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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
QIN DYNASTYQin's ancestor could be traced to Bo Yi (aka Da-fei) under Lord Shun. Bo Yi's father was called Da-ye (Gaoyao). Da-ye was born by Nü-xiu who swallowed the egg of a sparrow, while Nü-xiu, in turn, was a descendant of Lord Zhuanxu. The story of sparrow totem shows that the ancestors of Qin people belonged to the so-called Dong-yi or Eastern Yi people. Bo Yi (aka Dafei) was in charge of mountains and lakes, and he assisted Lord Yu (Da Yu or Yu the Great) in mastering the floods. Because of the contributions in mastering the floods, Bo Yi was conferred the family name of 'Ying', with the water sign as a part of the character. Qin's ancestors, together with Shang people, belonged to the 'Yi' group of people who had previously relocated to the western China from the eastern part of China. Similar to Zhou founder, Qin's ancestors had emerged from the barbaric West to become the ruler of China. In both cases, they discarded the Rong & Di(2) customs and adopted the rituals of the central China of the time. Bo Yi had two sons bearing the clan names of Niaosu-shi and Fei-shi. The character 'niao' meant for bird, and it further validated the claim that Qin people were bird-totem Eastern Yi people. One of the Fei-shi descendants would be called Fei Chang, and Fei Chang defected from Xia and assisted Shang Dynasty founder in defeating the last Xia lord, Jie, at a place called Mingtiao. One of the Niaosu-shi descendants, 'xuan sun' or the son of great grandson, would be called Zhongyan who was said to have bird-like mouth and hands. Zhongyan's 'zeng sun' or great grandson would be called Xuxuan (aka 'Rong Xuxuan' by Marquis Shenhou); Xuxuan's son would be called Zhongjue. Zhongjue's son would be Feilian. By the end of Shang Dynasty (16th-1066 BC), Feilian and his elder son Wu Lai (also pronounced E'lai or Wulai), served as the hatchetmen for the last Shang Lord Zhouwang. Wu Lai was executed by the founder of Zhou Dynasty (1066-256 BC). Feilian was guarding northern post for Shang Dynasty; hearing of Shang King Zhouwang's death, he would come back to Shang capital to mourn last Shang lord. Then, he would go to the mountains east of the Yellow River where he obtained a stone coffin. Feilian then bore another son, Ji Sheng. The great grandson of Ji Sheng, Meng Zhen, was hired by Zhou King Chengwang. Meng Zhen's grandson, Zao Fu, was assigned to the land of later Zhao Principality by Zhou King Muwang (r. 1002-947 BC). The place was called Zhaocheng city. Zao Fu was responsible for driving Zhou King Muwang on his western tour of Kunlun Mountains where Muwang met 'Xi Wang Mu', i.e., Queen Mother of the West. When there was a rebellion at home, Zao Fu would drive King Muwang back, one thousand Chinese mile within one single day (which was disputed as unrealistic). Zao Fu's descendants would be the ancestors of later Zhao Principality that was split from the Jin (Jinn) Principality. (Below, I deliberately spelled Jin(4) into Jinn for sake of distinction from Jurchen Jin(1). Jin(4) is spelled Tsin in Wade-Giles.) Among Wu Lai's descendants would be someone called Rufang; Rufang bore Panghao; Panghao bore Taiji; and Taiji bore Daluo. Daluo's son would be Fei Zi (Fei-zi). They were offered residency in the same city as Zhaocheng, and hence they carried the same last name as their kinsmen, 'Zhao'. Fei Zi (Fei-zi) lived in a place called Quanqiu (a place near Fufeng? of Shenxi Prov or Tianshui? of Gansu Prov), and he was good at raising horses around the Wei-shui River. Marquis Shenhou, whose daughter married Daluo, somehow pursuaded Zhou King Xiaowang into bestowing the last name of 'Ying' on Daluo descendant for sake of pacifying or controlling the Western Rong people. (This shows the influence of Daluo descendants in this barbaric area.) Marquis Shenhou was quoted to have mentioned to Zhou King Xiaowang that his ancestor had married their woman to 'Rong Xuxuan' where Rong meant for the barbarians and 'Xuxuan' was the great grandson of Zhongyan. (In the eyes of Marquis Shenhou, Qin people might be equivalent to the 'rong' people.) Shi Ji was ambiguous about Daluo descendant in this section: Interpretation would be that Daluo had another son born with Marquis Shenhou's daughter, called 'Cheng'; Fei-zi, not Cheng, was conferred the ancestral name of 'Ying'. Some scholar pointed out that Marquis Shenhou deliberately asked Zhou King Xiaowang to intervene in Daluo's selection of a junior son as inheriting the Qin family line while kicking out the senior son of Fei-zi as someone to adopt an ancient family name of 'Ying'. Later, the Daluo lineage, i.e., the descendants of 'Cheng', were all killed by Rong barbarians. Note my general designation of 'Daluo descendants' below in lieu of either Fei-zi or Cheng. Qin Lord 'Qin Ying' Zhou King Xiaowang conferred Daluo descendants the land of Qin (today's Tiansui, eastern Gansu Prov) as a vassal; hence Daluo's son was known as 'Qin Ying'. Qin became the vassal which was situated to the western-most part of then China. History records that two more groups of people dwelled to the west of Qin and Zhou Chinese, namely, the Western Rong nomads and the Yüeh-chih people. (Qin ancestor tombs had been discovered in Li-xian county of Gansu Prov, to the southwest of Tiansui.) Qin Ying bore Qin-hou; Qin-hou bore Gongbo; Gongbo bore Qin-zhong (Qin Zhong). Qin Lord 'Qin Zhong' (r. BC 845-822 ?) Qin Zhong would be four generations from Qin Ying. When Zhou King Liwang was ruling despotically, the Xi Rong (Xirong or Western Rong) people rebelled in the west and killed most of the Daluo lineage. Zhou King Xuanwang got enthroned when Qin Zhong was in his 18th year reign, and Xuanwang conferred Qin Zhong the title of 'Da Fu' and ordered him to quell the Xirong. Qin Zhong got killed by Xirong after being a ruler for 23 years. Qin Lord Zhuanggong (r. BC 821-778 ?) Qin Zhong's five sons, under the elder son (Qin Lord Zhuanggong), would defeat Xirong with 7000 relief army from Zhou King. Qin Lord Zhuanggong hence recovered the territories called Quanqiu (i.e., Feiqiu, the land of Da-luo) and enjoyed Zhou court's conferral of the title of 'Xi Chui Da Fu', i.e., the 'Da Fu' on the western border. Qin Lord Zhuanggong had a reign of 44 years. Siman Qian commented that Qin Lord Zhuanggong began to revere Lord Highness, a sign of usurpation, since only Zhou Kingdom was allowed to revere Lord Highness while the vassals could only worship their ancestors. Qin Lord Xianggong (r. BC 777-766) & Relocation Of Zhou Court Qin Lord Zhuanggong's senior son, Shifu, would swear that he would kill the king of the Rong people to avenge the death of Qin Zhong before returning to the Qin capital. Zhuanggong's junior son would be Qin Lord Xianggong (Ying Kai) who assisted Zhou King Pingwang (reign 770-720) in cracking down on both the Western Rong and the Dogggy Rong. Shifu was taken prisoner of war by Xi Rong during the 2nd year reign of Qin Lord Xianggong and did not get released till one year later. During the 7th year reign of Qin Lord Xianggong, i.e., 771 BC, Doggy Rong barbarians sacked Zhou capital and killed Zhou king at the invitation of Marquis Shen (i.e., Shenhou). Ying Kai came to the aid of Marquis Shen after Marquis Shen wrote four letters, i) to Ying Kai, 2) to Marquis Jinn (Ji Chou), iii) to Marquis Wey (Ji He, Wey Lord Wugong, over 80 years old at the time), and iv) to the son of Count Zheng, requesting for help in driving the Doggy Rong barbarians out of Zhou capital, Haojing. Zhou King Pingwang (reign 770-720) upgraded the rank of the son of Count Zheng to that of a marquis. Zhou King Pingwang conferred Ying Kai the title of Count and the old Zhou land to the west of Qishan and Feng (near today's Baoji and Xi'an areas) for the help in relocating Zhou capital to Luoyang. Ying Kai began to exchange embassy with other Zhou vassals. Within three years, Ying Kai drove off the Doggy Rongs and retook the lands of Qishan and Feng. Ying Kai died during the 12th year of his reign (766 BC) when he campaigned against the Rong at Qishan. (Scholar Fu Sinian studied the bronze inscriptions, i.e., jin wen, from Zhou times and concluded that the ancient five rankings of duke, marquis, count, viscount, and baron did not conform with bronze inscriptions or classics such as Shang Shu or Shi Jing. Fu Sinian stated that duke-gong, count-bo, viscount-zi, and baron-nan were originally used within a royal family as rankings; governmentally, 'bo' or count was the leader of a conferred fief while 'hou' or marquis was for denoting the vassal guarding border posts.) Qin Lord Wengong (r. BC 765-716) After Xianggong would be Qin Lord Wengong. Wengong, during his 3rd year reign, had a hunting in east, and the next year, he selected Qishan area for building a city as the capital. During his 13th year reign, Wengong began chronicle recording, and during his 16th year reign, Wengong defeated Rong at Qishan. Wengong would give the land east of Qishan back to Zhou court. During his 20th year reign, three lineage (father's line, mother's line and wife's line) exterminination law came into existence. Wengong passed away during the 50th year reign, i.e., 716 BC. (I validated this year of Qin Wengong 44th year reign being equivalent to Lu Lord Yingong first year, i.e., 722 BC) Siman Qian commented that Qin began to converge with Zhou Chinese culture beginning with Qin Lord Wengong. Qin Lord Ninggong (r. BC 715-704) After Wengong would be Qin Lord Ninggong, i.e., the grandson of Wengong. Ninggong relocated to Pingyang, to the west of Qishan, during his 2nd year reign. There would be one Xirong lord by the title of King Bo in a place called 'Dang She', a mutation of the Shang Dynasty founder, 'Tang'(1). (Ancient classics claimed that this group of people claimed heritage from Shang Tang and used the ancient Shang capital name 'Bo' for the title of their Xi-rong king. Ancient scholar Xu Guang claimed that 'Dang' should be pronounced as 'Tang' for Shang founder, while 'She' was meant for Du-xian county. Huangfu Mi of Jin Dynasty treated King Bo as a branch of 'Xi-yi' or Western Yi aliens.) Qin Lord Ninggong would defeat King Bo and drove King Bo towards the Rong people during the 3rd year reign, i.e., 713 BC. Ninggong conquered King Bo's Dang-shi clan during the 12th year reign, i.e., 704 BC. Ninggong died this year and was buried on Mount Xishan, i.e., Qinlingshan of Chencang. Qin Lord Chu-zi (r. BC 703-698) & Qin Lord Wugong (r. BC 697-677) Ninggong's elder son (Wugong) was deposed, and Chu-zi, the son of Ninggong's junior son, was enthroned by three ministers at the age of 5. Chu-zi was killed 6 years later and Wugong was selected. About this time, Wugong campaigned against 'Pengxan-shi Rong' and reached the foot of Huashan Mountain. Qin Lord Wugong, during the 3rd year reign, i.e., 695 BC, exterminated the three ministers and their three lineage families for killing Chu-zi. (Note: This year is validated against the 17th year reign of Lu Lord Huan'gong, r 711-694 BC.) At Zheng Principality, a minister by the name of Gaoqumi killed his lord Zheng Zhaogong. Qin Lord Wugong, during the 10th year reign, exterminated Gui-rong (Shanggui of Longxi) and Ji-rong (Tiansui Commandary), and the next year, exterminated Du-bo Fief (southeast of Xi'an), Zheng-guo Fief (Zhengxian County) and Xiao-guo Fief (an alternative Guo Fief, different from the Guo domain conferred by Zhou King Wenwang onto his brother Guo-shu). Xiao-guo Fief was said to be a branch of the Qiang people. During the 13th year reign, i.e., 685 BC approx, in conflict with 686 BC under Zhou, Lu & Jinn records, Qi Lord Xianggong (r. 697-686 BC) was assassinated by his ministers; Jinn exterminated the fief statelets of Geng, Huo and Wei; another assasination in Qi would see Qi Lord Huan'gong (r. 685-643 BC) selected. Jinn Prince Quwo vs Jinn Marquisdom In 679 BC, Jinn Prince Quwo became lord. Zhou King Xiwang (Ji Huqi, reign 681-677 B.C.) conferred Marquisdom onto Quwo Wugong after Jinn internal power struggles settled down. Quwo (today's Wenxi County, Shanxi Prov) was previously assigned to Marquis Jinn Wenhou's brother by Marquis Jinn Zhaohou. For dozens of years, the descendants of Quwo Jinn royal family and the Jinn Marquisdom were entangled in a power struggle and assasinations of several Jinn marquis occurred. Historians commented that Jinn turmoils derived from Quwo. Zhou King Pingwang (Ji Yijiu, reign 770-720 B.C.) had dispatched Guo-gong against Quwo when Zhuang-bo, head of Quwo, attacked Jinn capital after Marquis Jinn Er'hou (r 723-718 BC) died. Years later, the son of Quwo Zhuang-bo, who claimed to be proxy Zhuang-bo (aka Quwo Wugong), would attack, capture and kill Marquis Jinn Aihou (r 717-710 BC). When Quwo Wugong called Jinn Xiao-zi (r 709-706 BC), the son of Marquis Jinn Aihou, to Quwo and killed him, Zhou King Huanwang (Ji Lin, reign 719-697 B.C.) dispatched Guo-zhong of Guo-guo statelet against Quwo Wugong. A brother of Marquis Jinn Er'hou, Min-hou (r 706-679 BC), was made into the new Jinn lord. In 703 BC approx, Song captured Zheng lord and erected a new Zheng lord. In 686 BC approx, a Qi minister (Guan Zhifu) killed Qi Xianggong. In 679 BC, Qi Huan'gong became a hegemony lord. During the 28th year reign of Jinn Min-hou (r 706-679), i.e., in 679 BC, Marquis Jinn Min-hou was killed by Quwo Wugong. Zhou King Xiwang (Ji Huqi, reign 681-677 B.C.) conferred Marquisdom onto Quwo Wugong. Quwo Wugong called himself Jinn Wugong and died two years later. Jinn Quwo Wugong enthroned in 678 BC. This would be during the 20th year reign of Qin Lord Wugong (r. BC 697-677), i.e., 678 BC, in conflict with 679 BC under Zhou-Jinn-Lu-Qi records. (In another sense, Quwo Wugong killed Jinn Minhou in 679 BC and did not count his first year reign till 678 BC) Qin Lord Wugong passed away during the 21th year reign, i.e., 677 BC, and 66 persons followed to his tomb as live burial. Qin Lord Degong (r. BC 677-676) & His Three Sons: Xuan'gong, Chenggong & Mugong Qin Lord Degong got enthroned at the age of 33 and died after a reign of 2 years. Two fief lords, Rui-bo and Liang-bo, had come to pay respect during the 2nd year reign of Degong. Degong's elder son, Xuan'gong (r. BC 675-664), enthroned next. In this year, i.e., 675 BC, Wey and South-Yan (Huazhou Prefecture or Huatai) attacked the Zhou court; Zhou King Huiwang went into exile; Prince Tui was enthroned as Zhou king. During the 3rd year reign, in 673 BC, Zheng-bo (Count of Zheng) and Guo-shu (lord of East Guo-guo Fief) killed Tui and restored King Huiwang's throne. Jinn Wugong's successor, Jinn Xian'gong (r. 676-651 BC), attacked Li-rong (Xi Rong) barbarians during his 5th year reign, i.e., 672 BC approx, and captured a Li-rong woman called Li-ji. Jinn Xian'gong took the advice of a minister (Shiwei) and killed most of the princes from the deposed Jinn Marquisdom lineage, and one such prince fled to Guo-guo statelet. Wars erupted between Jinn and Guo-guo. Twelve years later, during Jinn Xian'gong 12th year reign, i.e., in 665 BC approx, Li-ji born Xiqi and then conspired to have Jinn Xian'gong's elder princes deposed or killed, pushing Jinn into another round of turmoils. Three Jinn princes, Shensheng, Chong'er, and Yiwu, were dispatched to border cities, respectively. (Scholar Xu Zhuoyun analyzed Zhou's fief system to have derived a conclusion that cities at Zhou times could be differentiated into 'guo' for capital, 'yi' for 'fief', and 'tian' for countryside. Caiptal would be 'yi' with ancestral oblation. Jinn border cities like Quwo is considered a normal 'yi'.) The next year, Qin Xuan'gong (r. BC 675-664) defeated Jinn at Heyang. Qin Xuan'gong died during the 12th year reign, i.e., 664 BC. In 664 BC, Qi Lord Huangong destroyed the statelets of Shan-rong and Guzhu. (Guzhu was formerly Zhu-guo Statelet, a vassal of ex-Shang dynasty.) A brother of Qin Xuan'gong was enthroned as Qin Chenggong (r. BC 663-660). Rui-bo and Liang-bo came to Qin court again. (Liang-guo fief was destroyed during 22nd year reign of Qin Lord Mugong, r. BC 659-621.) During 16th year reign of Jinn Xian'gong (r. 676-651 BC), i.e., in 661 BC approx, Jin (Jinn) Principality eliminated Huo (Huozhou, Shanxi Prov), Wei and Geng fiefdoms. Jinn Xian'gong built the city of Quwo for Prince Shensheng, conferred General Bi-wan the domain of Wei and General Zhao Su the domain of Geng. Shiwei advised Prince Shensheng to flee as Zhou King Wenwang's uncles did. Jinn minister Po-yan advised against the conferral of Wei land onto Bi-wan. The next year, in 660 BC, Prince Shensheng was ordered on a new campaign against Dongshan-Chidi barbarians. Shensheng sought advice with Li'ke as to his crown prince status. Qin Chengong died during the 4th year reign, i.e., 660 BC approx, and another brother was enthroned as Mugong, reign BC 659-621. Zigzag With Rong & Di Aside from the Rongdi Rong, Xirong, Jiangrong & Quanrong in northwestern China, there were the Mountain Rongs in the northeast and Chang-Di barbarian in Shandong. The Mountain Rongs went across the Yan Principality of Hebei Province to attack Qi Principality in today's Shandong Province. 44 years later, they attacked Yan. Around 664 BC, Yan-Qi joint armies destroyed the Mountain Rong Statelet as well as the Guzhu Statelet. The story of 'old horses knew the way home' would be about the joint army being lost after they penetrated deep into the Rong land. Hence, Yan Statelet extended by 500 li to the northwest, in addition to the eastward 50 li which was given by Marquis Qi to Count Yan for his escorting Marquis Qi all the way into Qi Statelet. During the 16th year of Zhou King Huiwang (reign 676-652), namely, 661 BC, the Chang Di barbarians who were located near today's Jinan City of Shandong Province, under Sou Man, attacked the Wey and Xing principalities. The Di barbarians, hearing of Qi army's counter-attacks, embarked on a pillage in central China by attacking Wey and Xing statelets. The Di barbarians killed Wey Lord Yigong (r. BC 668-660 ?) who was notorious for indulging in raising numerous birds called 'he' (cranes), and the barbarians cut him into pieces. A Wey minister would later find Yigong's liver to be intact, and hence he committed suicide by cutting apart his chest and saving Yigong's liver inside of his body. In 649 BC, a half brother, by the name of Shu-dai, colluded with Rong and Di barbarians in attacking Zhou King Xiangwang. (Rong-di barbarians had come to aid Shu-dai as a conspiracy of Shu-dai's mother, dowager queen Huihou.) Over 20 years later, in 636 BC approx, the Rongdi nomads attacked Zhou King Xiangwang (reign 651-619) at the encouragement of Zhou Queen who was the daughter of Rongdi ruler. Jinn Principality helped Zhou King by attacking the Rongs and then escorted the king back to his throne 4 years after the king went into exile. After the defeat in the hands of Jinn, the Rongs moved to the land between the west segment of the Yellow River loop or bend and the Luo River, and two groups were known at the time, Chidi (Red Di) and Baidi (White Di). (Note that ancient West Yellow River Bend is the same as today's East Yellow River Bend. Ancient Yellow River Bend did not equate to today's inverse U-shaped course with the North Bend lying inside Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, but the U-shaped Bend with South Bend in southern Shanxi Prov and then a south-to-north turn in Hebei Province for exit into the sea.) Qin Lord Mugong (r. BC 659-621) In 659 BC, Qin Lord Mugong conquered Maojin-rong. During 19th year reign of Jinn Xian'gong (r. 676-651 BC), i.e., in 658 BC approx, Jinn borrowed a path from Yu-guo and attacked Xiangyang of Guo-guo. During the 4th year reign of Qin Lord Mugong, i.e., 656 BC, Mugong was married with the sister of Prince Shensheng of Jinn. In this year, Qi Lord Huangong attacked Shaoling city of Chu. During Jinn Xian'gong 21th year reign, i.e., in 656 BC approx, Li-ji conspired to put poison into the meat Shensheng gave to his father; Li-ji pasted honey onto her body to attract bees, asked Shensheng help her drive away the bees, and then accused Shensheng of trying to take advantage of her. Shensheng fled to Xincheng city and committed suicide. Jinn Lord Xian'gong (676-651 B.C.) hence fell under the trick of his concubine (a Li-rong woman), and Prince Chong'e (Chong Er, ?-628 BC) escaped to Di(2) Statelet in 655 BC. (Prince Chong Er's birth mother was from Di barbarian.) In 655 BC, Jinn borrowed path from Yu-guo again by sending Jinn Xian'gong's stallion as a gift. A Yu-guo minister, Gong Zhiqi, advised against it, saying Yu-guo and Guo-guo were like lips and teeth to each other. Gong Zhiqi led his whole family away from the Yu-guo. Jinn Principality eliminated Guo and Yu statelets in the winter of 655 BC. Guo-gong fled to Zhou court. Yu-gong and his minister Baili Xi were captured and the stallion was found by Xunxi and delivered back to Jinn Xian'gong. During Jinn Xian'gong 23rd year reign, i.e., in 654 BC approx, Jinn attacked Prince Yiwu at Quwo land, and Yiwu fled to a different statelet, Shaoliang land, at the advice of Ji-rui. Ji-rui said that should Yiwu flee to Di, Jinn would attack Di because Chong'er was already there. Two years later, Jinn attacked Di, and Di counter-attacked Jinn; hence, Jinn withdrew from their siege. Li-ji's brother had a son called Dao-zi in this year. In 651 BC, Qi Lord Huangong assembled Zhou vassals at Kuiqiu. The Battle Of Han-yuan After the death of Jinn Lord Xian'gong (676-651 B.C.), Li-ji's son, Xiqi, was erected, but a minister (Li'ke) killed Xiqi; after minister Xunxi erected another cousin of Xiqi (Dao-zi), Li'ke killed the new lord and Xunxi, consecutively. Li-ji was killed on the streets. Li'ke first sought for Prince Chong'er, but Chong'er declined it. Li'ke then went to Prince Yiwu. Jinn Prince Yiwu sought for help from Qin Lord Mugong (r. BC 659-621) in escorting him to the throne at Jinn, with a promise of seceding to Qin 8 cities to the west of Yellow River. Qi Huangong sent forces to help Yiwu as well, and Qi forces stopped marching at Gaoliang after knowing Qin already delivered Yiwu, i.e., Jinn Huigong (r. 650-637 BC). Yiwu ate his words, and killed Li'ke instead of conferring him the land of Fengyang as promised. Yiwu's emissary to Qin, Pi-zheng, being afraid of returning to Jinn to receive the same fate as Li'ke, would incite Qin Lord Mugong in having Jinn Prince Chong'er replace Yiwu. Pi-zheng was killed upon returning to Jinn, and his son (Pi-bao) fled to Qin. In 649 BC, a half brother, by the name of Shu-dai, colluded with Rong and Di barbarians in attacking King Xiangwang. (Rong-di barbarians had come to aid Shu-dai as a conspiracy of Shu-dai's mother, ex-queen Huihou.) Jinn Principality attacked the Rong to help the Zhou court. Shu-dai fled to Qi Principality. Three years after the death of Qi Lord Huangong, Shu-dai returned to Zhou court from Qi Principality at the request of King Xiangwang. During 12th year reign of Qin Mugong, i.e., 648 BC, Guan Zhong of Qi passed away. When Jinn had a drought-related famine, Qin, against the proposal of Pi-bao to attack Jinn, would dispatch ships with grains to Jinn, passing from Qin capital of Yong to Jinn capital of Jiang(4). Two years later, Qin had a famine, but Jinn refused to lend grains, and moreover attacked Qin in 645 BC. Qin Lord Mugong and Pi-bao fought against Jinn army at a place called Han-yuan in September. When Mugong saw Yiwu and his horse trapped in the mud, Mugong intended to capture Yiwu. But Jinn army came to aid Yiwu and encircled Mugong. Three hundreds 'yeren' (countryside people) solders, who were spared death by Mugong for eating good horses, would rush to rescue Mugong, and moreover captured Yiwu. When Mugong intended to sacrifice Yiwu for Lord Highhess, i.e., Heaven, Zhou court came to petition for mercy, and Mugong's wife would beg for mercy for his brother (Yiwu). Mugong released Yiwu in November for sake of frustrating Jinn ministers' attempt to erect Yiwu's son. Yiwu, upon return to Jinn, killed Qingzheng who refused to rescue him during the prior war, surrendered 8 cities to the west of Yellow River to Qin, and sent his son (Zi-yu) to Qin as a hostage. Yiwu, fearing that Prince Chong'er might stir trouble, sent an assasin to Di statelet and forced Chong'er into fleeing to Qi after a stay of 12 years with Di people. Qin gave Zi-yu a royal family girl for marriage. During 18th year reign of Qin Mugong, i.e., 642 BC, Qi Huangong passed away. Around 641 BC, Qin exterminated Liang and Rui statelets. (Zi-yu's mother was the daughter of Liang-bo, and hence Zi-yu was angry with Qin.) Three years later, Jinn Prince Zi-yu fled the Qin capital, without taking his Qin wife, when he heard that his father was getting ill. Zi-yu's wife did not report his fleeing to Qin court but refused to follow Zi-yu. Jinn Lord (Yiwu) passed away the next year, i.e., in 637 BC, and Zi-yu was enthroned as Jinn Huaigong (r. 637-636 BC). Zi-yu killed a minister called Hu-tu for not recalling his two sons from Chong'er enrourage. Qin Lord Mugong, hating Zi-yu for his fleeing home, would retrieve ex-Jinn Prince Chong'er from Chu, and further gave ex-wife of Zi-yu to Chong'er. In 636 BC, Qin Mugong, with 500 chariots, 2000 cavalry, and 50,000 field soldiers, escorted Prince Chong'er to Jinn capital to become Jinn Lord Wengong (r. 636-628 BC), and Chong'er sent an assasin to have Zi-yu (Jinn Lord Huaigong) killed at Gaoliang. Chong'er, at the age of 17, possessed five tutors: Zhao Shuai, Huyan Jiufan (uncle-in-law), Jia Tuo, Xian Zhen, and Wei Wu-zi. (Later, one follower, by the name of Jie Zi-tui, went to the mountains to be a hermit instead of accepting Chong'er awards.) At Di statelet, he was given a Jiuru-Chidi (Gaoru-Chidi) woman of Kui surname; a sister of the woman married with Zhao Shuai and bore Zhao Dun. After staying in Di statelet for 12 years, Chong'er was forced into an exile tour of various Zhou vassals. Passing through Wey, Chong'er was mistreated by Wey Wengong and left. At Wey land of Wulu, Chong'er begged for food from peasants who added mud into the food. At Qi, Chong'er was given a royal girl and twenty carts for marriage. Chong'er stayed in Qi for five years, and under the collusion of Zhao Shuai, Huyan Jiufan and Qi wife, Chong'er was fed a lot of wine and carried out of Qi capital in intoxicated status. Chong'er wife had asked him to think more about recovering his country than staying with a woman. Passing through Cao statelet, Chong'er was mistreated by Cao Gonggong, but received assistance from a Cao minister. Passing through Song, Chong'er was received by Song Xianggong in a lord's rituals. Passing through Zheng statelet, Chong'er was mistreated by Zheng Wengong. At Chu, Chong'er was given vassal treatment by Chu King Chengwang. When Qin retried Chong'er, Chu King escorted Chong'er with big gifts to Qin. Qin gave Chong'er 5 royal family girls, including Zi-yu's wife. At the age of 62, Chong'er retruned to Jinn after an exile of 19 years. When two ministers (Lü Sheng and Qie Rui) planned to rebell against Jinn Wengong, an eunuch, Lüti, who previously tried to assasinate Chong'er twice, informed Chong'er of the plot. Chong'er received the assiatance of Qin Mugong in having the rebels killed over the river. Qin Mugong dispatched 3,000 soldiers as Jinn Wengong's bodyguards. In the autumn of 636 BC, the brother of Zhou King Xiangwang, Shu-dai, hired the Di barbarians in attacking the Zhou court. King Xiangwang fled to Zheng. In 635 BC, King Xiangwang sought help with Qin/Jinn. This is during Jinn Wengong's 2nd year reign. Qin Mugong led an army against Shu-dai and reached the Yellow River during the spring. Zhao Shuai advised that Jinn Wengong should aid Zhou court, too, and Qin-Jinn armies killed Shu-dai in April of the year. Zhou King Xiangwang conferred onto Jinn the title of Count and the land of Yangfan or 'he nei' (pronounced as He-rui in ancient Chinese to mean the winding section of the Yellow River or equivalent 'Hanoi' in Vietnamese for the meaning of the innerside of the Yellow River, i.e., northern Henan Province where Yellow River flows to the east with a 90 degree turn). The Battle Of Chengpu In 633 BC, Chu led its vassals on a siege of Song. Xian Zhen advised Jinn Wengong that Jinn should aid Song as requital. Huyan proposed that Jinn attack Chu's two allies, i.e., Cao and Wey. Jinn dispatched three columns of army, with Qie Hu in the middle, Huyan in charge of the upper column, and Luan Zhi the lower column. During Jinn Wengong's 5th year reign, i.e., in 632 BC, Jinn Wengong was refused a path by Wey for attacking Cao. Then, Jinn crossed the river elsewhere and attacked both Cao and Wey, taking over Wulu in Jan of 632 BC. In Feb, Jinn and Qi made an alliance at Wey land, and refused Wey's request for being a member. When Wey lord intended to ally with Chu, Wey ministers ousted him. Chu was defeated for aiding Wey. Jinn then sieged Cao. In March, Jinn took over Cao capital but spared a Cao minister's home as a requital for the early help during Chong'er exile. Chu then lay a siege of Song. Jinn Wengong intended to attack Chu to help Song, but he was hesitant since Chu king had given him a lot of favor before. Xian Zhen proposed that Jinn capture Cao-bo and divide Cao & Wey land for sake of Song so that Chu would release Song to aid Cao/Wey. Hence, Chu army withdrew the siege of Song capital. Chu General Zi-yue adamantly insisted on a fight with Jinn, and Chu King allocated less soldiers. Zi-yue sent an emissary (Wan-chun) to Jinn in request for restoration of Cao/Wey. Xian Zhen proposed that Jinn have Chu da fu Wan-chun retained under custody to anger Zi-yue and that Jinn privately made peace with Cao/Wey for sake of making them defect to Jinn. Hence, Zi-yue was angered into a fight, and Jinn retreated three times as a fulfillment of promise that Chong'er made to Chu king while he was in exile stay at Chu. In April, Song-Qi-Qin-Jinn armies had a campaign against Chu at Chengpu (a Wey city), burnt Chu army for days, and defeated Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. (Zi-yue was ordered to commit suicide by Chu king later.) Zhou King Xiangwang personally went to Jinn camp to confer Marquisdom onto Jinn Wengong, and Jinn made a convenience palace for the king. Zheng, seeing Chu defeat, went to ally with Jinn. In May, Jinn sent Chu prisoners to Zhou court. Zhou king dispatched da fu Wang Zi-hu to Jinn, re-conferred 'bo' (Count) onto Jin Wengong, and offered royal arrows/bows and 300 royal guards to Jinn. Wang Zi-hu held an assembly of vassals. In June, Jinn restored Wey lord. In the winter of 632 BC, Jinn Lord Wengong assembled vassals at a place called Wen (near Zhengzhou, Henan Prov) and called on the Zhou king to have a hunting party. Jinn restored Cao statlet's lord. Jinn first devised three columns of armies, with Xun Linfu in charge of the middle column, Xian Hu the right column, and Xian Mie the left column. In 630 BC, Jinn Wengong wanted to punish Zheng for not helping him while he was in exile years ago, and Jinn Wengong sought help from Qin. Jinn/Qin lay a siege of Zheng and forced a Zheng minister to commit suicide. But Jinn refused to back off. Zheng dispatched Zhu Zhi-wu to Qin Mugong and successfully pursuaded Qin into a withdrawal. Qin left three da fu and a small garrison army at the north gate of Zheng. Jinn withdrew army, too. The Battle Of Xiao'er Qin Lord Mugong began his expansion by attracting talents around China. Earlier, he played a trick to trade with Chu Principality for Baili Xi at the price of 5 sheep skins, claiming that Baili Xi was wanted for a crime in Qin Principality. Baili Xi was titled 'Five Sheep Da Fu'. Baili Xi later recommended his best friend, Jian Shu, for the position as a prime minister. Qin Mugong sent a minister disguised as a merchant on a trek to the Song Principality for Jian Shu. Qin Mugong's emissary, Gongzi Zhi, found Jian Shu in the countryside of Song and invited him over to Qin Court. Jian Su was titled 'Shang Da Fu', i.e., highest Dafu. Two years after Qin-Jinn confrontation over Zheng, in 628 BC approx, Jinn Wengong passed away, after a reign of 9 years. Zheng-bo, the lord of Zheng, also died. A Qin da fu at the north gate of Zheng sent a message to Qin Mugong, stating that Zheng could be taken over by a surprise attack. Qin Mugong, against the advice of Jian Shu and Baili Xi, dispatched Mengmingshi (Baili Xi's son), Xiqishu (Jian Shu's son), and Baiyibin on a long distance campaign against Zheng. Baili Xi and Jian Shu were reprimanded for crying for their sons before the march, and the two old men said to their sons that Qin might suffer defeat at Xiao'er (Xiaoshan Mountain). In Dec of 628 BC, when Qin army passed through the front of the north gate of Zhou capital, Wangsun Man, still a kid at the time, commented that Qin army lacked respect for Zhou court and would for sure lose the war. At a place near Hua-guo, a Zheng merchant, by the name of Xuan Gao, donated his 12 buffalos to Qin army by pretending to do so under the order of Zheng lord. Three Qin generals were surprised to know that Zheng had advance knowledge of the Qin attack, stopped at the Hua-guo Fiefdom, and exterminated Count Hua's fief instead. Hearing of Qin attack on Hua-guo of same Ji surname as Jinn, Jinn Wengong's son, Jinn Xianggong (r. 627-621), in the spring of 627 BC, sent an army against Qin, and had Qin army ambushed at Xiao'er in April. Three Qin generals were captured, while their soldiers were all killed. Jinn Wengong's dowager wife requested with Jinn Xianggong to have the three guys released. Jinn Wengong later changed mind when Xian Zheng objected to the release, but Xian Zhen failed to chase the three guys who had been inside ship crossing the river. Qin Mugong wore mourning clothing and received the three generals at the outskirts of the Qin capital. In 626 BC, Chu Prince Shang Chen assassinated his father King Chu Chengwang. Two years after Xiao'er defeat, in 625 BC, Qin Mugong dispatched Mengmingshi on another campaign against Jinn. Incidentally, Jiang-rong barbarians had assisted Jinn in ambushing Qin army at the Battle of Mt Xiao'shan [Xiao'er]. Then, Qin turned around to expand westward. Qin Mugong heard of the fame of a talent called You Yu who deserted the Jin (Jinn) Principality for the Xirong (Western Rong) nomads, and he played a trick of dissension and managed to hire over this person when Xi-rong sent You Yu to Qin as an emissary. Qin Mugong and You Yu had an exchange of opinions on China's system, law, music/rituals and the lack of such things in Xi-rong Statelet. You Yu rebutted the dilapidation of China's systems and laws that occurred after Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) and commented that Xi-rong had reached governance without knowing a sophisticated system via their king's self-perfection into a saint and that Xi-rong did not have to undergo the patricides and usurpations as Chinese did. Qin Mugong deliberately retained You Yu for one year while he sent some beauties and music to Xi-rong King as gifts. When You Yu went back to Xi-rong, Xi-rong king was indulgent in women and music. Hence, You Yu deserted Xi-rong for Qin at several invitations of Qin Mugong. In 624 BC, Qin Mugong dispatched Mengmingshi against Jinn again. Qin army burned their ships after crossing the river, and defeated Jinn and captured one of their outskirts palaces. Then, Qin armies crossed river at Maojin and buried Qin soldier's dead bodies at Xiao'er. Qin armies mourned for three days at Xiao'er. Qin Mugong again expressed regrets about not taking the advice of Jian Shu and Baili Xi. When Qin Mugong repented over his mistake in invading Zheng Principality which had led to the ambush disaster at the Battle of Xiao'er, he used the characters 'huang fa po po [fan fan]' (white hair turning yellowish) to describe the high age of his two counsellors, Jian Shu and Baili Xi. The next year, in 623 BC, Jinn counter-attacked Qin and took over Xincheng. In 623 BC, i.e., during the 37th year reign, Qin Mugong, using You Yu as a guide, campaigned against the Xirong nomads and conquered the Xirong Statelet under their lord Chi Ban. Once Chi Ban submitted to Qin, the rest of Western Rong nomads in the west acknowledged the Qin overlordship. Qin Mugong would conquer altogether a dozen (12) states in Gansu-Shaanxi areas and controlled the western China of the times. Zhou King dispatched Duke Zhaogong to congratulate Qin with a gold drum. In 622 BC, Jinn's ministers, Zhao Shuai (Zhao Shuai-cheng-zi), Luan Zhi (Luan Zhen-zi), Jiuji Zifan and Huobo, all passed away. Zhao Dun assumed Zhao Shuai's post. Lord Qin Mugong passed away in 621 BC, and 177 persons were buried live, including three Ziche brothers who, being distinguished ministers, had at one time promised to live and die with Qin lord together during a banquet. Historians commented that Qin could not campaign to the east because their best ministers were buried as funeral objects. Jinn Lord Xianggong died early in this year, too. Qin Lord Kanggong (r. BC 620-609), Qin Lord Gonggong (r. BC 608-604) Qin Mugong's son, Kanggong, succeeded the throne in 620 BC. Qin Kanggong had a reign of 12 years, till 609 BC. Jinn Minister Zhao Dun sought for Jinn Lord Xianggong's brother (Yong) as Jinn Lord. Yong was born by the mother of Qin royal heritage and lived in Qin land. Qin sent Yong to Jinn and arrived at a place called Linghu, east of the river. At this time, Jinn had decided to select Jinn Xianggong's son as their lord. Zhao Dun attacked Qin army at Linghu for sake of stopping Yong from coming back to Jinn, and Qin retreated with Zhao Dun's emissaries (Sui Hui and Xian Mie). The second year, Qin counter-attacked Jinn and took over Wucheng city. During the 4th year reign of Jinn Linggong (r. BC 620-607), i.e., 617 BC, Jinn attacked Qin and took over Shaoliang; Qin counter-attacked Jinn. Two years later, i.e., 615 BC approx, Qin Kanggong attacked Jinn and took over Jima. Jinn Linggong ordered Zhao Chuan, Zhao Dun and Qie Que on a counter-attack and defeated Jinn at He-qu (inflexion point of Yellow River). The next year, i.e., 614 BC approx, six prominent ministers of Jinn managed to have their general Wei Shouyu pretend to surrender to Qin; when Sui Hui came to see Wei Souyu, Jinn would have Sui Hui captured and brought back to Jinn. Still one more year later, in 613 BC approx, when Zhou King Qingwang died, Zhou ministers, Duke Zhougong (Yue) and Wangsun Su had disputes. In this year, Chu King Zhuangwang (r. BC 613-591) was enthroned. Jinn dispatched 800 chriots to Zhou court, and Zhou King Kuangwang (Ji Ban, reign 612-607 B.C.) was selected as king in 612 BC. In 609 BC approx, Qi Lord Yigong (r. BC 612-609) was assasinated. Qin Kanggong was succeeded by his son, i.e., Qin Gonggong (r. BC 608-604) who was enthroned next for 5 years. In 607 BC, Jinn Lord Ligong had previously tried to assasinate Zhao Dun several times and caused Zhao Dun into fleeing the country. Ligong used bows to shoot people and killed his cook and other servants at random. An assasin, Chu Mi, committed suicide by bumping his head against a tree near Zhao Dun's house. When Ligong released a dog to bite Zhao Dun, a cook (who was previously saved from hunger by Zhao Dun) would fight off the dog. Zhao Dun's brother, Zhao Chuan, killed Jinn Ligong at Daoyuan Garden (i.e., Peach Garden) and sent a messenger to recall Zhao Dun. Zhao Dun dispatched Zhao Chuan to the Zhou court and then retrieved Jinn Xianggong's brother as Jinn Lord Chenggong (r. BC 606-600). The assassination of Jinn Lord Linggong (r. BC 620-607) would be during the 2nd year reign of Qin Gonggong (r. BC 608-604), 607 BC approx. During the 3rd year reign of Qin Gonggong, i.e., 606 BC, Lord Chu Zhuangwang campaigned northward against the Luhun-rong barbarians and inquired about the Zhou cauldrons when passing through the Zhou capital. 606 BC approx would be the 1st year reign of Jinn Chenggong (r. BC 606-600). Jinn attacked Zheng for betraying Jinn. Two years later, in 604 BC approx, Chu attacked Zheng for betraying Chu for Jinn. Jinn came to the relief of Zheng. Qin Gonggong died during 5th year reign, i.e., 604 BC. Three years later, in 601 BC approx, Jinn defeated, captured and killed one Qin general by the name of 'Chi'. Barbarian Groups As to barbarian groups, there were Mianzu-Quanrong-Di-Wanrong to the west of Qin Principality, Yiqu-Dali-Wushi-Xuyan etc to the north of Qin Principality, Linhu-Loufan to the north of Jin (Jinn) Principality, and Donghu-Shanrong to the north of Yan Principality. (Mianzu could be pronounced Raozhu. Quanrong was know as Kunrong or Hunrong or Hunyi. The character 'hun4' for Hunyi or Hun-yi is the same as Hunnic King Hunye or Kunye and could mean the word of mixing-up. Wan-rong dwelled in today's Tianshui, Gansu Prov. Yiqu was one of the Xirong or Western rong stateles at ancient Qingzhou and Ningzhou. Dali-rong dwelled in today's Fengxu County. Wushi was originally Zhou land, but it was taken over by Rong. Qin King Huiwang took it back from Rong later. Linhu was later destroyed by General Li Mu. Loufan belonged to Yanmenguan Pass.) In 606 BC, Lord Chu Zhuangwang campaigned northward against the Luhun-rong barbarians. Luhun-rong barbarians, according to Hou Han Shu, had relocated to northern China from ancient Gua-zhou prefecture of Gansu Prov. Alternatively speaking, per ancient scholar Du Yu, Luhun-rong barbarians, with clan name of Yun-shi, originally dwelled to the northwest of Qin and Jinn principalities, but Qin/Jinn seducingly relocated them to Yichuan area (i.e, Xincheng, Henan Prov) during the 22nd year reign of Lu Lord Xigong (r. BC 659-627), i.e., in 638 BC. Qin Lord Huan'gong (r. BC 603-577) Qin Lord Huan'gong was next enthroned in 603 BC. During the 3rd year reign, 601 BC approx, Jinn defeated, captured and killed one Qin general by the name of 'Chi'. In 600 BC, Jinn Chenggong competed against Chu for hegemony by calling an assembly of vassals at Hu(4), and Chen refused to attend for fearing Chu. Jinn Chenggong dispatched Zhongxing Huanzi against Chen statelet as well as rescued Zheng from Chu attack. Jinn defeated Chu. Jinn Chenggong (r. BC 606-600) died in 600 BC and was succeeded by his son, Jinn Jinggong (r. BC 599-581). Two years later, in 598 BC, Chu attacked Chen because a Chen minister killed their lord one year ago. The next year, in 597 BC, Chu King Zhuangwang (r. BC 613-591) lay siege on Zheng. Jinn dispatched three armies led by Xunlinfu, Sui Hui and Zhao Suo to the relief of Zheng. Before crossing the Yellow River in June, Zheng had surrendered to Chu. Chu defeated Jinn, and Jinn, when fleeing across the river, cut tons of their soldier's fingers off for sake of getting rid of the soldiers climbing up the ships. Xian Hu (Xian Zhen's son) fled to Di statelet the next year for fearing punishment as to his bad advice in fighting Chu when Zheng had surrendered already. Xian Hu's family was exterminated for collusion with Di barbarians. In 595 BC, Jinn attacked Zheng for surrendering to Chu. Chu Zhuangwang defeated Zheng, and went north to defeat Jinn on the bank of Yellow River. The next year, Chu attacked Song, and Song requested help with Jinn. (This would be the year 594 BC, during the 10th year reign of Qin Lord Huan'gong.) Chu Zhuangwang held a hegemony assembly of Zhou vassals. In 593 BC, Jinn dispatched Sui Hui against the Chi-di statelet and exterminated it. In 592, a Jinn emissary, Qie Ke, was ridiculed by the mother of Qi lord for his deformed body and hence swore on the Yellow River bank that he would someday revenge on Qi. In 591 BC, about six years after victory over Jinn, Chu Zhuangwang passed away. Jinn attacked Qi, and Qi sent in a prince as a hostage. Another two years, Qi attacked Lu; Lu requested help with Wey. Jinn sent 800 chariots, with Qie Ke, Luan Shu and Han Jue in charge, against Qi, defeated Qi Qinggong (r. BC 598-582) during the summer and pursued Qi back to their statelet. In this year, Chu minister Shen'gong Wuchen fled to Jinn with a Chu king's concubine. The next year, in 588 BC, Qi lord went to Jinn and proposed that Jinn Jinggong be the king. Jinn Jinggong declined it, but he re-organized his armies into six columns in the same fashion as Zhou court. One year later, Lu lord Chenggong (r. BC 590-573) went to Jinn, but he betrayed Jinn later because Qi did not respect him. Jinn attacked Zheng in this year. In 586 BC, earthquake ocurred. In 584 BC, an ex-Chu defector minister (i.e., Shen'gong Wuchen), who resided in Jinn, would petition for a mission to Wu in the attempt of avenging on his family's extermination by Chu. Shen'gong Wuchen asked his son to teach Wu soldiers how to fight with chariots. Jinn and Wu began to ally to attack Chu. In 583 BC, the Zhao Tong and Zhao Gua families were exterminated. At the urge of Haan Jue, a Zhao family member, Zhao Wu, was retained to inherit the lineage of Zhao Shuai and Zhao Dun. In 581 BC, Jinn Jingdong got ill, and Jinn Ligong (Shouman, r. BC 580-573) was enthroned. Jinn Jingdong died months later. This would be during the 24th year reign of Qin Lord Huan'gong, i.e., 580 BC. Jinn Lord Ligong had an alliance meeting with Qin Lord Huan'gong across the Yellow River. However, Qin Lord Huan'gong tore apart the alliance agreement after returning home, and then cooperated with Di barbarians in attacking Jinn. Two years later, Jinn led vassals against Qin, pursued Qin to Jing River and captured a Qin general by the name of Chengchai. One year later, Qin Lord Huan'gong (r. BC 603-577) passed away, and his son, Qin Jinggong (r. BC 576-537) was enthroned. Qin Lord Jinggong (r. BC 576-537) In 576 BC, three Qie family ministers impeached a Jinn da fu called Bozong and had Jinn Ligong kill Bozong. In spring of 575 BC, Zheng betrayed Jinn for Chu. Luan Shu proposed a war with Chu. Jinn Ligong personally led troops across the river in May. Against the advice of Fan Wen-zi, Jinn Ligong fought with Chu, shot at the eye of Chu king, and defeated Chu King Gongwang (r. BC 590-560) at the Battle of Yanling (a place in southeastern Zheng). Chu General Zi-fan, who previously caused Shen'gong Wuchen family extermination, would be killed by Chu king. Jinn Ligong intended to have the brothers of his concubines replace various ministers. Most notable would be someone called Xutong. In Dec of 573 BC, duirng 8th year reign of Jinn Ligong, Xutong killed three Jinn brother ministers and captured Luan Shu and Zhongxing Yan. Jinn Ligong released the two ministers against the advice of Xutong, but Luan Shu and Zhongxing Yan conspired to attack Xutong and Jinn Ligong in the 13th month ('run yue') of 573 while the Jinn lord was visiting a fief of his concubine's relative. Xutong was killed, and Jinn Lord Ligong (r. BC 580-573) was killed after being under arrest for 6 days. Jinn dispatched emissaries (a Zhi family member) to the Zhou court to retrieve Zi-zhou as Lord Daogong (r. BC 572-558). Zi-zhou's father was the great grandson of Jinn Xianggong, and he was at age 14 at that time. 573 BC would be the 4th year reign of Qin Lord Jinggong or the 13th year reign of Zhou King Jianwang. Jinn Lord Daogong would attack Zheng in the autumn of 572 BC and reached Chen statelet. In 570 BC, Jinn Ligong held an assembly of vassals. Jinn minister Qixi recommended both his feud and his son for government posts. Another minister, Wei Jiang, executed a driver of Yanggan (Jinn Ligong's brother) when Yanggan was messing up the Chen statelet. Qixi was commented to be selfless, and Wei Jiang commnented to be saintly. Wei Jiang was appointed the task to have peace with Rong & Di peoples. In 562 BC, Jinn Ligong commented that Wei-zi (Wei Jiang) had big contributions in assembling vassals 9 times and pacifying Rong/Di barbarians. This would be during the 15th year reign of Qin Jinggong, i.e., 562 BC. In this year, Qin rescued Zheng from Jinn Lord Daogong's attack at Yangdi County, Henan Prov. In 559 BC, Jinn Lord Daogong ordered that his six ministers assemble vassals and campaigned against Qin. Jinn pursued Qin across the Jing-shui River. In 558 BC, Jinn Lord Daogong inquired about governance with his blind-musician, Shi Kuang. Shi Kuang proposed that 'ren' (compassion or benevolence) and 'yi' (righteousness) should be the fundamentals in governing a country. In the winter, Jinn Lord Daogong passed away, and was suceeded by his son, Jinn Pinggong (r. BC 557-532). In 557 BC, Jinn attacked Qi. Qi Linggong (r. BC 581-554) retreated with the advice of Yan Ying. Jinn sieged Linzi and burnt city walls, and went as east as Jiao and as south as Yi on Shandong Peninsula. In 552 BC, Lu Lord Xianggong (r. BC 572-542) came to Jinn court. Jinn minister Luan Cheng (Luan Shu's grandson) fled to Qi. Two years later, Qi Zhuanggong (r. BC 553-548) escorted Luan Cheng back to Jinn and almost sacked the Jinn city of Jiang. Fan Xian-zi advised against Jinn Pinggong's suicide attempt, fought off Luan Cheng, and killed him near Quwo. Luan family was exterminated. Qi took over Chaoge and then retreated. In 548 BC, Cui Zhu assasinated Qi Zhuanggong and Jinn defeated Qi at the Battle of Gaotang. In 544 BC, a Wu prince came to Jinn and commented to Zhao Wen-zi, Haan Xuan-zi and Wei Xian-zi that 'Jinn governance will lie in the hands of you three families." In 541 BC, Chu prince assassinated his father to be Chu King Lingwang (r. BC 540-529). Qin Jinggong's brother fled to Jinn with thousand carts of wealth and said to Jinn Lord Pinggong (r. BC 557-532) that he would return to Qin after the death of his brother. When Qi's emissary, Yan Ying, came to Jinn in 539 BC, a Jinn minister, Shu-xiang, commented that Jinn might not last long since the ministers were in charge. In 538 BC, Chu King Lingwang assembled hegemony meeting at Shen (Nanyang, Henan Prov). Qin Jinggong passed way during the 40th year reign, i.e., 537 BC, and his son Qin Lord Aigong (r. BC 536-501) was enthroned. Qin Lord Aigong (r. BC 536-501) In 536 BC, Jinn campaigned against Yan. Jinn Pinggong died in 532 BC, and Jinn Zhaogong (r. BC 531-526) was enthroned for 6 years. During the 8th year reign of Qin Aigong, i.e, 529 BC, Chu prince assassinated Chu King Lingwang and became Chu King Pingwang (r. BC 528-516). In 526 BC, Chu King Pingwang sought Qin royal family girl as his son's wife, but Chu King Pingwang later took in Qin girl as his own concubine. Jinn Qinggong (r. BC 525-512) was enthroned in 525 BC. Six prominent families of Jinn, i.e., Haan, Zhao, Wei, Fan, Zhongxing & Zhi, began to overpower Jinn court. (I deliberately spelled Han2 as Haan here.) In 522 BC, Chu Elder Prince Jian fled to Zheng where he was killed. Wu Zixu fled to Wu after his father and brother were arrested and later put to death by Chu King Pingwang. In 520 BC, Zhou King Jingwang died. Six ministers of Jinn went to Zhou court and quelled internal prince turmoils. Zhou King Jing4-wang was selected. Six Jinn prominent families began to attack each other for control of Jinn. As a result of this turmoil, Jinn and Qin had peace for this time period. In 517 BC, the Ji(4) family of Lu drove Lu Lord Zhaogong (r. BC 541-510) away from the capital. In 515 BC, Wey and Song petiitoned with Jinn to have Lu Zhaogong restored. Ji Ping-zi bribed Fan Xian-zi, saying to Jinn Qinggong that the Ji(4) family of Lu had no fault. In 514 BC, 6 families of Jinn exterminated Jinn royal relatives, i.e., the families of Qi-xi-sun and Shu-xiang-zi. Two years later, Jinn Qinggong died, and Jinn Dinggong (r. BC 511-475) was enthroned. During the 31th year reign of Qin Lord Aigong, i.e., 506 BC, Wu King He-lu and Wu Zixu attacked Chu. Wu defeated Chu at the Battle of Yuzhang. Chu King Zhaowang (r. BC 515-489) fled to Sui Fief; Wu army occupied Chu capital; Wu Zixu dug up the dead body of Chu King Pingwang (r. BC 526-516) and lynched it; and Chu Minister Shen Baoxu went to seek help with Qin and cried for seven days and seven nights. Qin Lord Aigong hence dispatched Zi Pu & Zi Hu, with 500 chariots, to Chu in 504 BC and defeated Wu army at Junxiang. Chu King Zhaowang returned to the capital. Qin Lord Aigong passed away during the 36th year reign, i.e., 501 BC. A grandson was selected as Qin Lord Huigong (r. BC 500-491). Qin Lord Huigong (r. BC 500-491) In 500 BC, Confucius, i.e., Kong-zi, was offered a job as prime minister for Lu. In 497 BC, Zhao Yang intended to kill Jinn da fu Wu. Wu colluded with Zhongxing Ying and Fan Jieshe in attacking Zhao Yang. Zhao Yang fled to Jinyang city. Jinn Dinggong sieged Jinyang. Xue Yue, Haan Buxin, and Wei Chi came to attack Zhongxing Ying and Fan Jieshe. Zhongxing Ying and Fan Jieshe counter-attacked Jinn Dinggong. Jinn Dinggong defeated the two, and Zhongxing Ying and Fan Jieshe fled to Chaoge city. Haan and Wei families thanked Jinn lord for saving Zhao Yang. In 496 BC, Zhongxing and Fan families rebelled against Jinn lord. Zhi and Zhao Jian-zi were ordered to quell the Zhongxing and Fan families. Qin Huigong died during the 10th year reign, i.e., 491 BC, and his son was erected as Qin Lord Daogong. Qin Lord Daogong (r. BC 490-477) In 490 BC, Zhongxing Ying and Fan Jieshe were defeated, and their sons fled to Qi. In 489 BC, Qi minister Tian Qi assassinated his lord (Ru-zi, reign 489 BC) and selected Ru-zi's brother as Qi Daogong (Yangsheng, reign 488-485 BC). In 485 BC, Wu defeated Qi army. Qi Daogong was assassinated and his son was erected as Qi Jian'gong (r. BC 484-481). In 482 BC, Jinn Dinggong competed with King Wu Fu-chai for hegemony at Huangchi. Yue King Gou-jian attacked Wu by taking advantage of Fu-chai's absence, and Wu secretly made peace with Gou-jian to prevent vassals from hearing about Wu defeat at home. Zhao Yang died at the meeting. Before his death, Zhao Yang was said to have overwhelmed Wu king in securing the hegemony status for Jinn Dinggong. In 481 BC, Tian Chang assasinated Qi Jian'gong (r. BC 484-481) and Qi Pinggong (r. BC 481-456) was erected. Kong-zi (Confucius) stopped the recording of Chun Qiu (i.e., Springs and Autums) in 481 B.C., two years before his death. In 479 BC, Confucius passed away. In 478 BC, King Jing(4)-wang passed away. Qin Lord Ligong (r. BC 476-443) In 475 BC, Jinn Dinggong died, and his son would be Jinn Lord Chugong (r. BC 474-457). Zhan Guo or Warring States time period began to count. King of Yue, Gou-jian, who had undertaken secretive preparations to defeat Wu in 482 BC, would launch another attack at Wu Principality in 475 BC. Fu-chai had caused his best minister, Wu Zixu, to commit suicide. (Wu Zixu, the junior son of an ex-Chu official, had earlier sought asylum with Wu and then asked Wu King in successfully attacking Chu Principality. Wu Zixu was famous for his exile stories as well as digging up Chu King's dead body for lynching.) Gou-jian sieged the Wu capital for 3 years, and by 473 BC (?), and King of Wu Fu-Chai committed suicide. Zhou King Yuanwang upgraded Gou-jian's title to Count from Viscount. In 461 BC, Qin Lord Ligong, with 20,000 army, attacked Dali-rong barbarians and took over Dali-rong capital. In 458 BC, Zhi-bo colluded with Zhao-Haan-Wei families in dividing the land of Fan and Zhongxing. Jinn Chugong planned to petition for help with Qi/Lu in restricting the 4 families. The four families hence attacked Jinn Chugong, and Chugong died on the road to Qi. Zhi-bo selected the great grandson of Jinn Zhaogong as Jinn Aigong (r. BC 456-439 ?). Zhi-bo became the main minister governing Jinn and controlled the land that belonged previously to the families of Fan and Zhongxing. In 456 BC, Jinn took over the city of Wucheng. In 453 BC, i.e., during the 24th year of the Qin Lord Ligong reign, three Jinn prominent families, i.e., later rulers of three separate states of Haan2, Zhao, and Wei, under Zhao Xiang-zi, Haan Kang-zi and Wei Huan-zi, respectively, killed opponent Zhi-bo and split Zhi-bo's ex-Jinn land into three parts. Zhi-bo's son, Zhi Kai, fled to Qin in 452 BC. In 444 BC, Qin Lord Ligong attacked Yiqu-rong barbarians in the areas of later Qingzhou and Ningzhou and captured the Yiqu-rong king. Sun eclipse ocurred the next year, i.e., 443 BC, and Ligong died and was succeeded by Qin Lord Zaogong (r. BC 442-429). Qin Lord Zaogong, Qin Lord Linggong & Qin Lord Jiangong In 441 BC, Nanzheng area rebelled against Qin. In 439 BC, Jinn Aigong died, and Jinn Yougong (r. 438-421 BC ?) was erected as a puppet. Jinn held only the two cities of Quwo and Jiang(4). Around 430 BC, Yiqu-rong barbarians counter-attacked Qin and reached south of Wei-shui River. The next year, i.e., 429 BC, Zaogong died and his brother, Qin Huangong (r. BC 428-425), succeeded the throne. Qin Huangong committed suicide when being attacked by a minister during the 4th year reign, i.e., 425 BC. His grandson was selected as Qin Lord Linggong (r. BC 424-415). In 424 BC, Wei Lord Wenhou became a marquis. In 421 BC, Jinn Yougong died of his wife'a adultery. Wei Lord Wenhou quelled the Jinn turmoils and selected Jinn Liegong (r. BC 419-393 ?) as a puppet. Qin attacked Jinn during the 6th and 13th year reign of Linggong. When Linggong died, his uncle was selected as Lord Qin Jian'gong (r. BC 414-399). Lord Jiangong allowed ministers to carry swords to the court. Qin Lord Jiangong died after a reign of 16 years. His son would be Qin Huigong II (r. BC 399-387). Qin Lord Huigong II (r. BC 399-387) & Qin Lord Chuzi (r. BC 386-385) Jinn Liegong died in 393 BC (?), and Jinn Xiaoogng (aka Jinn Huan'gong) was erected as a puppet (r. BC 392-378 ?). Huigong had his son Chuzi during the 12th year reign, i.e., 388 BC. The next year, in 387 BC, Qin attacked Shu statelet (Sichuan-Hanzhong areas) and took over Nanzheng city. Huigong passed away this year, and Chuzi was enthroned. Chuzi and his mother were assassinated by a minister during the 2nd year reign, and Linggong's son was selected as Qin Lord Xian'gong (r. BC 384-361). In 384 BC (?), Wei Wuhou became a marquis and attacked Handan of Zhao family. As a result of Qin turmoils, Jinn (Wei) re-took from Qin the 8 cities to the west of the Yellow River. Qin Lord Xiangong (r. BC 384-361) During the 1st year reign, Qin Xiangong forbade live funeral burial. The next year, he relocated capital to Yueyang (Lintong, Shenxi Prov). During the 4th year reign, in 383 BC, son (later Qin Xiaogong) was born. Jinn Xiaogong (aka Jinn Huan'gong) died in 378 BC (?), approximately the time Qi King Weiwang (r. BC 378-343) was enthroned. Jinn Jinggong was erected as a puppet (r. BC 377-376 ?). In 376 BC (?), Jinn Jinggong was forced to abdicate and become a civilian, and Wei Wuhou, Haan Aihou and Zhao Jinghou officially split the Jinn land into three parts. In 374 BC, Zhou King Liewang (Ji Xi, reign 375-369 B.C.) dispatched his civil and military officials to Qin Principality to show harmony. Zhou 'tai shi' (chronicle official), Dan, went to see Qin Lord Xiangong and mentioned a necromency note stating that Qin and Zhou had a fate of re-union and that Qin would produce a hegemony lord (i.e., Qin Lord Xiaogong) within 17 years. In 369 BC, peach trees blossomed during the winter. In 367 BC, gold rain fell to the Qin capital. In 364 BC, Qin defeated Jinn at Shimen and killed 60,000 Jinn (Wei) soldiers. Zhou king sent congratulations. This would be Zhou King Xianwang 5th year reign, i.e., 364 BC. In 362 BC, Qin defeated Wei/Jinn at Shaoliang and captured General Gongsun Cuo. The next year, Qin Xian'gong passed away, and Qin Xiaogong enthroned at age 21. Qin Lord Xiaogong (r. BC 361-338) & Shang Yang Reform During the first year reign, Qin Xiaogong made an open announcement for seeking talents all over China in the attempt of restoring Qin Mugong's glories. In the east, Qin Xiaogong took over Shaancheng city, and in the west, he defeated and killed a Rong king by the name of Huan-wang near Tiansui, Gansu Prov. Shang Yang (?-338 B.C.) heard Xiaogong's announcement and came to serve Qin beginning from 361 BC. In 360 BC, Zhou King Xianwang dispatched his civil and military officials as well as delivered 'royal bestowal meat' to Qin Lord Xiaogong. During the 3rd year reign, i.e., in 359 BC, Qin Xiaogong, against objections of Gan Long and Du Zhi, would adopt Shang Yang's advice in reforming criminal laws, encouraging agriculture, clarifying reward and penalty system. The populace first resented the new laws, but became accustomed to them in 3 years. Shang Yang was conferred the post of zuo shu zhang (10th level in 20 tiers). In 355 BC, Qin Xiaogong met Wei King Huiwang at the border. In 354 BC, Qin fought Wei at Yuanli. During the 10th year reign, i.e., in 352 BC, Shang Yang was conferred the post of da liang zao (16th level in 20 tiers), and he took over Anyi city of Wei to the east of the river. In 350 BC, Qin Lord Xiaogong made Xian'yang (today's Chang'an county, Xi'an Municipality) the capital. (Xian'yang was previously known as Weicheng.) Shang Yang first set up the county system by merging the small units of xiang (12500 households). Shang Yang devised the county civil magistrate of xian ling or xian zhang and the military post of cheng wei . Altogether 41 counties were set up. In 348 BC, Shang Yang instated agriculture-related tax system. Shang Yang also devised 20 levels of officialdom. Shang Yang devised some laws as to farming soldiers. Shang Yang encouraged peoples from Haan-Zhao-Wei to migrate to Qin land for farming. For every one hundred persons, 50 would rotate for military exercises while the other 50 would farm the land. Shang Yang would change the Zhou measure of 100 steps to 240 steps as one acre and each person would be offered one acre of land. Scholars have credited Shang Yang with initiating the totalitarian rule that enabled Qin (Ch'in) to expand into the whole China domain. To show Qin people what a law was like, Shang Yang announced that whoever moved a three-Chinese-yard pole to the opposite city gate would be rewarded gold of 10 Chinese ounces. When nobody dared to move the pole, he raised the award to 50 Chinese ounces of gold. Many people were sarcastic, but they were convinced when one guy dared to move the pole and got rewarded. Shang Yang also made laws that would punish the royal family and the privileged. When Prince Huiwenjun violated the law, Shang Yang would order Prince Huiwenjun's teachers (Gongzi Qian and Gongsu Jia) be punished, as a substitution, by peeling off the nose of Gongsu Jia. Gongzi Qian's nose was peeled in a later offense. Reformer of Qin Principality, Shang Yang, was credited with enforcing a rule of neighborhood watch. Shang Yang made five households into a so-called 'bao', and ten 'bao' would be a collective unit for punishment should the neighbors fail to report the crime of one member. (Shang Yang had ordered the passes be closed at nights, and when he later fled the capital, he could not sneak out of Hanguguan Pass at night.) In 343 BC, Zhou king passed on respect for Qin Xiaogong. The next year, various Zhou vassals sent congratulations. Xiaogong sent his prince to Kaifeng area for assembling Zhou vassals for a hegemony meeting and then paying a visit to the Zhou king. In 341 BC, Qi defeated Wei at the Battle of Maling. Qi, under the advice of strategist Sun Bin, captured Wei Prince Shen and killed Wei General Pang Juan. (In early years, Pang Juan cheated his classmate Sun Bin to Wei and then paralyzed Sun by peeling off the knee bones. Sun Bin was said to be a descendant of great Chinese strategist Sun-zi [aka Sun Wu].) The next year, Shang Yang proposed that Qin attack Wei by taking advantage of Wei's conflicts with other vassals. Shang Yang attacked Wei and captured Wei Prince Mao by pretending to have a peace talk. Shang Yang then defeated Wei while Prince Gongzi Mao was in his custody. Wei King relocated his capital to Da-liang (Kaifeng) from Anyi and seceded to Qin the land to the west of the river. King Liang (Wei) Huiwang angrily said that he regreted not taking the advice of Gongsun Zuo in killing Shang Yang before Shang Yang left for Qin. Shang Yang was conferred Marquisdom (19-20th level in 20 tiers), the title of 'Shang-jun' or Prince Shang, and the land of Shangluo county (15 cities in Yu-xian and Shang-xian counties, later Hongnong area). Zhao Liang advised Shang Yang to be merciful to people since Shang Yang was too cruel and made too many enemies. Zhao Liang proposed that Shang Yang retire. Shang Yang claimed that he should be ascribed great contributions to Qin and that he was responsible for renovating Qin's Rong-Di customs such as "parent and son living in same bedroom" and for differentiating the protocol of men from women. Shang Yang compared himself to the same level as 'Five Sheep Skin Da Fu'. Zhao Liang cited the punishment of Gongzi Qian and Gongsu Jia, stated that Gongzi Qian had not stepped out of door for 8 years, and reminded Shang Yang that he had killed Zhu Huan. Zhao Liang cited Shi Jing in saying that whoever won over people would succeed and whoever lost people would demise; Zhao Liang cited Shang Shu in saying that whoever relied upon violence would perish and whoever relied upon virtues would prosper. Shang Yang refused to take the advice. In 338 BC, Qin attacked Wei/Haan and captured Wei General Wei Cuo. In this year, Qin Xiaogong passed away. Gongzi Qian desciples accused Shang Yang of rebellion against Qin. Shang Yang fled to the Pass but could not get out at night. When he looked for rest in a commoner's residence, he was told that he could not stay because Prince Shang Laws forbade it. Shang Yang then fled to Wei, but Wei people drove him off for his eraly cheating on Prince Mao. Shang Yang fled back to his domain, assembled his people and attacked Zheng-xian area. Qin army then defeated and captured him. Prince Huiwenjun, to avenge on his teacher's humiliation, would kill Shang Yang during the 1st year reign by accusing him of treason in fleeing Qin. Shang Yang suffered the cruelest penalty, i.e., 'five horses splitting body'. Shang Yang's whole family lineage was exterminated. Qin Lord Huiwang (Huiwenjun, r. BC 337-311), Qin King Wuwang (r. BC 310-307) Chu-Haan-Zhao and Shu (Sichuan) dispatched emissaries to show respect for Huiwenjun's enthronement. During the 2nd year reign, Zhou king sent congratulations. This would be during Zhou King Xianwang's 33rd year reign, i.e, 336 BC, when Zhou court congratulated Qin King Huiwang. During the 3rd year reign, Huiwenjun went through the '20th year imperial crown ritual'. The next year, in 334 BC, Zhou king dispatched the civil and military officials to Qin court to show respect. In this year, Qi and Wei lords became Qi King Weiwang and Wei King Huiwang. Su Qin persuaded six principalities into an alliance to fight the Qin in 334 BC (?). Qin defeated Wei Principality in 333 BC (?). During the 4th year reign, i.e., 333 BC (?), Zhou court dispatched the civil and military officials to Qin court to show respect. Lord Xiaogong's son, Prince Huiwenjun, proclaimed himself as a king, and began encroaching on the Zhou Kingdom. During the 5th year reign, Zhang Yi (?-309 B.C.) served Qin Kingdom in 329 BC (?). During King Xianwang's 44th year reign, i.e., 325 B.C., Qin King Huiwang officially proclaimed himself a king. All vassals, Han-Wei-Qi-Zhao, followed suit by claiming to be kings as well. Chu, Zhao, Han, Wei and Yan failed in their attack on Qin. Qi executed Su Qin, and made Zhang Yi the prime minister (317 BC ?). Huiwenwang would adopt the old advice of Zhang Yi, i.e., attack the San Chuan area of Haan Principality and conquer Ba & Shu areas of today's Sichuan Province. General Sima Cuo took over Sichuan and General Gan Mao took over San Chuan. Qin eliminated the Shu Kingdom in 316 B.C.(?) The two successive Jinn states which bordered the northern nomads, Wei & Zhao, plus Qin and Yan, would be busy fighting the nomads for hundreds of years, and they built separate walls to drive the nomads out. Zhao Xiang-zi of Zhao Principality took over Bing and Dai areas near Yanmenguan Pass. Zhao, together with Haan and Wei families, destroyed another opponent called Zhi-bo and split Jin (Jinn) into three states of Han, Zhao & Wei. Yiqu-Rong built castles to counter Qin. Qin King Huiwang took over 25 cities from Yiqu-rong. After Huiwenjun's death, Qin King Wuwang was enthroned. Wuwang's half-brother, Zhaoxiangwang, would be recalled from Yan Principality where he served as a hostage. Zhaoxiangwang succeeded the throne because Wuwang had no son by his birth. Qin King Zhaoxiangwang Qin, under Qin King Zhaoxiangwang, continued wars against Wei & Zhao principalities. Duke Wugong of Zhou Kingdom, i.e., Xizhoujun, colluded with the other principalities. In 264 B.C., Qin army attacked Zhou Kingdom, and Xizhou-jun (Duke Wugong) personally went to Qin armies, bowed his head and surrendered 36 cities and 30,000 people to Qin. The next year, Zhou people fled to the east. Qin acquired nine bronze untensils of Zhou Kingdom, supposedly embodiment of the ancient Nine Prefectures of China as decribed in Yu Gong (Lord Yu's Tributes). On the way of being shipped to Xian'yang, Qin's capital, one of the nine untensils fell into River Sisui and never ever was recovered again. In 262 BC, Wei Principality was late in paying pilgrimage to Qin, and Qin attacked Wei and took over the city of Wucheng. During this time period, a huge water project called 'Dujiangyan Fork Dam' was launched by a Qin governor called Li Bing in Sichuan Province. King Zhaoxiangwang's mother, Queen Dowager Xuantaihou, adultered with a Rong king from Yiqu Statelet in today's northwestern Shenxi Province. She had two sons born with Yiqu Rong King, but she killed Yiqu King and incorporated the lands of Longxi (Gansu), Beidi (Yinchuan of Ningxia) and Shangjun (Yulin, Shenxi Prov) on behalf of Qin. Qin took over Shangjun from Wei. Qin took over Longxi of Gansu, Beidi and Shangjun of Shenxi, and built the Great Wall. Zhao King Wulingwang adopted reforms by wearing Hu cavalry clothing and he defeated Linhu and Loufan and built Great Wall from Dai to Yinshan Mountain. Zhao set up Yunzhong, Yanmen and Dai prefectures. A Yan Principality General by the name of Qin- |
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