| Xia Dynasty |
22-17th c. BC
1
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| 2070-1600 BC
2
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| 2207-1766 BC
3
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| Shang Dynasty |
17 c.-1122 BC
1
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| 1600-1046 BC
2
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| 1765-1122 BC
3
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| Western Zhou |
1134 - 771 BC
1
|
| 1046 - 771 BC
2
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| 1121 - 771 BC
3
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| Eastern Zhou |
770-256 BC |
| 770-249 BC
3
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| Sping & Autumn |
722-481 BC |
| 770-476 BC
3
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| Warring States |
403-221 BC |
| 476-221 BC
3
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| Qin Statelet |
900s?-221 BC |
| Qin Dynasty |
221-206 BC |
| 248-207 BC
3
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| Western Han |
206 BC-23 AD |
| Xin (New) |
9-23 AD |
| Western Han |
23-25 AD |
| Eastern Han |
25-220 |
| Three Kingdoms |
Wei 220-265 |
| Three Kingdoms |
Shu 221-263 |
| Three Kingdoms |
Wu 222-280 |
| Western Jinn |
265-316 |
| Eastern Jinn |
317-420 |
| 16 Nations |
304-420 |
| Cheng Han |
Di 301-347 |
| Hun Han (Zhao) |
Hun 304-329 ss |
| Anterior Liang |
Chinese 317-376 |
| Posterior Zhao |
Jiehu 319-352 ss |
| Anterior Qin |
Di 351-394 ss |
| Anterior Yan |
Xianbei 337-370 |
| Posterior Yan |
Xianbei 384-409 |
| Posterior Qin |
Qiang 384-417 ss |
| Western Qin ss |
Xianbei 385-431 |
| Posterior Liang |
Di 386-403 |
| Southern Liang |
Xianbei 397-414 |
| Northern Liang |
Hun 397-439 |
| Southern Yan |
Xianbei 398-410 |
| Western Liang |
Chinese 400-421 |
| Hunnic Xia |
Hun 407-431 ss |
| Northern Yan |
Chinese 409-436 |
| North Dynasties |
386-581 |
| Northern Wei |
386-534 |
| Eastern Wei |
534-550 |
| Western Wei |
535-557 |
| Northern Qi |
550-577 |
| Northern Zhou |
557-581 |
| South Dynasties |
420-589 |
| Liu Song |
420-479 |
| Southern Qi |
479-502 |
| Liang |
502-557 |
| Chen |
557-589 |
| Sui Dynasty |
581-618 |
| Tang Dynasty |
618-690 |
| Wu Zhou |
690-705 |
| Tang Dynasty |
705-907 |
| Five Dynasties |
907-960 |
| Posterior Liang |
907-923 |
| Posterior Tang |
923-936 |
| Posterior Jinn |
936-946 |
| Posterior Han |
947-950 |
| Posterior Zhou |
951-960 |
| 10 Kingdoms |
902-979 |
| Wu |
902-937 Nanking |
| Shu |
907-925 Sichuan |
| Nan-Ping |
907-963 Hubei |
| Wu-Yue |
907-978 Zhejiang |
| Min |
907-946 Fukien |
| Southern Han |
907-971 Canton |
| Chu |
927-956 Hunan |
| Later Shu |
934-965 Sichuan |
| Southern Tang |
937-975 Nanking |
| Northern Han |
951-979 Shanxi |
| Khitan Liao |
907-1125 |
| Northern Song |
960-1127 |
| Southern Song |
1127-1279 |
| Western Xia |
1032-1227 |
| Jurchen Jin (Gold) |
1115-1234 |
| Mongol Yuan |
1279-1368 |
| Ming Dynasty |
1368-1644 |
| Manchu Qing |
1644-1912 |
| R.O.C. |
1912-1949 |
| R.O.C. Taiwan |
1949-present |
| P.R.C. |
1949-present |
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Escape from
Hengyang by
Qiong Yao
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CIVIL WARS
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Invasion Of Manchuria, Chaha'er & Jehol 1931-34
Mukden Incident - 9/18/1931 & Battle Of Jiangqiao
Shanghai Provocation - 1/28/1932
Battles of the Great Wall
China In Crises Of Internal Turmoils & Foreign Invasions
Japanese Invasion (1937-1945)
Marco Polo Bridge Incident & Battle of Tianjin-Peking
Campaign Of Nankou & Campaign of Xinkou
Air Battles Directed By Chenault & With Russian Pilots
Battles of Shanghai, Jiangyin, Si'an & Nanking Defence
Rape Of Nanking & The Great Rescue Of 1937
Eight Year Long Resistance War
Battles of Lanfeng, Wuhan, Nanchang, &
Sui-Zao,
1st Changsha Battle, Kunlunguan, Wuyuan, & Zao-Yi,
Fatigue Bombing of Chongqing by Japanese
Aggression Against Vietnam & Southeast Asia
Yu-nan & E-bei, Shanggao, & Mt Zhongtiaoshan
2nd Changsha Battle, & Pacific Wars
3rd Changsha Battle, Zhe-Gan, Changde, & E-xi
Second Burma Campaign, & Phase II
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| [ revolution.htm & tragedy.htm] |
Communist Armed Rebellions
Second Northern Expedition
War Of Chiang Kai-shek versus Gui-xi (March 1929)
War Of The Central Plains (May 1930)
Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds
The Long March
Xi'an Incident - Turning Point of Modern History
Demise Of Red Army Western Expedition
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| [ campaign.htm & terror.htm ] |
[ default page: war.htm ] |
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1945-1949 Civil War
Liao-Shen Campaign
Korean War
Vietnamese War
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, White Terror vs Red Terror, & Resistance Wars:
1) World War II, in both the East and the West, was the result of the inducements of the British, American[, and French] interest groups and syndicates. First there was the October 1925 Locarno Treaties which, per Józef Beck, led to the opinion that "Germany was officially asked to attack the east, in return for peace in the west." Then in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China. Thereafter the September 1938 Munich Agreement. For what? Britain, France and the United States wanted Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, and wanted Japan to suppress China's nationalist movement and counter the Soviet Union. In both cases, Stalin out-smarted the Anglo-American and the French. Hitler attacked westward instead, and signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin to halve Poland; and Japan attacked Southeast Asia and Pearl Harbor after China, not the Soviet Union.
Half a year before Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty of April 1941 and one year ahead of the Pacific War, Japan already reached a secret deal with the USSR to halve China, as evidenced by Dec 1940 negotiations between Wang Ching-wei and Japan.
(More available at "Changing Alliances On International Arena", "Century-long American hypocrisy towards China", "Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese", "Joe Stilwell's Authorization To Assassinate Chiang Kai-shek", and "What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution".)
2) Stalin was the evil genius of 20th century. Stalin, after the 1929 war against Zhang Xueliang over Chinese-Eastern Railway [which erupted over Russian and Chinese communist agitation in sabotaging Japan's attempt at building five additional railways in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia], quickly divested himself of the railway after Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th, 1931. After initially calling on world communists to militarily defend the Soviet Union from 1931 to 1933, Stalin subsequently designed the united front and popular front in 1935, and ultimately in the time period of 1936-1937 successfully lit the fuse of the Sino-Japanese War by means of repeated G.R.U. operations in northern China and Manchuria. To thwart Anglo-American attempts to use Japan against USSR, Stalin hijacked the American government policies by utilizing agents, saboteurs, provocateurs and sympathizers from the Institute of Pacific Relations. "16 out of 17 of the AMERICANS that were involved in creating the U.N. were later identified, in sworn testimony, as secret communist agents." The whole United States government was in fact taken over by the Comintern agents, including: Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White; Lauchlin Currie; Laurence Duggan; Frank Coe; Solomon Adler; Klaus Fuchs; and Duncan Lee."
John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore, i.e., two "Old China Hands" repeatedly cited by Chi-com for substantiation of the cause and success of the Chinese communist revolution, had merely been conscious and subconscious Russian and/or Chicom tools. (Most of the Comintern spies of European and American background had been recruited during their stay in China during the turbulent 1920s. Lattimore's belief and orientation should have been shaped during his early years in Peking in 1920s. Fairbank, who had done everything Agnes Smedley had asked him to do other than putting his name on the G.R.U. (Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) roster, was a member of the Chinese League for the Protection of Civil Rights in late 1932 and early 1933, and further rafted with Comintern agent Harold Isaacs on Jehol River in 1934 before the latter switched to the Trotskyite path. Working directly under Lattimore would be two Chicom spies called Chi Chao-ting and Chen Han-sheng who designed America's China policies.)
3) It was the century's misfortune for China to have to see that the Anglo-American interest groups and Russian/Comintern agents colluded with each other in subverting Nationalist China.
No matter it was the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, or the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War, the aforesaid parties, plus the Chinese communist henchmen, were the ONLY people who wanted Japan to invade China, albeit for different reasons and agenda at different stages and times.
In another word, Japanese never realized that they had been brought up and used as a tool against China since Matthew Perry's timeframe. A rather simple explanation for the ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., Americans hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce since Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. As Paul Reinsch and Arthur Young repeatedly said, the United States of America could have done just a little to help China, but chose to do nothing during WWI other than a Lansing-Ishii Agreement [which was to acknowledge that Japan had special interests (in the specified areas of China specified by the secret memorandum)], chose to do lip-service to Wu Peifu's government while Russians equipped Feng Yuxiang and Sun Yat-sen's military factions with free guns; chose to do nothing after making sure China was to stay in the Second World War by merely granting the currency stabilization loan of 1940; and chose to use the Lend-Lease coersion to force China into throwing the crack troops at northern Burma just prior to the Japanese Ichigo Campaign in 1944.
4) There is no truth in Stalin and Truman racing against each other as suggested by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. While Truman was blindfolded as to the making of the Atomic Bomb, the Russians had been receiving ships of uranium ore throughout the war, which was to make sure that the United States was not to become the nuclear monopoly. Stalin's American proxies already had Truman agree to the terms reached by Roosevelt at Yalta. United States had utterly no preparation for racing its army to Japan or Korea. "It was after US dropped two bombs onto Japan, on Aug 6th & 9th, respectively, that two young officers under Truman, i.e., Rusk & Bonesteel, drew up the 38th Parallel on the map as an artificial division line separating the US sphere of influences from USSR. Americans bargained with Russians as to the 38th parallel for fear that its military in Okinawa would not have time to race to Korea. Russians took over Xiongji & Luojin of Korea on Aug 12th, and Pyongyang on Aug 24th. Americans did not bother to land in Inchon & Fushan of Korea till after signing the Japan surrender paper on Missouri on Sept 2nd. Russians, with full acquiesce, pulled back from Inchon & Kaicheng.
5) Japan already explored with Russians for surrender. But the Russians refused them. Otherwise, what's the need to enter Manchuria and Korea? Since Russians were eager to invade Manchuria & Korea, Japan had to turn around to request with Sweden for relaying a message of surrender.
Japan was in self-denial over the prospect of Russian entry into war. Intelligence already poured into Japan as to Russian complicity in Yalta Agreement. Back on June 9th 1945, Truman officially told TV Soong (Song Ziwen) that he was to honour the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Chinese were busy repairing the damages. Japan knew about it. Japan sent secret negotiators to Chiang Kai-shek multiple times in July-August of 1945 for peace talks. Looking in hind sight, China, separately, should have struck a partial peace with Japan to ward off the Russians.
6) Though, Japanese emperor played a trick in surrender. He signed a "truce" order to his army and listing Britain, American and China and etc, but when he made the announcement on radio, he changed China to Chungking [Chongqing] the Chinese interim capital. We know Japanese have a problem with saving face. But the truth is known no matter how the professor wanted to discount the atomic bombs and gave weight to the Russian entry into the war. Professor Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, who skipped the name of China in his book title and ignored the death toll of 1 million Japanese on mainland China, should spend more time researching into the fate of more than half of the 500-600,000 Kwantung Army that had perished in Russian Siberia.
(Russians sorted out from Japanese Kwantung Army at least 30,000 Japanese cannons and medical staff and no less than two full Korean-ethnic Divisions for deployment by Chinese communists in the 1945-1946 civil war against the Nationalist Government, not to count
the Outer Mongolian Cavalry and 100,000 fully-trained Korean mercenaries sent to China in 1947, with about 60,000-70,000 remnants shipped back to Korea prior to the Korean War of June 1950.)
7)
Stalin and Russians were behind each step of Mao in making sure that no peace could have a chance from the day of Japan surrender. Cumulatively, Russians acknowledged in 1970s that they had given the Chinese communists 700,000 guns, with North Korea's arsenals open for free pickup during the Chinese civil wars. (On the 1947 anniversary date of the Russian Revolution, Russians already disclosed that they had given Chinese communists massive military aid - which the Americans refused to acknowledge.) At about the same time the Republican Party forced through the China Aid Act in 1948, Stalin officially stamped a loan for the Chinese communists of equivalent amount allocated by the China Aid Act, with no string attached.
Stalin understood that the generation of brave Chinese during first part of 20th century was the flower that China ever had in the whole history of 5000 years, a force that must be destroyed so that Russian scheme at world domination could succeed.
Didn't know the Russian cold-bloodedness? Read into Katyn Murder of 20,000+ Polish officers, and Stalin's plan to shoot 50,000 German officers- which Roosevelt echoed by lessening to 49,500.
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As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section, the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth" involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men, whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies, b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion, and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore [and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in.
Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950.
1945-1949 Civil War
At the Potsdam Conference (July 17-Aug 2 1945), President Truman, without consultation with the Republic Of China and without respect for the will of Korean people, offered USSR the right of occupying Manchuria & Northern Korea in exchange for Russian declaration of war against Japan.
Back on June 9th 1945, Truman officially told Song Ziwen that he was to honor the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st.
Earlier, in Feb 1945, at the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt seemingly underestimated the height of the American military might and had offered USSR their former interests in China Eastern Railroad as well as Sakhalin Island. Ignoring the hypocrisy-based Hull "ultimatum" of Nov 26th 1941, Roosevelt signed off to the Russians, on behalf of China, the lease of Luushun [Port Arthur], the internationalization of Dalian [Dairen], Manchurian Railway and Chinese "pre-eminent rights".
Even earlier, in Nov 1943, US President Roosevelt, prior to the trip to Tehran Meeting, claimed that should he give Stalin what he wanted [i.e., Manchuria, Korea & Sakhalin], then USSR would not grab other parts of the world.
Li Ao cited George Creel in stating that Chiang Kai-shek did not get to know that China was betrayed by Roosevelt & Churchill till June 1945.
Song Ziwen & Wang Shijie were sent to Moscow for repairing damages. After Russians intruded into Manchuria, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to give up Outer Mongolia on the precondition that a referendum be held by the Mongolian people and that USSR guarantee China's territorial integrity as to Manchuria and withhold support for CCP.
Chiang Kai-shek hence took for granted Russian pledge that USSR would "render to China moral support and aid in military supplies and other material resources, such support and aid to be given entirely to the National Government as the Central Government of China" [page 6, Freda Utley's The China Story].
To Li Ao's dismay, Historian Xu Zhuoyun praised Wang Shijie's withstanding national humiliation. This treaty, per Li Ao, was a betrayal to May 31st 1924 Sino-Soviet Treaty signed by Northern Warlord Government in regards to rescinding unequal treaties.
What the Chinese side did not and does not understand about the Yalta Betrayal is that two factions of Anglo-American interest groups, i.e., the ranks of innate cousins of British colonialists and the ranks of American doctrinists with advocacy for "China containment", had joined hands with Russian/Comintern agents in subverting China. In another sense, the invisible hands in the Far Eastern Division of US State Department had found an alternative way to advance the agenda of strengthening the Chinese Communists and weakening the Chinese Nationalists after what Freda Utley called a "temporary setback" ensuing from the recall of Joseph Stilwell in Nov of 1944. (More available at Century-long American hypocrisy towards China, Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese, and What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution.)
Stilwell, before his kickout from China, paid a visit to Mme Sun Yat-sen the No. 1 Comintern agent in China.
George Marshall returned Zhou Enlai's address book to Zhou Enlai, while never alerting Chiang Kai-shek of communist spies like Xiong Xianghui. While Currie stopped German weapons from shipping to China and Truman dumped China's Lend-Lease weapons to Indian Ocean, Acheson and George Marshall personally pushed for the 1946-47 arms embargo against China and imposed three ceasefire onto Chinese government, Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946. Marshall deliberately flew back to China in April 1946 to stop Nationalist troops from chasing communists north of the Sungari River. This is how CHINA WAS LOST.
At this moment, commies had rallied henchmen against Mr Xin Haonian's book Which Is New China by repeatedly citing the writings of John Fairbanks and the sort. This webmaster, though not agreeing with the said book on all accounts, does want to point out that John Fairbank and most of the "Old China Hands", being anti-Chinese-nationalism in nature, were "fellow travellers" of the communists and British colonialists since the OSS/CIA days of 1940-50s. The best argument against the Chi-com would lie in continuing expositions of i) Russian/Comintern conspiracies against China, and ii) century-long American hypocrisy towards China &
American manipulations of Chinese politics [e.g., Stilwell's instigating General Bai Chongxi, Stuart's instigating Li Zongren, and McArthur's instigating General Sun Liren].
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The Wuhan Gang & The Chungking Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that American government had been hijacked by i) imperialists and ii) communists. At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel that was delicately knit by the sohphiscated Chinese communist saboteurs to employ the above-mentioned Americans for the cause of Chinese communist "agrarian reformers".
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Chinese communist agents on international arena would include Chen Hansheng [i.e., Owen lattimore's assistant]; Mme Sun Yat-sen [who acted as the intermediary between domestic and international communists]; Wu Kejian & Xie Weijing who orchestrated Chinese communist relief to the Spanish Civil War; and Wang Bingnan whose German wife "physically" won over the hearts of above-mentioned Americans by providing the wartime 'bachelors' with special one-on-one service. Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai.
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Around the turn of 1944-1945, Li Zongren sent two memos to Hurley and Wedemeyer, advising against Russian participation in war against Japan. Li Zongren, after noticing the encirclement of Berlin by allied troops, had called upon Chiang Kai-shek and Wedemeyer in devising a plan of a Sino-American training center in the Philippines for possibly delivering Chinese troops to southern Manchuria to segregate Russians from Chinese Communists.
On Aug 10th 1945, Li Zongren was in mixed thoughts when delegations and organizations visited him in Hanzhong's Military HQ with congratulations on the final victory over Japan.
Li Zongren mentioned that with dozens of millions of casualties, including millions in his 5th War Zone, China and Chinese people then entered the stage of uncertainty.
(After the loss of China, Li Zongren blamed Chiang Kai-shek for not adopting his advice in dispatching miscellaneous provincial armies to Japanese-occupied territories: Li Zongren suggested that Huang Shaohong or some prestigious general of Manchuria nativity be dispatched to Manchuria; however, Chiang Kai-shek selected a 'Political Studies Clique' leader called Xiong Shihui for the job. Further, Li Zongren blamed Chen Cheng for issuing the order in i) having Japanese troops concentrate onto big cities or designated sites for surrender & ii) dismissing all puppet troops [as well as locally-organized anti-Japan resistance forces]: Li Zongren suggested retaining Japanese and puppet troops as policing forces in various towns and counties as a safeguard against Communist infiltration. - Li Zongren's viewpoints were partially correct. Nationalist China secured the Northern China as a result of Xiong Bin's relentless behind-the-enemy-line instigations against majority generals of puppet Whang Jingwei government, to the extent that Sun Liangcheng's troops were shipped to Nanking in early 1945 after bribing Japanese occupation commander. The debacle in Manchuria was more to do with Russian scheme in splitting up Manchuria as its spheres of influence, as well as the scheme to cause instability via dismissal of puppet troops and de-drafting of government troops ensuing from collusion between George Marshall and Chinese Communists.)
Li Zongren, having reflected on the 1949 loss of China to communists, stated that inherent weaknesses and corruption of Chiang Kai-shek regime was to be blamed.
Li Zongren gave the following observations:
Provinces under Chiang Kai-shek controls fared much worse than those somewhat independent provinces like Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan;
Semi-independent provinces, like Hunan and Shandong where Heh Jian & Han Fuju governed for 8 years respectively, had been able to filter out communist activities;
As an example of those provinces directly controlled by Chiang Kai-shek, e.g., affluent Hubei province [where Zhang Guotao & Xu Xiangqian's Red Army and Heh Long & Xiao Ke's Red Army rampaged on two ends], Chiang Kai-shek changed chair five times in seven years but none of the governors had been able to cleanse corruption, route out Red Army or build infrastructure like decent highways;
Chiang Kai-shek also changed Anhui Prov chair six times in seven years by treating the offer of governorship as a personal favor to the conies;
Communists managed to flourish in Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi & Henan provinces as a result of Chiang Kai-shek's usual approach of sowing dissesion among the KMT party apparatus, administration and military for sake of easy control;
Chiang Kai-shek resorted to assassinations for maintaining dictatorship, with victims including Yang Xingfu [Xingfo], Shi Liangcai [editor-in-chief of "Shen-bao Newspaper"], Yang Yongtai [Hunan Prov chair], Zhang Zongchang [former Zhi-Lu warlord], Sun Chuanfang [former commander of allied armies of five lower Yangtze provinces], Ji Hongchang, Tang Shaoyi, Li Gongpu [one of seven gentlemen], Wen Yiduo [professor of Southwestern United University], and Yang Jie [deputy principal of infantry university];
Chiang Kai-shek resorted to executions against adversaries and followers, including the death of Deng Yanda [3rd Party founder], Lai Shihuang [13th Corps Chief], Wang Tianpei [10th Corps Chief] as well as arrests of seven gentlemen and Prof Ma Yinchu etc;
Chiang Kai-shek colluded with Zhejiang and Shanghai gangsters, bankers, speculators and merchants in controlling the financial markets and smuggling the drugs and opium;
Chiang Kai-shek, during the 1937-1945 resistance wars, often had his recruitment office forcefully draft peasants and send them to the mouth of Japanese without proper training, medical supplies, foods or stipends;
Chiang Kai-shek deliberately withheld supplies to miscellaneous provincial armies, and in the case of Battle of Tengxian, had only supplied 250 guns to each corps of participating Sichuan Prov army;
Whampoa lineage generals and officers often disregarded laws and orders, occasionally committing atrocities such as regiment chief Heh Zhongming's burying alive 30 wounded soldiers in 1941;
A cycle of bribery and corruption had formed as a result of miscellaneous provincial armies' attempt at bribing KMT Central for supplies and favor, which was best illustrated by Xu Yuanquan's bribing Heh Chengjun for access to Chiang Kai-shek's "president's attache office";
Chiang Kai-shek often bypassed the immediate military rankings for direct control of his cronies to the extent that he had called upon regiment chiefs to disrupt military actions in the civil wars;
Chiang Kai-shek cronies destroyed the faith of people in Japanese-occupied territories for their unscrupulous appropriation, confiscation and seizures, including five 'zi'-suffixed categories of houses ['fang-zi], gold [jin-zi], vehicles [che-zi], women [nu-zi] and etc.
Mr Xin Haonian's huanghuagang.org had carried an article rebutting Li Zongren's criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek the self-likened Chinese Bismark.
Though we live in 21st century now, historical events that had occurred in China during the first half of 20th century were still in debates. Thanks to Chi-com's imprisoning thousands of high-level KMT officials and officers instead of butchering them as was the fate of millions of KMT 'bandits', we could manage to read through the self-criticism format memoirs to derive some coherent historical accounts and restore the truth of history. Recent declassification of Russian and Chinese communist archives as well as the revelation of American VENONA wiretap transcripts had shed new light on i) Russian/Comintern conspiracies against China, and ii) American manipulations of Chinese politics, e.g., Stilwell's instigating General Bai Chongxi, Stuart's instigating Li Zongren, and McArthurs's instigating General Sun Liren. (More available at Century-long American hypocrisy towards China.)
The loss of China could not simply be explained by the faults of Chiang Kai-shek alone. This webmaster would add some notes to the "criticisms of Li Zongren's criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek" for sake of historical clarification.
Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi, like Chiang Kai-shek, were absolutely wrong in assuming that American aid would come to China once Chiang Kai-shek was to resign his presidency in Jan 1949. They never knew that Comintern agents, like Currie, Acheson or closet communists like Marshall, had played the game to make sure that Chinese nationalist regime capsize in the interests of the Russians and the Chinese communists.
Prevalent writings by Chinese communists and their leftist HK proxies, for sake of stirring muddy the waters in the aftermath of Russian archive declassification in 1990, had flooded the market with books about the American involvement in Chinese civil wars, i) fabricating the theory of American support of Chiang Kai-shek's war against the communists, and ii) exaggerating the non-existent American military supplies.
(A simple way to filter through commie junk books published in HK [and in Taipei] would be to look for a common style, i.e., scripting of paragraphs and pages of dialogues between the political figures as if some tape recorder was present.)
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US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)