barbarian statelets as allies, the Qiangs from Gansu, the Shu-Sou-Mao-Wei statelets in Sichuan Province, Lu and Peng from the northwest, and Yong and Pu south of the Han-shui River. Difference Between Rong and Chinese In 'Culture', Not 'Blood-line' What distinguished Chinese from Rong or Di would mostly likely lie in the customs, not the ethnicity. Zhou Dynasty's founder, per Shi Ji, Gugong abolished Rong & Di customs, built city in a plain called Zhou-yuan under the foot of Qishan, and devised five posts of si tu, si ma, si kong, si shi, & si kou per Shang Dynasty system. Similar to Zhou founder, Qin's ancestors had emerged from the barbaric West to become the ruler of China. In both cases, they discarded the Rong & Di(2) customs and adopted the rituals of the central China of the time. Qin's reformer Shang-yang claimed that he should be ascribed great contributions to Qin and that he was responsible for renovating Qin's Rong-Di customs such as parent and son living in same bedroom and for differentiating the protocol of men from women. Scholar Liu Qiyu stated that the difference between Rong and Chinese lied in 'culture', not 'blood-line'. In article The Rong People In Nine Ancient Prefectures versus Rong-yu Xia People, Liu Qiyu cited ancient classics Zhou Yu's paragraph: "In the ancient times, Gong-gong-shi ... had first worked on repairing the 100 rivers (including the flooding of the Yellow River) ... Gong-gong-shi's descendant, Count Yu (i.e., Lord Yu), repented over his father Gun's mistake in flood control ... Gong-gong-shi's grandson, Si-yue, had acted as an assistant to Lord Yu in flood control ... Hence, Si-yue was conferred the fief of Si-yue-guo Statelet and assigned the surname of 'Jiang' which included the clan name of 'Luu' ... Today (i.e., in Zhou Dynasty times), the clan names of Shen and Luu had declined in prestige and influence but the 'Jiang' family still prevailed in Qi Principality." The evidence of Qiangic nature of barbarians would be best exhibited by their self-claim. When Qin intended to get rid of Luhun-rong & Jiang-rong around capital Yong in 638 BC, Jinn Principality adopted a policy of allowing remotely-related barbarian clan to stay closer to the land between Qin, Jinn and Zhou Dynasty capitals: Jinn Lord Huigong, for his mother's tie with Luhun-rong clan, relocated Luhun-rong to Yichuan and Jiang-rong to southern Shanxi Prov, i.e., namely, the southward migration to Mt Songshan area of Yun-surnamed Xianyun [Huns] clan whose Qiangic nature was validated about 80 years later by the dialogue between Fan Xuan-zi of Jinn Principality and the descendant of Jiang-rong. "公元前638年（周襄王十四年），秦穆公与晋惠公迁陆浑之戎于伊川，同时迁姜戎于晋南。陆浑戎周詹桓伯说是“允姓之奸，居于爪州”⑤，晋范宣子对戌子驹支说：“昔秦人逐乃祖吾离于瓜州。”⑥这个瓜州在秦晋西北，杜预认为在敦煌，但敦煌在秦雍都以西千数百里之外，其地在汉武帝时始立郡，若远在敦煌，对秦毫无威胁，秦也无力驱除他们。允姓，因猃狁而得姓，与鬼方媿姓相同⑦，西戎本有九州之名，瓜州大概为其中之一，在秦雍都附近，泾、洛二水中上游及陕北一带。秦因陆浑与姜戎近都，务在驱除，而晋惠公原逃亡在外，得秦国支持才获得晋侯地位，他的母亲又是允姓戎之女，允姓戎是他的舅族，因而迎合秦国，招允姓陆浑之戎安置于伊水流域，嵩山附近，而姜戎安置于晋南。" Liu Qiyu further cited ancient classics Zuo Zhuan and listed the statement of Ju-zhi, a prince of Jiang-rong, as paraphrased below: "Everyone had said that our folks, i.e., miscellaneous Rong people, belonged to the descendants of Si-yue ... Our various Rong peoples differed from Hua (i.e., Xia) people in cuisine, clothing, money and language." 
Liu Qiyu speculated that the clan names of Shen-Luu-Qi-Xu etc, who entered China during Western Zhou Dynasty, had been the Rong people who came eastward to China earlier, while Jiang-rong would be the original Rong people who came into China during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty time period.
Terra-cotta soldiers excavated from Qin First Emperor Shihuangdi's tomb should provide the best possible evidence as to the Mongoloid nature of Qin Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Qiangic Rong people in northwestern China thousands of years ago.
Below would be the definitions of ancient barbarians like 'Rong' and 'Di[2]'. Wang Zhonghan cited scholar Wang Guowei in pointing out that 'Rong' was a barbarian designation from Zhou King Youwang to Lu Lord Yin'gong & Lu Lord Huan'gong, while 'Di[2]' designation came about after Lu Lord Zhuanggong & Lu Lord Min'gong. "Rong" was equivalent to weaponry, ferociousness and other derogatory meanings. Ancient classics, like "Shi" and "Shu" interpreted Di[2] as "faraway barbarians". "在上述季历与文王征伐的诸戎中，以西落鬼戎为最强，既称“西落”，当在周原以西汧陇地区及其以西，大概是与鬼方有共同族称的游牧民族。一次战争被俘获“十二翟王”，可见鬼戎部落之众，“十二翟王”即是十二位鬼戎部落酋长。“翟”以同音与“狄”相通假，本非族称，是周人及诸夏加给鬼戎的蔑称，与“戎”具“兵”、“凶”之义引申加之于各敌对部落相同。王国维先生说：“《经》、《传》所记，自幽王以后至春秋隐、桓之间，但有戎号，庄、闵以后，乃有狄号。”②又说：“狄者，远也……《书》称‘狄矣西土之人’，《诗》称‘舍尔介狄’，皆谓远也。乃引申为驱除之于远方之义……凡种族之本居远方而驱除者，亦谓之狄。”③所谓“翟王”，即远方当驱除之王。" Merging and Subjugating Barbarians By Zhou Dynasty & Principalities Zhou Dynasty had two Jiang-surnamed vassals which contributed greatly to defending the borders, namely, the Shen-guo statelet under Marquis Shen to the west, and the Qi-guo statelet under Jiang Taigong and his descendants on Shandong Peninsula to the east. Count of West, Xibo, namely, Zhou Ancestor Ji Chang, once attacked the Doggy Rongs (said to be same as Xianyun barbarian on the steppe). Dozen years later, Zhou King Wuwang exiled the Rongs north of the Jing & Luo Rivers. The Rongs were also called Huangfu at the time, a name to mean their 'erratic submission'. 200 years later, during 17th year reign [i.e., 985 BC per Bamboo Annals], Zhou King Muwang was noted for defeating the barbarians, reaching Qinhai-Gansu regions in the west, meeting with Queen Mother of West on Mt Kunlun [possibly around Dunhuang area], and then relocating the barbarians eastward to the starting point of Jing-shui River for better management [in a similar fashion to Han Emperr Wudi's relocating Southern Huns to the south of the north Yellow River Bend]. History recorded that King Muwang captured four white wolves & four white deers (white deer and white wolf being the titles of ministers of Rongdi barbarians) during his campaign. The Huangfu (Doggy Rong) people then no longer sent in yearly gifts and tributes. "在周人兴起时，仍在陇济及泾洛一带游牧的鬼戎，其实也是许多部落的总名，并且在不同时期有不同的名称。古公亶父在豳时，“薰育戎狄攻之，欲得财物”③，《诗·大雅·绵》歌泳古公亶父在周原筑城，混夷远遁。但周原的戎患仍很严重。《诗·小雅·采薇·序》说：“文王之时，西有昆夷之患，北有猃狁之难”，《采薇》有“靡室靡家，猃狁之故”，“岂不见戒，猃狁孔棘”等句，《孟子·梁惠王》下甚至说：“太王事熏鬻，文王事昆夷。”文王经过征服与争取，戎狄“莫不宾服，乃率西戎，征殷之叛国以事纣”④。实际上打着商王的旗号对周围各部落与方国的兼并，有所谓“三分天下有其二”，为灭商准备了条件。" "西周中叶，与戎狄相安共处的局面日益难以维持。周穆王时，周室尚称强大，因“戎狄不贡，王乃西征犬戎，获其五王，又得四白狼、四白鹿，王遂迁戎于太原”⑧。穆王西征到了什么地方？据古本《竹书纪年》记载：“穆王十七年西征，至昆仑丘，见西王母，乃宴。”⑨昆仑丘所在，各家考证不一，肯定已超过陇山山脉，到达今甘青境内，见到了西戎的一位女酋长。穆王从陇以西迁戎至泾水上游之太原，大概是为了便于控制，后来太原之戎成为周室邻近王畿的威胁，完全与穆王初衷设想背道而驰。" Zhou King Yiwang, the grandson of King Muwang (r. 1,001 - 946 BC), would be attacked by the Rongs. The great grandson, King Xuanwang (reign 827 - 782), finally fought back against the Rongs. Shi Jing eulogized King Xuanwang's reaching Taiyuan (original Taiyuan in southern Shanxi Prov, not the appropriated one in the north of today's Shanxi Prov; however, 'Taiyuan' at the times of King Xuanwang would be the place in Shenxi/Ningxia where Jing-shui River originated). Thereafter, King Youwang (reign 781-771) was killed by the Doggy Rongs at the foothill of Lishan Mountain and capital Haojing was sacked. Rongs who stayed on at Lishan were called Li-rong. The Rongs moved to live between the Jing & Wei Rivers. Lord Qin Xianggong was conferred the old land of Zhou by Zhou King Pingwang (reign 770-720). Zhou King Pingwang encouraged the Qin Lord to drive out the Quan-rongs. Zhou continued to engage with barbarians like 'Rong[2] and 'Di[2]' till Qin ancestors came to the help. Qin & Jinn people, in dealing with barbarians, had adopted a policy of allowing remotely-related barbarian clan to stay closer to the land between Qin, Jinn and Zhou Dynasty capitals, i.e., namely,the southward migration of Yun-surnamed Xianun [Huns] clan to Mt Songshan area. "公元前638年（周襄王十四年），秦穆公与晋惠公迁陆浑之戎于伊川，同时迁姜戎于晋南。陆浑戎周詹桓伯说是“允姓之奸，居于爪州”⑤，晋范宣子对戌子驹支说：“昔秦人逐乃祖吾离于瓜州。”⑥这个瓜州在秦晋西北，杜预认为在敦煌，但敦煌在秦雍都以西千数百里之外，其地在汉武帝时始立郡，若远在敦煌，对秦毫无威胁，秦也无力驱除他们。允姓，因猃狁而得姓，与鬼方媿姓相同⑦，西戎本有九州之名，瓜州大概为其中之一，在秦雍都附近，泾、洛二水中上游及陕北一带。秦因陆浑与姜戎近都，务在驱除，而晋惠公原逃亡在外，得秦国支持才获得晋侯地位，他的母亲又是允姓戎之女，允姓戎是他的舅族，因而迎合秦国，招允姓陆浑之戎安置于伊水流域，嵩山附近，而姜戎安置于晋南。" At about this time, Jinn Principality began the process of expansion that would merge and conquer dozens of barbarian statelets to the east of east Yellow River Bend, , with Jinn Lord Xiangong merging 17 statelets and subjugating 38 others [per "Haan Fei-zi"]. "若非侵小，将何所取？武献以下，兼国多矣。”《韩非子·难二篇》记述晋烛过说：“昔者吾先君献公，并国十七，服国三十八。” Qin Mugong, after defeat in Battle of Xiao-er, turned around to expand westward, and conquered 8 [or 12] western barbarian stateles in Shenxi-Gansu regions. Then, after about 100 years, Qin campaigned against west bend and north bend of the Yellow River area and consolidated the control over northwestern China. " 公元前623年，即秦穆公三十七年，“用由余谋伐戎王，益国十二，开地千里，遂霸西戎”50000016_131_5⑤，中原诸夏也不把秦当诸夏，春秋时期不与秦会盟。 被秦穆公所吞并的八国或十二国，未详其名称，其未被吞并的，陇山以西有绵诸、翟、等部，岐山以北有义渠、大荔、乌氏、朐衍等部。在秦穆公以后到春秋末的百余年中，不见秦与诸戎战争的记载，可能有一段相安时期，此期间距秦较近的大荔戎、义渠戎社会发展很快，战国初“义渠、大荔最强，筑城数十，皆自称王”①，大概已经定 |
![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
