ECON 101:
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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
CIVIL WARS
1945-1949 Civil War Liao-Shen Campaign Korean War Vietnamese War Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, White Terror vs Red Terror, & Resistance Wars:
As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section, the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth" involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men, whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies, b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion, and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore [and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in. Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950. 1945-1949 Civil War At the Potsdam Conference (July 17-Aug 2 1945), President Truman, without consultation with the Republic Of China and without respect for the will of Korean people, offered USSR the right of occupying Manchuria & Northern Korea in exchange for Russian declaration of war against Japan. Back on June 9th 1945, Truman officially told Song Ziwen that he was to honor the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Earlier, in Feb 1945, at the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt seemingly underestimated the height of the American military might and had offered USSR their former interests in China Eastern Railroad as well as Sakhalin Island. Ignoring the hypocrisy-based Hull "ultimatum" of Nov 26th 1941, Roosevelt signed off to the Russians, on behalf of China, the lease of Luushun [Port Arthur], the internationalization of Dalian [Dairen], Manchurian Railway and Chinese "pre-eminent rights". Even earlier, in Nov 1943, US President Roosevelt, prior to the trip to Tehran Meeting, claimed that should he give Stalin what he wanted [i.e., Manchuria, Korea & Sakhalin], then USSR would not grab other parts of the world. Li Ao cited George Creel in stating that Chiang Kai-shek did not get to know that China was betrayed by Roosevelt & Churchill till June 1945. 
Song Ziwen & Wang Shijie were sent to Moscow for repairing damages. After Russians intruded into Manchuria, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to give up Outer Mongolia on the precondition that a referendum be held by the Mongolian people and that USSR guarantee China's territorial integrity as to Manchuria and withhold support for CCP.
Chiang Kai-shek hence took for granted Russian pledge that USSR would "render to China moral support and aid in military supplies and other material resources, such support and aid to be given entirely to the National Government as the Central Government of China" [page 6, Freda Utley's The China Story].
To Li Ao's dismay, Historian Xu Zhuoyun praised Wang Shijie's withstanding national humiliation. This treaty, per Li Ao, was a betrayal to May 31st 1924 Sino-Soviet Treaty signed by Northern Warlord Government in regards to rescinding unequal treaties.
What the Chinese side did not and does not understand about the Yalta Betrayal is that two factions of Anglo-American interest groups, i.e., the ranks of innate cousins of British colonialists and the ranks of American doctrinists with advocacy for "China containment", had joined hands with Russian/Comintern agents in subverting China. In another sense, the invisible hands in the Far Eastern Division of US State Department had found an alternative way to advance the agenda of strengthening the Chinese Communists and weakening the Chinese Nationalists after what Freda Utley called a "temporary setback" ensuing from the recall of Joseph Stilwell in Nov of 1944. (More available at Century-long American hypocrisy towards China, Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese, and What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution.)
Around the turn of 1944-1945, Li Zongren sent two memos to Hurley and Wedemeyer, advising against Russian participation in war against Japan. Li Zongren, after noticing the encirclement of Berlin by allied troops, had called upon Chiang Kai-shek and Wedemeyer in devising a plan of a Sino-American training center in the Philippines for possibly delivering Chinese troops to southern Manchuria to segregate Russians from Chinese Communists. On Aug 10th 1945, Li Zongren was in mixed thoughts when delegations and organizations visited him in Hanzhong's Military HQ with congratulations on the final victory over Japan. Li Zongren mentioned that with dozens of millions of casualties, including millions in his 5th War Zone, China and Chinese people then entered the stage of uncertainty. (After the loss of China, Li Zongren blamed Chiang Kai-shek for not adopting his advice in dispatching miscellaneous provincial armies to Japanese-occupied territories: Li Zongren suggested that Huang Shaohong or some prestigious general of Manchuria nativity be dispatched to Manchuria; however, Chiang Kai-shek selected a 'Political Studies Clique' leader called Xiong Shihui for the job. Further, Li Zongren blamed Chen Cheng for issuing the order in i) having Japanese troops concentrate onto big cities or designated sites for surrender & ii) dismissing all puppet troops [as well as locally-organized anti-Japan resistance forces]: Li Zongren suggested retaining Japanese and puppet troops as policing forces in various towns and counties as a safeguard against Communist infiltration. - Li Zongren's viewpoints were partially correct. Nationalist China secured the Northern China as a result of Xiong Bin's relentless behind-the-enemy-line instigations against majority generals of puppet Whang Jingwei government, to the extent that Sun Liangcheng's troops were shipped to Nanking in early 1945 after bribing Japanese occupation commander. The debacle in Manchuria was more to do with Russian scheme in splitting up Manchuria as its spheres of influence, as well as the scheme to cause instability via dismissal of puppet troops and de-drafting of government troops ensuing from collusion between George Marshall and Chinese Communists.) Russian Entry Into Manchuria Two days after US dropped A-bomb onto Japan, i.e., Aug 8th, USSR declared war on Japan. The next day, over 1.5 million Russian soldiers poured into Manchuria from three directions. Japanese, with 700,000 Kwantung army (actual number much lower due to relocation of core Japanese troops to southern China) and 300,000 puppet Manchukuo army, retreated without putting up a fight. In face of Russians, Japanese buried evidence of germ warfare and poisonous weapons and quickly retreated towards Korea where their guinea pig and germ experts were offered sanctuary by the American occupation forces. 
Chinese Communist guerrilla remnants, who had been forced by Japanese into seeking asylum inside of USSR, came back wearing Russian military uniforms.
Chinese Communist guerrillas in Manchuria, having no consistent contact with either Ruijin's Chinese Soviet or Yenan and being always in subordination to Moscow and Comintern direct from 1932 to 1942, had apparently ceased hostility against Japan in observance of the April 1941 Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty.
Prior to 1943, Russians had already taken custody of the remnants of "Northeast Allied Army For Resisting Japanese Invasion" [i.e., Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army - the successor of the Youth-Party-dominated "Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters" & "People's Revolutionary Army Of Northeast China" ensuing from 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria], including Kim Il Sung, and re-organized it into so-called "Russian Field-battle Teaching Brigade".
http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200406/kt2004060817432954140.htm
pointed out that Kim Il-sung, from 1942 onward, then "a Soviet captain and battalion commander, was stationed in Viatsk where he served in the Soviet 88th Brigade, the personnel of which consisted of Chinese and Korean guerrillas."
At Viatsk, Kim Jong-il, called Yuri, was born instead of fabricated birthdate and birthplace of Feb. 15, 1942 in a guerrilla camp on Paektu Mountain.
Zhou Baozhong & Li Zhaolin, i.e., brigade chief and deputy brigade chief respectively, returned to Manchuria with Russians via train. A top CCP cadre, Lu Dongsheng, came back to Manchuria in Sept to assume the post of deputy commander for CCP Song-jiang River military district. Kim Il-sung left for Pyongyang in September. Back On Aug 14th 1945, Foreign Minister Wang Shijie was pressured into signing the "Sino-Soviet Friendship & Alliance Treaty", a treaty to be rescinded by Taiwan after Eisenhower requested with US Congress for rescinding secret treaties on Feb 20th 1953. Original Sino-Soviet agreement called for Russian occupation for three months, but later China requested for a delay of Russian withdrawal twice, which gave the Russian a pretext for procrastination till 8 months long. In Manchuria, Russians dismantled 5 billion worth of industrial equipment and shipped back to USSR. Li Ao claimed that USSR had robbed resources and materials equivalent to over 8 billion US dollars. Freda Utley, endorsing the number of 8 billion, pointed out that Russians had pillaged Manchuria after Republic of China refused to sign a comprehensive agreement to develop Manchurian mines and industries jointly. Chinese foreign minister Wang Shijie declined Freda Utley's suggestion to publicize the Russian demands, incidentally. Li Shenzhi recalled a massive nationwide protest movement against USSR in early 1946 for Russian killing of Chinese engineer Zhang Xinfu in Manchuria. Per Gao Wenjun eyewitness statement, during their eight month stay, Russian Red Army soldiers, nicknamed 'lao [old] mao[hairy] zi[son]' or 'da [big] bi [nose] zi [son]', had taken in stranded Japanese women as 'comfort women' as well as openly raped Chinese women on the streets, to the extent that Chinese women could not escape from Russians by disguising as men due to Russians groping breasts. On Dec 14th 1945, Communist cadre Lu Dongsheng, who ordered a Russian soldier to stop robbing him via Russian language, was shot to death in the back. "Time Magazine", at http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0%2C10987%2C934539%2C00.html, reported on the rampage by "Big Noses", as follows:
The Nanking Government, always ready to take a poke at its enemies, the Chinese Communists, is more cautious about provoking the big Communist bear to the north. Last week the bonds of caution snapped. Before the People's Political Council, advisory body to Chiang Kai-shek's Government, impetuous, energetic Pan Chaoying, director of the influential Catholic Social Welfare newspaper chain in China, let out an anti-Russian blast. Thundered Pan: "According to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, China and Russia should respect each other's sovereignty and territory. But Russia hasn't kept her word. . . . "Responsible authorities [in Manchuria] say that Soviet pilots and artillerymen have been in action with Chinese Communist troops . . . Russian soldiers of occupation have been guilty of terror and rapemore than can be told. The Manchuria lao pai hsing [common people] told me: 'Everything lao pai hsing won't do, the Russian ta pi tzu [big noses] have done.' "I urge the Government: 1) to take action for the quick recovery of Dairen and Port Arthur; 2) to petition U.N. for the return of Russian loot from Manchuria; and 3) to declare null & void the Sino-Soviet treaty." Yeh Shu-tang from Szechwan chimed in: "We must be strong, not weak. If someone offers us a friendly hand, we should clasp it warmly. But if someone slaps us, we should slap back twice." The watchful Russian Embassy, near Nanking's Drum Tower, heard the hot words and the enthusiastic applause. An Embassy subscriber visited Pan's Social Welfare Daily, asked for five copies of the issue carrying Pan's speech. Asked why he wanted so many, the Russian replied: "Oh, for our public libraries." 
By the end of 8 month Russian occupation, Chinese Communists would absorb 300,000 puppet Manchukuo army and develop into half million strong force from the original contingent of less than 20,000.
Li Zongren memoirs stated that Xiong Shihui, per Chen Cheng's order, had dismissed 400000 Manchukuo puppet army which then turned to Communist camp. Wang Tiehan rebutted the popular claim as to the number of 400k by pointing out that the puppet troops, after Russians came, had been ordered to hide in the mountains by the puppet Manchukuo minister, with portion of them to escape the Communist Military for service under the Nationalist Government.
(Sounds similar to George W Bush's dismissing Saddam's army in May 2003 after Iraqi Invasion? You got it.)
Xiong Shihui arrived in Changchun with about 100 entourage on Oct 2nd 1945, but he was basically restrained in office by Russians who guarded his office. Li Zongren memoirs claimed that Xiong Shihui dared not even receive delegates of patriotic people of Manchuria, which encouraged Russians in hindering KMT government from taking over Manchuria. Per ZZR's citation of CCP Sept 16th 1945 briefing, Zeng Kelin's forerunner Communist force developed into 4000 soldiers from four companies in a matter of one week after arrival at Shenyang city, and moreover, absorbed over 10,000 puppet constabulary forces; about 10000-20000 coolies, who were formerly captives from Chinese Armies, were organized into guerrilla columns for entry into Changchun city; in Shenyang, Zeng Kelin reported that weapon depots were packed with 100,000 guns and thousands of cannons; and puppet Manchukuo forces were in waiting mode for re-organization. Jung Chang's "Wild Swans" stated that her father, Zhang Shouyu, resorted to puppet army and puppet police for staffing and equipping his guerrilla force after yielding Chaoyang to Nationalist army on Jan 14th 1946. Confrontations Between Russians And Nationalist Chinese Government Li Zongren memoirs stated that Xiong Shihui had asked Russians to delay evacuation twice. Li Zongren said that Xiong Shihui had dereliction of duty as director for "Northeast Military Office" because Xiong Shihui had fully observed Russian request to stay inside of his office which was guarded by Russian patrols all the time: Xiong Shihui dared not even receive delegates of patriotic people of Manchuria, which encouraged Russians in hindering Nationalist government from taking over Manchuria. However, Xiong Shihui should not take the full blame. China had shown its weak position to Americans who passed on the signal to Moscow. On April 13th 1945, the second day after Roosevelt passed away, Gu Weijun reported that American Navy General Li-hai [Admiral William Leahy] had tested his response in regards to China's possible reaction to Russian grabbing Dalian and Luushun [Port Arthur] ports. Gu Weijun's response was that i) China would seek a peaceful solution in dealing with possible Russian takeover of two ports and ii) Russians could have better find a non-frozen port inside of Korea. More available at Russians-in-Manchuria-v0.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Communist Absorption of Two Ethnic-Korean Divisions Under Japanese Kwantung Army In Manchuria, Communists forces retained at least two Korean ethnic divisions of Japanese Kwantung Army, in addition to hordes of Japanese soldiers, cannon soldiers and military doctors and nurses. During the initial 4-5 campaigns against Communist troops, General Sun Liren's army constantly engaged with the Koreans and Japanese. Don't forget Sun Liren's herald troops also killed lots of stranded Russians who were busy rampaging than catching up with retreating Russian army. The Koreans did not die away. They were sorted out in 1950, about 3-4 months ahead of the eruption of the Korean War. Those who fought in Korea comprised the bulk of Korean troops under Japanese Kwantung Army, not the Koreans who fought the guerrilla war against Japanese under CCP. In 1947, during the peak of Eastern Manchurian Campaign, Russians dispatched another 100,000 Koreans to China to assist with Xiao Hua's Communist 3rd & 4th "zong dui" as well as Li Hongguang's "Korean Detachment". Meanwhile, Chinese Communists moved their women and wounded to Korea for asylum, for which Mao Tse-tung, in 1950, adamantly insisted on sending Chinese armies to the Korean War as a show of requital. In Kim Il-sun's opinions, Mao Tse-tung was obliged to help him out for the hundreds of thousands of Koreans sent to Chinese civil war. Chiang Kai-shek's Futile Attempt At Restraining CCP On Aug 15th 1945, at 9:00 am, Chiang Kai-shek made a 15 minute radio speech about "pardoning the enemies [Japanese]" in Chongqing of China. On 16th, Shao Yulin flew back to Jiulongpo Airport of Chongqing from a visit to US. Zhang Ling'ao was ordered to pick up Shao Yulin who was anxious about the Japan surrender matter. The next day, at 9:00, Zhou Hongtao made a call for Shao to see Chiang Kai-shek. Shao Yulin, i.e., an expert on Japan matter like Gao Zongwu & Dong Daoning, was sent to Heh Yingqin's office in Zhijiang in the name of lieutenant general counselor of infantry command center. At Zhijiang, Shao Yulin met with Xiao Yishu & Leng Xin through Heh Yingqin introduction. At Shao's suggestion, over 20 officers fluent in Japanese were fetched over from Chongqing. On 21st, Japanese deputy tactician-in-general Imai Takai [Jinjing Wufu] flew over to Zhijiang from Nanking. Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government, in its race against the Communist for control of China, issued an order that was delivered on Aug 21st by Xiao Yishu to Japanese forces in Zhijiang of Hunan Prov, demanding that Japanese army should not surrender to anybody else other than Nationalist government troops. On 22nd, Japanese flew back to Nanking where they still possessed an army of 70,000. On 27th, Leng Xin and Shao Yulin flew to Nanking for talks on taking over Nanking. At the airport, Japanese disclosed that Okamura Yasuji could commit suicide at any time. Shao Yulin countered by saying that this was not a time to talk about suicide. At the meeting, Shao pointed out that Okamura Yasuji should bear responsibility for doing good deeds to pay back crimes against China and Chinese people rather than thinking about suicide. Shao relayed Chiang's instructions as to Japanese surrendering to Government troops, only. On Aug 30th & 31st, Shao and Okamura Yasuji held more talks. On Sept 8th, Okamura Yasuji officially signed the surrender paper, and later recalled in memoirs that it was a magic moment to have surrendered Japanese army to Heh Yingqin, i.e., a good friend of his as well as a pro-Japan Chinese official. Ceremony was held on Sept 9th. Zhang Ling'ao blasted Heh Yingqin for paying back a bow courtesy when Okamura Yasuji surrendered. In the diary, Okamura Yasuji recalled that what Heh Yingqin had displayed was an "Oriental Virtue". At this time, China possessed only a company of soldiers under Liao Yaoxiang that was ready for deployment in Nanking per ZLA. However, 400000-500000 best trained troops were just returning to southern China from the mountains of Burma and Yunnan Prov at the time of 1945 Japanese surrender. Instead of adopting Li Zongren's advice of "hind waves pushing front waves", Chiang Kai-shek refused to allow miscellaneous provincial armies to march northward to Northern China and Manchuria for accepting Japanese surrender. Worse than that would be Chiang Kai-shek's disarming provincial army, i.e., Du Yuming's surrounding Long Yun's Yunnan Prov army at Mt Wuhuashan with Burma expedition army, which forced Long Yun into resignation of governorship. After Chiang Kai-shek, per Li Ao, gave up the idea of using Japanese against Communist as suggested by Japanese commander & rebutted by US allies, Nationalist government had mobilized thousands of ships, equiv to 300,000 tons, for dispatching well over 2 million Japanese occupation forces and their families to Japan within ten months (i.e., Nov 1945-July 1946). Japanese prisoners, called "barehanded soldiers", were even allowed to carry light weapon for self-protection prior to boarding the ships. Well over 2000 Japanese war criminals being set free. Japan occupation commander-in-chief Okamura Yasuji, renamed "liaison commander" for "Remaining Problem Liaison Center of Japanese in China Battlefield", reached a deal with Chinese government to get spared war crimes in exchange for Japanese cooperation in resisting Communist forces. Note that Okamura Yasuji, acquitted on Jan 16th 1949, was responsible for i) provoking the Sept 18th 1931 Incident in Manchuria [Mukden Incident] and ii) orchestrating Jan 22nd 1945 'continental order' for invading Sichuan Prov, and he later sent in gifts to Chiang Kai-shek for help in petitioning with MacArthur for US acquittal of his war crimes. In late August of 1945, Japanese forces in Tianjin resisted Communist forces at the request of Heh Yingqin. In Oct and Dec 1945, Heh Yingqin and Chiang Kai-shek had accorded private meeting with Okamura Yasuji, respectively. To protect Okamura Yasuji from American war criminal courts, Okamura Yasuji was allowed to stay on in China till Jan 1949, with a farce trial conducted in Aug 1948. After Li Zongren took over proxy president post, Per LK, Tang Enbo secretly released Okamura Yasuji on Jan 26th 1949 for fear that Japanese might be wanted by the Communists. Okamura Yasuji returned to Japan with about 259 war criminals via an American ship John Vicks on Jan 30th. Later, in 1956, Heh Yingqin paid a visit to Okamura Yasuji while visiting in Japan, emphasizing his amiability relationship with the Japanese guy, as shown in 1933 negotiations of Tang-Gu Truce Agreement and in Nov 1935 invitation for a private dinner in his Nanking home, and Okamura Yasuji was said to have appreciated Heh Yingqin's 1933 foresight into CCP's ascension to power and Japan/China's demise should Japan continue its invasion agenda. After Japanese surrender on Aug 15th, Mao Tse-tung issued 7 orders to Communist-controlled forces in the race against the government for control of China. Zhang Zhenglong pointed out that CCP Central issued the order the second day after Russian entry into Manchuria, and by the 3rd day, CCP Central had issued the 7th order. Mao Tse-tung's policy was to relocate his forces northward district by district: Communist guerrilla forces south of Yangtze River were to retreat to Jiangsu Prov, Chen Yi's New Fourth Army was to enter Shandong Prov, Shandong's Eight Route Army was to enter Hebei Prov, and Hebei's New Fourth Army was to enter Manchuria. Shocked by Japanese sudden surrender, Mao Tse-tung was just one step ahead in secretly instructing Communist guerrillas of Zhejiang Prov in crossing the Yangtze. Communist guerrillas of Zhejiang, in a hurry, crossed the Hangzhou Bay by boats before Government troops attempted to block the way, and shocked the innocent peasants by walking through the countryside of Shanghai for the Yangtze river bank. First Shot Of 1945-1949 Civil War & Peace Talks Back in late April 1945, Mao Tse-tung, at Communist 7th Session, pointed out that the four provinces of Northeast China were very important ... Even if we [Communists] lost all enclaves, we could still build a solid base for the Chinese revolution by relying on Northeast China alone..." [Per ZZR's citation of a Communist internal document at Memorial Hall of Liao-Shen Campaign]. Communists never stopped its friction warfare with Government troops. Hu Zongnan had fought several wars with Communists in Henan Prov in April-May 1945. Taking advantage of Japanese attacks, Communist contingents, numbering 30,000, under Pi Dingjun, Wang Shusheng & Han Jun, attacked Hu Zongnan's forces in Luoyang, Xin'an, Yiyang and Defeng areas. More available at CCP-attacks-on-KMT-v0.pdf. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
On Aug 13th 1945, Communist party committee for Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning regions, at a meeting held in Fenglunxian county, made a decision to dispatch to Manchuria 8 regiments, 1 battalion, and two contingents, totaling 13,000 men or 2/3rd of the regional force, to be commanded by four commanders for military sub-districts, four CCP regional secretaries and 2500 cadres. Li Yunchang, i.e., commander-in-chief of Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning district, was put in charge of "Eastward March Work Committee". In late Aug, 14th, 15th & 16th military sub-districts under Li Yunchang exited the passes of the Great Wall for Manchuria. Zeng Kelin & Tang Kai, with 12th & 18th regiments, Korean contingent & Lin Fuchang's contingent, circumvented Shanhaiguan Pass by exiting the Jiumenkou gate. After meeting 5 trucks of Russians, the Communist forces proposed an attack at the Japanese guarding the Shanhaiguan Pass. The first echelon, together with 50 Russian soldiers, fought Japanese at Shanhaiguan Pass and took control of the link. 16th military district, separately, already entered Rehe and Manchuria, forcefully taking over Fangezhuang, Haiyang, Liumen & Shimenzai from Japanese and puppet Manchukuo forces along the way. At coastal Huludao, a city about 15 kilometers away from Jinzhou, Communist forces successfully drove back the Nationalist Army which had landed ashore with the help of American transporters. In Benxi city, i.e., Japanese-controlled coal mine, Heh Juemin [a KMT colonel captive], Xing Fangyin [a CCP New Fourth Army deputy regiment chief captive], and Tao Shouchong [a CCP Shandong District cadre captive] staged an uprising against the Japanese on the night of Aug 14th; however, with the arrival of Zeng Kelin's Communist forces, the KMT elements were soon purged and executed. About 50000 American marines took charge of controlling major railways around Peking-Tianjin and Shanhaiguan areas. Li Zongren memoirs stated that the first shot of the civil war was fired at Fu Zuoyi's troops in Shanxi Province by Communist forces. Communist documents treated the Battle of Handan in Hebei Province as the first shot. Chinese Communists, throughout the years of resistance wars, had attempted to cross the North Yellow River Bend for linking up with Outer Mongolia and USSR. However, General Fu Zuoyi, with two corps of his 12th War Zone, had been able to defend his territories of Inner Mongolia against both the Japanese and the Communists. Fu Zuoyi, before the 1937 war outbreak, had enjoyed good reputation as a resisting general: On Nov 24th 1936, Fu Zuoyi's Suiyuan Prov army sacked Bailingmiao from "Inner Mongolia puppet army". Fu Zuoyi retook Wuyuan in 1940 and defended western Suiyuan and Mt Daqingshan against Japanese throughout the resistance war. Battle of Wuyuan, like Battle of Lanfeng, should be counted as success recovery of a city by Chinese forces, something that soundly beat the national-anilists' claim that Chinese troops never ever retook a city from Japanese during WWII. KMT-CCP "Peace Talks" Chiang Kai-shek, in order to control Communist expansion, called out to CCP for peace talks three times, on Aug 14th, Aug 20th and Aug 23rd. Chiang exerted pressure on Mao by publishing his peace calls on major newspapers across China. Li Ao pointed out that Stalin also urged Mao for talk on Aug 22nd by telegraph. On Aug 23rd, Mao Tse-tung made arrangement for Liu Shaoqi to act as interim CCP chairman should Mao have to go to Chongqing. Liu Shaoqi, together with Zhu De, Zhou Enlai and Peng Dehuai, were designated vice chair for CCP Central Military Committee. Mao, who had replied to have Zhou substitute him for peace talk, would have to accept the invitation on Aug 24th. On Aug 27th, Mao issued decrees across CCP organizations in regards to Liu Shaoqi acting as chair in his absence, and the two held talks together for one whole day. On Aug 28th, Mao Tse-tung, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei etc, under US Ambassador Hurley and Zhang Zhizhong's escort and protection and by riding on American military planes, flew over to Chongqing for 43-day peace talks with Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung held altogether 9 rounds of talks. Li Ao cited Tang Zong (i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's personal attaché) in stating that Chiang Kai-shek believed that his invitation of Mao had thwarted Communists' original plan for control of 'hua bei', i.e., northern China. In Europe, Lu Keng & Mao Shuqing, as war correspondents, continued to travel around via military vehicles. The two visited Florence, Verona, Rome, and Vatican. Pope, hearing of Japan's surrender on Aug 10th, would grant a next day "private audience" to the two reporters as well as Chinese ambassador Xie Shoukang. When Pope expressed worries about possible civil war in China, Lu Keng adamantly insisted that Chinese people would desire for peace after eight year long disasters. Lu Keng claimed that Pope's niece later attended the dancing party hosted by Xie Shoukang. After Rome, the two reporters went on to Belgium where they visited former foreign minister Lu Zhengxiang who went into monastery since Jan 14th 1928 after his Belgian wife passed away on April 16th 1926. 
While in Chongqing, Mao Tse-tung impressed China's bourgeoisie class as someone embodying China's future, and one such Democratic League member privately claimed to Mao in saying that Chiang Kai-shek dared to bully his party simply because they possessed no army of their own.
In late Aug 1945, Mao Tse-tung, who knew no democracy and politics other than tricks and plots of China's twenty-four history chronicles, had given to Liu Yazi a poem [timestamped Feb 1936] entitled "Scenery of Northern China" [i.e., Qin Yuan Chun - Xue: Bei Guo Feng Guang] that supposedly had captivated the hearts of the democratic league members. (At the end of the long march, Mao had written another poem which likened himself to the tyrants in China's history, and Mao instructed his top agent in Shanghai, i.e., Li Kenong, in purchasing a complete set of Cai Dongfan's history romance writings.)
On Sept 4th 1945, Hu Feng entered Chongqing city for a dancing party that was supposed to be held for Mao Tse-tung. Hu Feng had two brief talks with the monster who would launch "Anti-Hu Feng Movement" in early 1950s. Later, Hu Feng also attended Zhang Zhizhong's banquet for seeing Mao Tse-tung off as well as went to Jiulongpo Airport for seeing Mao Tse-tung fly back to Yenan. (Mao Tse-tung returned to Yenan on Oct 11th 1945.) Communists refused Chiang Kai-shek's demands for "united military command" and "united administrative orders", claiming that they were for 'peace' and 'democracy' while Chiang Kai-shek intended for 'civil war' and 'dictatorship'. Mao Tse-tung merely agreed to concession of Communist-controlled areas of Guangdong Prov, Zhejiang Prov, southern Jiangsu Prov, central Anhui Prov, southern Anhui Prov, Hunan Prov, Hubei Prov and Henan Province. Militarily, Mao Tse-tung agreed to compress to 48 and consecutively 43 divisions, so that Communist forces would be amounting to 1/6th and consecutively 1/7th the size of 263 government troops divisions. Chiang Kai-shek stated that they intended to compress the army to 120 divisions, but Communists refused to lower to 20 divisions. Mao Tse-tung, at one time, agreed to contract to 28 divisions instead of 12 divisions, but later demanded that he maintained 48 divisions and that Nationalist Government provide the funding. CCP accused government troops of possessing more officers than soldiers in a division size of 6000 men, bragging that Communist soldiers of 1.2 million could be equivalent to 200 divisions per government troops standards. Mao Tse-tung further demanded that in CCP-liberated areas, CCP had the right to recommend their men for the jobs like provincial governor, county magistrate and city mayor. (FYI: Mao Tse-tung's claim of 1.2 million Communist forces was a crap. Communists did not have a third of it till well after Japanese surrender in 1945. The only motive of exaggerating the fake number would be to claim a non-existent Mandate, i.e., support from peasants, which was fallacious since Jiangxi Soviet of 1930s. The popular claim of 900k regular and 2 million irregular was made up as well.) Hurley, seeing that Communists deliberately refused to concede, threatened to go back to America. Hurley tried to persuade CCP into giving up military control in exchange for assumption of ministry and provincial posts within KMT government. Without reaching agreements on "united military command" and "united administrative orders", Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung reached a Double Ten Agreement requiring that KMT discontinue "xun zheng' (i.e., KMT supervised administration) and convene a political consultative meeting for "xian zheng" (i.e., constitutional government). Hurley, during stopover in Moscow back in April 1945, saw Stalin who misled the US opinion in stating that CCP were not a true Communist party (but "Margarine Communists") and USSR had no particular connection with CCP. On Nov 27th, Hurley resigned his posts under attacks by pro-commie US statesmen. 
George Marshall was sent to China by Truman on Dec 16th, with the birth of so-called trilateral truce panels comprising of CCP, KMT and US representatives.
George Marshall had brought with him "carrot and stick", namely, US would support China with huge financial aid should China stop its civil war whereas US would stop any aid package should China engage in civil war.
Chiang, wary of George Marshall as a personal friend of Joe Stilwell, had to submit to US demands.
The first major concession by Chiang Kai-shek would be to abandon Jehol and the city of Chihfeng to the Communists after Marshall called on Chiang Kai-shek and Zhou Enlai for a midnight session on Jan 9th 1946.
George Marshall, a person who had personally pushed for the 1946-47 arms embargo against China and imposed three ceasefire onto Chinese government [Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946], could not explain his behavior by merely "naivety". At one time, on Feb 28th 1946, Marshall offered to establish a Chinese "West Point" Military Academy for Communist forces in exchange for Zhou Enlai's signing an agreement for a united forces under a coalition government. As Freda Utley's The China Story [page 14] pointed out, Dean Acheson told the US House Committee on June 19th 1946 that "the Communist leaders have asked, and George Marshall has agreed, that integration with the other forces be preceded by a brief period of United States training [69 American army officers] and by the supply of minimum quantities of equipment [400 tons]."
Judging by Marshall's Sept 1950 testimony before the US Senate Armed Services Committee, i.e., pretext that he was merely observing Truman's instructions and policy without personal involvement, Freda Utley called Marshall's mission as either a 'tool' or a 'dupe'.
Nationalist Government's Military & Economic Blunders Gu Zhutong's troops as well as Wang Yaowu & Tang Enbo's front armies, totaling 300,000, stayed on for ten months in Nanking-Shanghai area, facing the Communist New Fourth Army across the Yangtze, till July 1946. Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government had apparently overestimated the capabilities of the Communist troops whose crack force had in fact embarked on a long distance journey to Manchuria throughout late 1945. Alternatively speaking, Chiang Kai-shek did not have the courage to launch a civil war after eight-year-long devastating resistance war, albeit issuing a hollow order to Communist-controlled 18th Group Army [i.e., Eighth Route Army] in cease-and-desist as to acceptance of Japanese surrender. The "exclusive surrender acceptance" order was just a copy of McArthur's Supreme Command Center order, which the Communist side had reason to object to. The Communist routing of Sun Lianzhong's three Corps of miscellaneous provincial nature, facilitated by Gao Shuxun's defection, did not ring a bell on Chiang Kai-shek's mind, not to mention a necessitated investigation as to why Liu Fei of the Defense Department had ordered the doomed troops to move through Communist-dominated Ping-Han Railway in lieu of a circumvential trip via Long-Hai and Jin-Pu Railways. Owing to Xiong Bin's efforts, Nationalist Government had begun the process of pacifying the puppet troops since the spring of 1945. The puppet troops in Manchuria, however, were not specifically included for pacification projects. Right after the sudden surrender of Japan in Aug 1945, the majority of the puppet troops in Northern and Central China immediately took initiatives in policing and defending major provincial cities against the Communist troops, with the end result that only a few cities like Shijiazhuang and Yantai fell into the Communist hands. In towns and counties, the "huan-xiang-tuan", i.e., the gentry-organized brigands, managed to return before the government troops. In the atmosphere of massive post-war confusion as well as the government's passivity to sub-provincial towns and counties, the gentry-organized brigands would be wiped out by the Communist troops in a matter of months. the mandatory currency conversion rate Finance Minister Song Ziwen's assistant - an undercover Communist (Suzanne Pepper etc, i.e., John Fairbank's students, only saw the surface of the issue by repeatedly touting the 'political' factor of Nationalist China's collapse without a slight regard for Russian and Anglo-American conspiracies against China. Pepper's perspective could best be seen in her description of the Shen Cong 'Rape' Incident by American Marine[s].) Nationalist government "take-over" officials and officers - two economic blunders, E.g., Peking Steel & Iron Works was ordered to be shut down against Japanese engineer's objection, which led to two frozen furnaces till after Communist takeover in 1949. stagflation and depression Race For Control of Manchuria On Aug 9th 1945, Mao Tse-tung, who had engaged in over four year long political purge movements in Yenan, i.e., Rectification Movement (1942-1945), quickly gave a speech entitled "The Final Battle Against Japanese". On Aug 10th, Zhu De, Communist commander-in-chief for Eight Route Army, issued No. 1 Order, calling on Eight Route armies, New Fourth armies, Communist militia, and Communist guerrillas to attack Japanese and the puppets and to recover territories. On 11th, Zhu De issued Order No. 2, with instructions that Luu Zhengcao attack Cha-ha-er and Re-he from Shanxi and Suiyuan, that Zhang Xuesi (i.e., Zhang Xueliang's brother) attack Re-he and Liaoning from Hebei and Cha-ha-e, that Wan Yi attack Liaoning from Shandong and Hebei, and that Li Yunchang relocate to Liaoning and Jilin from Re-he and Liaoning. (Note that Luu Zhengcao, Zhang Xuesi and Wan Yi were all former Manchurian army generals. Should Chiang Kai-shek not commit the personal blunder in putting Zhang Xueliang under house arrest, CCP would not easily win over former Manchurian militarymen. Though, Zhang Xueliang recalled that his brother had already fallen into Communist sympathizers prior to Xi'an Coup. Per ZZR, CCP Central's 2nd order to Luu Zhengcao, Zhang Xuesi and Wan Yi, though published on CCP's "Liberation Daily" on 12th, were all fakes to deceive the nation. Internal Communist order was that Li Yunchang's loyal Communist troops immediately depart for Manchuria. Wan Yi would not board ship at Huangxian of Shandong Peninsula for Manchuria till Sept 24th 1945.) On Aug 13th, Communist party committee for Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning regions sorted out the following for Manchuria dispatchment: 8 regiments, 1 battalion, and two contingents, totaling 13,000 men or 2/3rd of the regional force, to be commanded by four commanders for military sub-district, four CCP regional secretaries and 2500 cadres. The first echelon, comprising of 14th, 15th & 16th military sub-districts, and second echelon, comprising of Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning main military district, exited the Great Wall and entered Rehe and Manchuria in late Aug of 1945. 16th military sub-district, at Shanhaiguan Pass [aka Mountain & Sea Pass], fought Japanese who were under order to surrender to Allied Army & Nationalist Government Army. Note that on Aug 15th 1945, Japanese emperor already decreed an end of war via radio, agreeing to unconditional surrender and that surrender ceremony was held on battleship Missouri on Sept 2nd. Communists, per the wording Mao Tse-tung used in his accusation of Chiang Kai-shek, were merely hastening up for the "peach", i.e., the fruits of war success. Per ZZR, Zeng Kelin & Tang Kai of 16th military sub-district of Ji-Re-Liao [Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning] Military District arrived in Shenyang, & Benxi in early Sept, while Li Yunchang's troops arrived in Shanhaiguan Passes, Jinzhou & Shenyang. 16th military sub-district, within two months, developed into over 100,000 forces on basis of the original 13,000 army. On Sept 7th, Liu Shaoqi ordered that Communist cadres in Hua-zhong [Central China] Bureau sort out staff of Manchurian origin for Manchuria. On Sept 11th, Liu Shaoqi ordered that Communist Shandong Prov Sub-bureau sort out 30,000 people or 12 regiments for crossing the sea to Manchuria under Xiao Hua's command. (Per ZZR's citation of PLA Archive Bureau document, CCP Central's order was for Shandong to sort out 4 divisions after Shandong Sub-bureau reported findings from spies sent to Manchuria.) In Yenan, top cadres like Zhang Qilong, Cheng Shicai, and Wu Jinnan, who were originally destined for New Fourth Army in the south and guerrilla forces in Guangdong, changed course for Manchuria. On Sept 14th, a rep of Russian commander at Changchun Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (i.e., Ma-li-nuo-fu-si-ji) arrived in Yenan with Zeng Kelin the head of CCP contingent dispatched to Manchuria in August 1945. CCP Central held a whole night meeting, with a decision to prepare 100 regiments worth of Communist cadres for Manchuria. On Sept 17th, Liu Shaoqi wired to Mao Tse-tung who was still in Chongqing, proposing his policy of "pushing northward and defending southward". Liu Shaoqi proposed that CCP's New Fourth Army in Zhe-dong, Su-nan & Wan-nan cross the Yangtze back to north bank, CCP's New Fourth Army in Wan-bei & Su-bei enter Shandong, and 100,000 New Fourth Army & Eight Route Army in Shandong-Hebei relocate to eastern Hebei Prov and Manchuria. Alternatively, Liu Shaoqi proposed to have CCP's New Fourth Army fill the vacancy of Shandong while Shandong Communist forces relocate 100,000 men to eastern Hebei Prov and Jehol [Rehe] Prov. Mao Tse-tung, in subsequent wires, concurred with Liu Shaoqi. Liu Shaoqi officially drafted the "pushing northward and defending southward" document on 19th, which was a reverse of Communist direction in a matter of 40 days Per ZZR. Per ZZR, after the announcement of Sino-Russian friendship treaty on Aug 26th 1945, CCP Central studied the intricacies and then decided to send a cadre corps to Manchuria, consisting of 145 people led by Lin Feng. On Oct 1st (?), 300 Communist cadres, including "Rectification Movement" offenders, walked their way towards Manchuria. Among them, immediately dispatched to Manchuria would be about 100 "serious offenders" of Yenan Rectification Movement that Chen Gang [aka Liu Zuohu] and Chen Long brought along on their barefoot trip to Manchuria on Nov 9th 1945 [??? arrival date or departure date]. (The remainder of "serious offenders" of Yenan Rectification Movement, about hundred, including Wang Shiwei, were executed on the way of fleeing government troops' attack in 1947. Another 300-400 captives, deemed "less-than-serious offenders", were freed in 1946 and re-assigned jobs.) In Chaoyang, Communist guerrilla had been dispatched from Jinzhou city for capturing and executing Nationalist government's county leader who opened up competing office against the Communist elements the second day after Russian arrival. Zhang Shouyu took charge of the county affairs till being ordered to yield the town to Nationalist government on Jan 14th 1946 [i.e., after Truce took effect on Jan 13th]. After the Nationalist Army came, Zhang Shouyu went into guerrilla warfare till the Communists' victory in the bloody Jinzhou Campaign on Oct 15th 1948. Certainly, Chaoyang town was recovered earlier, i.e., in the spring of 1947, when Communists acquired the control over the vast countryside and isolated Nationalist armies in three major cities of Jinzhou, Changchun and Shenyang. New round of land reform and eliminating "class enemies" [i.e., landlords who either organized local gentry force or collaborated with the Nationalist army] were conducted for sake of assuring the peasants that those landlords would not become "huan-xiang-tuan", i.e., the landlord gentry-organized brigand who returned to home village for retaliation against peasants who ate the grains from landlords' barn. One such landlord, by the name of Jin Tingquan, was executed via burning alive at Liujiazi Village in Chaoyang county; however, large scale over-killing was halted with the advent of Communist notice in Feb 1948. Collusion With Russian Red Army In Manchuria On Sept 5th, soldiers from 16th military sub-district, consisting of 12th regiment and 2000 men ethnic Korean contingent, arrived in Shenyang city where they were first forbidden from leaving train by Russian commander Ka-fu-dong. After CCP cadre Zeng Kelin negotiated with Russian three times, Communist forces were allowed to station in Sujiatun, about 15 kilometers away from Shenyang. While Communist forces were marching on the streets of Shenyang with two Russian armored vehicles leading the way, hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens swamped onto the streets to show their welcome. Daunted by Chinese fervor, Russian commander changed order to allow Communist forces stay at Xiaohe district, next to the former Manchurian palaces in the center of the city. On the afternoon of Sept 7th, Col. Gen. A. G. Kravchenko [Ke-la-fu-qin-ke, i.e., Russian commander for 6th Guards Tank Army of Trans-Baikal Front: Hind Lake Baikal Flank Army & 6th Tank Group Army) invited CCP over for a talk after receiving instructions from Stalin and Molotov. Thereafter, Communists set up "Shenyang Garrison Command Center", with Zeng Kelin as commander and Tang Kai as commissar. Feng Zhijun, in "Mao Tse-tung & Liu Shaoqi" (Huangfu International Publishing House, HK, April 1998 Edition), pointed out that Zeng Kelin's contingent lost contact with CCP's Yenan headquarters as a result of low power of the telegraph set. On Sept 14th, Russian commander at Changchun, Malinovsky, wished to contact CCP. Hence, Russian dispatched a representative for flying to Yenan together with Zeng Kelin. The Russian colonel told Zhu De that Russian Red Army wished that CCP forces exit the cities occupied by Russians and that CCP could resolve their internal disputes with Nationalist government after the Russian Red Army vacate Manchuria. To appease Russians, Liu Shaoqi instructed that CCP forces evacuate from big cities like Shenyang, Changchun, Shanhaiguan, Yingkou and Dalian nominally, fake evacuation by leaving cities noisily and re-entering cities noiselessly, and uphold a banner other than Eighth Route Army. CCP, with the absence of Mao Tse-tung who earlier flew to Chongqing for peace talk with Chiang Kai-shek under Hurley's personal escort and protection, decided to establish CCP Northeastern Bureau, comprising of senior leaders like Peng Zhen, Chen Yun, Lin Pei, Cheng Zihua, Wu Xiuquan and Ye Jizhuang. CCP leader Liu Shaoqi struck a deal with Russian rep in having CCP forces take over the Jinzhou prefecture of 14 counties in western Liaoning Prov as well as Rehe Prov from Russian custody. CCP also made a strategy of dispatching reinforcements to Manchuria. On the night of Sept 15th, Liu Shaoqi also ordered that CCP enclaves of Hua-zhong [central China], Shandong, Jin-cha-ji [Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei], Jin-cha-lu [Shanxi-Chahar-Shandong] surrender officers from platoon chief to regiment chief who would be enough to command 100 regiments. With Russian acquiesce, CCP second echelon entered Shenyang train station on Sept 16th, encountering a welcome party of 300 Russians. CCP received Japanese weapons from Russians, i.e., about 100,000 guns and thousands of cannons in Shenyang weapon depots. On Sept 17th, CCP Northeastern Bureau commissars flew back to Manchuria with Zeng Kelin on the same Russian plane. On 19th, CCP Northeastern Bureau stipulated plans for establishing 'democratic' government at various levels as well as launching rent reduction movements in the Manchurian countryside. Liu Shaoqi ordered a blockade of Zhangjiakou [Kalgan] and Shanhaiguan for sake of stopping Government troops from entry into Manchuria. Liu Shaoqi additionally instructed that 50,000 Communist forces control coastal Manchuria, from Yingkou to Dalian and Luushun, in the attempt of preventing Government troops from amphibious landing. Liu Shaoqi called for a total of 150,000 personnel to be relocated to Manchuria as well as 200,000 soldiers to be recruited inside of Manchuria. In his wire to Mao, Liu stated i) that Jin-cha-ji [Shanxi-Chahaer-Hebei] and Jin-Sui [Shanxi-Suiyuan] possessed enough forces against Fu Zuoyi & Ma Zhanshan; ii) that Shandong would dispatch 30000 for clearing eastern Hebei, Rehe and Jinzhou of Liaoning Prov; iii) that Shandong dispatch another 30000 to Manchuria; iv) that New Fourth Army in eastern China district dispatch 80000 to Shandong & eastern Hebei; v) that CCP forces in eastern Zhejiang relocate to southern Jiangsu and CCP forces in southern Jiangsu and southern Anhui cross the Yangtze, with an aim of 30-35,000 men; vi) that seven divisions in central and southern Anhui Prov could dispatch 20000 men for avoiding the incoming Nationalist government Gui-xi occupation forces; and vii) that Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu [Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan] encumber the northbound Government troops and dispatch 30000 for eastern Hebei and Manchuria by Nov. Liu further stated i) that he had established CCP Ji-Re-Liao [Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning] Bureau, with Li Fuchun acting as secretary and Lin Biao acting as commander; ii) that CCP Shandong Bureau renamed to Hua-dong [eastern China] Bureau, with Chen Yi & Rao Shushi in charge; and iii) that CCP Hua-zhong [central China] Bureau be downgraded to sub-bureau to be under Hua-dong [eastern China] Bureau. Hua-dong [eastern China] Bureau would take charge of 5 military districts. CCP Hua-zhong [central China] Bureau would be under Zhang Dingcheng, Deng Zihui and Zeng Shan. On Sept 20th, Liu Shaoqi pressed on Shandong Bureau in organizing 200-300,000 men for Manchuria within 2.5 months and another 50-100,000 men for placement in between Hebei and Manchuria. On Sept 29th, Liu Shaoqi changed order to have Shandong troops cross the Bohai Sea against American warship patrolling. Wu Xiuquan was dispatched to Luushun for negotiations with Russian Red Army, while Wan Yi, Wu Kehua, Wu Dapeng and Xiao Hua were ordered to cross sea immediately for logistics. Liu Shaoqi, after finding out that Americans had landed in Tianjin, would order that Communist forces cross sea at nights. Per ZZR, Communists did not disclose the destination of Manchuria but to regiment level. Along the way to Manchuria, innumerable Communist soldiers and officers deserted the army. Other than Communist Ji-dong [eastern Hebei] district, most of the army were blindfolded till half way or boarding ships at coastline. At Linyi of Shandong, Chen Yi assembled company level officers and relayed a Mao Tse-tung notice that the place they were going would be a "colorful" world where there were light bulbs, storey houses, gold and silver but he added that "Chairman Mao did not tell him [Chen Yi] where that place was". On Sept 25th, Lin Biao & Xiao Jingguang, in a wire to Luo Ronghuan, emphasized the importance of preventing the 100,000 Shandong Prov Communist army from desertation. An example of the extent of desertation would be Zhang Zhenglong's citation of Huang Kecheng's Nov 15th 1945 telegraph in which Huang disclosed that 3rd Div of Northern Jiangsu Prov army had retained about 28,000 soldiers out of the original size of 32500 upon arrival at eastern Hebei Prov. Zhang Zhenglong cited the CCP Central order of secrecy dated Sept 2nd as another cause, which was to avoid divulsion of scheme to the Nationalist government. On Oct 1st, 300 Communist cadres, including "Rectification Movement" offenders, walked their way towards Manchuria. On Oct 7th, Liu Shaoqi ordered that Lin Biao, who was originally dispatched to eastern Hebei Prov, depart for Manchuria immediately. 
Mao Tse-tung returned to Yenan on Oct 11th. Zhang Zhenglong pointed out that by early Oct, Xiao Hua, with administrative staff of Communist Shandong Military District, arrived at Andong [Dandong], i.e., Yalu River mouth; that Sha Ke's 31st regiment of Ji-zhong [Central Hebei Prov] arrived in Jinzhou; Wan Yi, with Northeast Penetration Contingent of about 3500 soldiers, came to Panshi, Hailong, Dongfeng & Xifeng; and Luu Zhengcao arrived at Shenyang with a regiment of about 600 soldiers. Further, Per ZZR, by late Oct, Wu Kehua & Peng Jiaqing, with two regiments of 6th & 5th Division of Communist Shandong Military District, arrived in Yingkou with 8000 soldiers; Yang Guofu's Shandong 7th Div or 6000 soldiers, arrived at Shanhaiguan Pass; Liu Qiren's 6000 soldiers arrived at Gubeikou Pass; Liu Zhuanlian & Yan Fusheng's 359th brigade or 3000 soldiers arrived at Benxi & Hushun; Deng Keming's regiment from Ji-Lu-Yu [Hebei-Shandong-Henan] arrived in Shenyang; Wen Niansheng's constabulary brigade from Shaan-Gan [Shenxi-Gansu] came to Jinzhou with 3000 soldiers. On Oct 30th, at the suggestion of Liu Shaoqi, CCP established "Northeastern People's Autonomous Army", with Lin Biao conferred the post of commander-in-chief the next day and Luu Zhengcao, Li Yunchang, Zhou Baozhong and Xiao [J?]ingguan[g?] as deputy commanders. Peng Zhen, Luo Ronghuan and Cheng Zihua acted as CCP Bureau Commissars. Ten military districts were set up in Manchuria. Lin Biao, who returned to China from Moscow on Oct 20th, was recorded to have picked Communist cadres for Manchuria. The reason that Communists had to dispatch large number of cadres to Manchuria was that Manchurian people, who were under 15 years of Japanese colonial rule, had straightforward longing & loyalty for Nationalist government without knowing any Nationalist evil while Communists had basically perished under stringent Japanese crackdown. Per ZZR, in early Nov, Luo Ronghuan led 4000 Shandong district army to Andong; and Luo Huasheng led 7500 soldiers from Shandong 2nd Division to Shenyang. In mid-Nov, Liang Xingchu's Shandong 1st Div, about 7500 soldiers, came to Jinzhou, and Tian Song's 1000 soldier contingent arrived at Mudanjiang. By mid-late Nov, Huang Kecheng led 3rd Division of New Fourth Army, about 32,000 soldiers, to Jinzhou. In late Nov, Huang Yongsheng, with 3000 teaching brigade soldiers from Yenan, arrived at Rehe. In early Dec, Luo Shunchu's Shandong 3rd Div, and police 3rd brigade from Lu-zhong [central Shandong Prov], about 9000 soldiers, came to Shenyang & Anshan. 1000 students from Yenan's "Resistance Military & Political University" and 1000 students from Yenan Cannons Institute came to southern Manchuria. Feng Zhijun stated that CCP possessed 110,000 troops in Manchuria, comprising of Luo Ronghuan's 60,000 Shandong army and Huang Kecheng's New Fourth Army 3rd Division of 35000 army. Zhang Zhenglong estimated the number at about 107000. In addition, over 20000 cadres entered Manchuria. KMT-CCP Antagonism, Negotiations & Confrontations Elsewhere in the country, Chinese Communist forces withdrew from Guangdong Prov with the help of American Marines. Guerilla forces in Zhejiang Prov crossed the Yangtze for relocation to Jiangsu Province. Communist armies, i.e., Eight Route Army & New Fourth Army, relocated northward district by district for sake of sending contingents into Manchuria. 
In northern China, Communist forces mounted several campaigns against Nationalist government herald forces. The notable success would be the routing of Gao Shuxun's army.
Back in the summer of 1943, Chiang Kai-shek suddenly relocated Sun Lianzhong's 31st Corps to south of Yangtze to be under the 6th War Zone. Sun Lianzhong, commander of 2nd group army under 5th War Zone, was in charge of 31st & 68th corps. Li Zongren persuaded Sun Lianzhong into obeying the order by citing the prospect of "going back to farm fields" after the war was to end soon.
After Japanese surrendered in Aug 1945, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Sun Lianzhong be the chair of Hebei Prov but prohibited Sun Lianzhong from taking his troops to the north. Sun's 31st Corps was handed over to Hu Zongnan, while Sun Lianzhong brought Gao Shuxun's troops to the north along Ping-Han Railway.
Gao Shuxun's army would soon be surrounded by Communist forces.
When Gao Shuxun defected to the Communists, Sun Lianzhong arrived in Peking to be a "bald commander".
Guangdong Prov Anhui Prov Henan Prov Shanxi Prov Shandong Prov Li Yannian's 2nd Corps returned to Shandong from Wuhu via Jin-Pu Railway in September 1945. From the sea, Li Mi's 8th Corps arrived at Qingdao in the footsteps of American Marines in early October. While Nationalist government set provincial capital at Jian, Communist Shandong Military District and provincial government decided to set their capital and base at Linyi which was once defended by Pang Bingxun during the 1938 Battle of Taierzhuang. In early September, right after Japanese Yizhou Division-conglomerate of 43rd Army evacuated Linyi for the provincial capital, Luo Ronghuan's Communist forces descended upon the city. One regiment of puppet Shandong constabulary managed to defend against the Communist onslaught for twenty days till the 40-Chinese-feet citywall was blasted apart. After Communist takeover, Xiao Hua & Luo Ronghuan's Communist Eight Route Armies were called for duty in Manchuria, yielding the control to Chen Yi, Rao Shushi & Zhang Yunyi's Communist New Fourth Army. Linyi, i.e., Communist second Yenan, became a liaison and diplomatic nexus for the American military advisers and mediators from coastal Qingdao. In Shandong Prov, Communists already penetrated puppet army led by Hao Pengju [who surrendered to Japanese in 1941 to be governor of Huaihai Prov under Wang Jingwei]. Per ZZR, by 1942, two division chiefs out of four were undercover Communists. In Jan 1945, Americans and Chinese Communists held a talk in regards to a loan of 20 million US dollars in exchange for the Communist lease of Lianyungang Harbor. When Yalta Agreement stipulated that USSR was to lease Port Arthur and Dalian, the Chinese Communists backed off from the offer of Lianyungang to US. Further, Communists declined Wedemeyers request to facilitate US agents' travel to Shandong Prov. After the Japanese surrender, Hao Pengju nominally accepted Chiang Kai-shek's conferral of commander of 6th Route Army, but secretly reported to Communist general Chen Yi and Lao Shushi. 
When US sent agent John Birch [Bo-qi] to Shandong, Hao Pengju turned over Chiang Kai-shek's telegraph to the Communists.
Communist forces intercepted Birch's team, and later on Aug 25th, murdered him.
Before John Birch [Bo-qi] Incident, Communists, in May 1945, detained 4 American agents in Fuping. After Wedemeyer protested against Mao Tse-tung & Zhou Enlai, Communists released the team on Sept 8th. Separately, another US team sent to Bohai Bay was detained by Communist forces on Aug 31st 1945. Trilateral Truce Panel & People's Political Consultative Conference Trilateral Truce Panel, comprising of Zhang Qun (KMT), Zhou Enlai (CCP) and Marshall (US), held its first meeting on Jan 7th 1946 and issued First Truce Order on Jan 10th demanding that all parties stop actions on the midnight of Jan 13th, with an exception that Government troops continue to march on to Manchuria for taking over custody from Russians. The first major concession by Chiang Kai-shek would be to abandon Jehol and the city of Chihfeng [Chifeng] to the Communists after Marshall visited Chiang Kai-shek and then called on Zhou Enlai for midnight sessions on Jan 9th 1946. By retaining Chifeng of Jehol and Tolun [Duolun] of Chahar, Zhou Enlai successfully kept open the linkage of Communists in North China and Manchuria. Zhou Enlai's excuse for wrestling over Chihfeng was that Communist troops were already in control of the city. Later, it was discovered that no Communist troops were present before the offer. Zhang Zhenglong, in "Snow White, Blood Red", repeatedly touted the term of "last battle" before the midnight of Jan 13th and emphasized that Nationalist government troops and CCP troops, in one place of Manchuria, had engaged in the "last battle" 1-2 days beyond the midnight of Jan 13th. Possibly, the Communist soldiers and troops in Manchuria had misread the order of First Truce as being applied to the entire nation. In deed, there was no "last battle" in Manchuria since Communist troops, after Chihfeng, moved into Jining & Yingkou. Four trilateral truce panels were dispatched on Jan 14th. In Peking area, CCP and Government troops were ordered to pull back by 30 kilometers, respectively. Xu Zhen wrote that once Government troops pulled back, Communist insurgents filled in the vacuum. (Russians, per original agreement, had promised to stay in Manchuria for only three months and should begin withdrawal beginning from 6th week onward, but they delayed their departure for sake of pillaging as well as providing cover for CCP. The pretext to prolong their stay was exacerbated by Chinese request for a delay so that Russians would not hand over control to the Communists. To create an artificial friendship, Jiang Jingguo suggested that his stepmother, i.e., Mme Chiang Kai-shek, paid a solicitude visit: on Jan 22nd, Mme Chiang flew over to Changchun via the presidential plane piloted by Yi Fuen, and visited the Russians the second day.) 
Also on Jan 14th 1946, under the pressure of Marshall, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [CPPCC] was held in Nanking, with participants from KMT, CCP, Youth Party, Democratic League, and various social activists. CPPCC, by the end of Jan, reached five resolutions. Chiang Kai-shek's statement of observing CPPCC resolutions was published on Central Daily Newspaper on Feb 1st, in which he promised to reorganize the joint government [i.e., coalition government] and accused regional powers and private armies of being pseudo-democracy and anti-democracy. During and after CPPCC, Chiang Kai-shek's secret agents had intruded into the residencies of Huang Yanpei & Zhang Shenfu (i.e., leaders of Democratic League - either sympathizers to the Communist cause or undercover Communist agents), disturbed populace celebration of the CPPCC resolutions, inflicted physical injuries to celebration meeting assemblers, including Guo Moruo, Ma Yinchu, Shi Fuliang, and Li Gongpu etc. KMT agents also sabotaged CCP's New China Daily Newspaper agency as well as Democratic League's Min-sheng [People's Livelihood] Newspaper agency. On Feb 23rd, Zhang Lan wrote to Chiang Kai-shek with a request that KMT agents be disbanded, while Chiang Kai-shek, per Tang Zong's Diaries, instructed that Democratic League was CCP's running dog. Dai Li, i.e., KMT chief of secret agents, would die in a plane accident shortly thereafter. (Many of those Democratic League leaders would suffer from Communist persecutions during the Anti-Rightist Movement later.) Marshall set up a separate Military Panel comprising of KMT rep Zhang Zhizhong and CCP rep Zhou Enlai. On Feb 24th, Marshall had two parties agree to contracting Government troops to 90 divisions and CCP to 18 divisions within 12 months, to be followed by Phase II Compression. Phase II Compression would supposedly compress the total national army to 60 divisions or 20 corps, with Government troops reduced to 50 divisions and CCP forces to 10 divisions. A limitation of no more than 14,000 staff and soldiers was set for each division. Other than army, Nationalist government wartime training schools and academies were ordered to be shut down. Hu Zongnans 7th Branch of Whampoa Military Academy, which had trained 7 sessions of 15th-22nd or about 25,014 cadets in addition to 12,303 graduates for 33 Nationalist government troops units and organizations, forwarded the last class of students to Whampoa Academy's headquarters in Chengdu of Sichuan Province. Liu Ruming was called to Chongqing for a shrinkage meeting at which General Wedemeyer had made a speech. Shortly after returning to his garrison, Liu Ruming received an order to dismiss one third of his army. Nationalist government initiated "Phase I Downsizing" on March 16th 1946 with a target of compression to ten corps for First Military District. First Military District, which enjoyed 5 group armies or 13 corps at the peak, had already downsized since Japanese surrender, with i) 16th & 3rd Corps of 34th Group Army assigned to 11th Military District in Hebei Province and ii) three divisions of 89th Corps reorganized into 15th Corps for subordination to 5th Military District. During the resistance war, hundreds of thousands of soldiers had been allocated to Burma Expedition Forces. Hu Zongnan's First Military District of 4 group armies [4th, 31st, 37th & 38th] or 10 corps had revoked 26 regiments, with about 27,500 soldiers dispatched home with allowances. Xu Zhen wrote that while Government troops were contracting, CCP continued to expand their army ranks by hiring former puppet Wang Jingwei government soldiers. In Manchuria, Russian soldier killed Chinese engineer Zhang Xinfu in the process of dismantling equipment. Alternative writings pointed out that the Chinese Communists, with Russian arrangement, deliberately expelled Zhang Xinfu and his team out of Luushun and then murdered them with bayonets halfway to Shenyang. Altogether, Communist troops bayoneted eight Chinese engineers and mining industry officials near Luushun, including Zhang Xinfu, after sparing the platoon of railway police whom the Russians claimed belonged to the Southern Manchurian Railway. Li Shenzhi, recalling a massive nationwide protest movement against USSR in early 1946, pointed out that elementary and middle school students in the countryside of Chengdu-Chongqing waved flags denouncing Russian barbarity. Meantime, CCP-controlled "New China Daily Newspaper", in its Chongqing edition, published an article entitled "Patriotism Is Not Equal To Excluding Foreigners [i.e., Russians]". Communist students, who had launched Dec 1st 1945 student protest in Kunming just one month ago, would refrain from denouncing Russian killing, pillaging and raping in Manchuria. Nationalist Government Troops Recovering Manchuria For Manchuria, Chiang Kai-shek had conferred the post of director for "Northeast Military Office" onto Xiong Shihui, the post of security commander onto Du Yuming and deputy post onto Zheng Dongguo. Xiong Shihui arrived in Changchun with about 100 entourage on Oct 2nd 1945, but he was basically restrained in office by Russians who guarded his office. However, Government troops did not get to take control of Manchuria as a result of Russian interference and eight month Russian occupation. Pseudo-history website like http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Chinese-Civil-War and pseudo-encyclopedia website like wikipedia claimed that "later in the year [1945] Chiang Kai-shek came to the painful realization that he lacked the resources to prevent a CCP takeover of Manchuria following the scheduled Soviet departure, he therefore made a deal with the Russians to delay their withdrawal until he had moved enough of his best-trained men and modern materiel into the region." Truth is that Stalin had at one time demanded that both USSR and US withdraw from China at the same time. Original agreement called for Russian withdrawal by Nov 14th 1945 [Dec 3rd Per ZLA]. After Chiang Kai-shek, on Nov 7th, dispatched several planes to Changchun to pick up stranded Chinese officials as a protest against Russians, China and USSR reached an agreement, and announced the new deadline of Jan 3rd for final Russian withdrawal. Russians approved the air delivery of Chinese troops to Changchun & Shenyang, acknowledged Xiong Shihui's "Military HQ" office and agreed to station a liaison officer inside of the office building, at the expense of Chinese concession that industries in Manchuria were Russian bounty. Vehicles were provided to Chinese, a train was allocated for fetching coal from Jiutai county, and a command center was set up in the airport for preparation of Chinese troop arrival. CCP harassed Ping-Han [Peking-Wuhan] railroad lines and raided Nationalist army positions in Shanxi, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces, effectively bringing down the communication and railways in northern China. Luushun & Dalian being leased to Russians, the seaport available to Government troops would be Yingkou and Huludao which the American Navy, under Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey, had abandoned to the Communists since on November 2, 1945. Claiming that Manchuria did not belong to truce area, CCP mounted major campaigns in Manchuria, taking over Yingkou on the coast, Sipingjie, Changchun, Harbin, Andong, Jilin and Qiqihar [Qiqihaer] etc. CCP forces refused American marines and American transport ships with Nationalist army soldiers from going ashore. CCP received Japanese weapons depot from Russians and established various governments, including the Russian-restricted areas inside of Dairen & Port Arthur. Apparently fallacious would be Zhang Zhenglong's Snow White, Blood Red repeatedly-mentioned term "Last Battle", a battle call which was relayed to each and every Communist fighting unit in Manchuria for wrestling over control of positions from the Nationalist Army inside of Manchuria. George Marshall had apparently left out Manchuria due to possibly three factors: 1) Marshall's possible blindfolding by Russian & Comintern conspiracies in Manchuria; 2) Chinese Communists' denial of its secretive operation in Manchuria; and 3) Nationalist Government's taking advantage of the fuzzy status quo in Manchuria for taking over Manchuria from USSR per the friendship treaty under American auspice and sponsorship. Campaign of Linyu & Shanhaiguan Pass General Liu Yuzhang, who had been dispatched to Haiphong of Vietnam for accepting Japanese surrender, received instructions that his 2nd Division, together with 25th Division at Haiyang and 195th Division at Jianjun, would be going to Manchuria by riding on American Seventh Fleet warships. The actual trip was delayed several times when Americans first failed to obtain Russian approval to dock at Dairen [Dalian] and then were obstructed by Chinese Communist troops at Yingkou. On November 4th 1945, Liu Yuzhang went ashore at Qinhuangdao, a coastal resort just to the south of Mountain & Sea Pass and the Great Wall. At about the same time, Shi Jue's 13th Corps also arrived at Qinhuangdao. 25th Division of 52nd Corps joined the 13th Corps in launching a circumvential attack at the pass. On Nov 22nd, Du Yuming convened a military meetings to appraise the campaign accomplishments of five government divisions from 13th & 52nd Corps and congratulated the 2nd Division on taking over three cities in one single day. Two days after taking over Jinzhou, 52nd Corps was ordered to attack Heishan and Beizhen. Battle of Qianwei-Suizhong Battle of Huluodao Battle of Jinzhou On Nov 19th, Russian Red Army notified CCP Northeastern Bureau that Russians intended to hand over cities to Nationalist government once the Government troops arrived. With Mao Tse-tung falling ill since return from Chongqing on Oct 11th, Liu Shaoqi took charge again by ordering on Nov 20th that Lin Biao yield the right-of-way along major railroad lines and cities. On Nov 28th, Liu emphasized again the importance of establishing Communist bases in eastern, northern and western Manchuria. On Dec 6th, Jiang Jingguo & Zhang Jiaao held another round of talks with Russian generals, including Malinovsky. Russians emphasized that they had retained Manchukuo railway management and employees [including Japanese board of directors], and [unilaterally] re-established the railway company [on Sept 22nd] per Sino-Russian friendship treaty that stipulated a time period of 30 years of Sino-Russian mutual administration. Zhang Lingao claimed that Jiang Jingguo had been reaffirmed what Russians had agreed upon while in Moscow. Zhao Junmai, under Russian escort, went over to Changchun cityhall for establishing authority. Communist forces withdrew from Changchun city center on Russian demand. Subsequently, Dong Wenqi assumed the mayor post at Shenyang, and Yang Chunan at Harbin. Though, Russians refused to allow Chinese officials enter Port Arthur [Luushun] and Dalian. At the pressure of Communist forces, Dong Wenqi and Yang Chunan soon fled their posts once Russians exited towards northern Manchuria. In mid-Dec, Jiang Jingguo flew to Changchun with Du Yuming & Wang Shuming, and held another talk with Russian commander. Russians claimed that they, having withdrawn from Shanhaiguan-Yingkou-Huludao-Jinzhou, now began the phase of withdrawing from Shenyang-Changchun-Harbin. Russians agreed to allow one Chinese mechanized division airlifted to the outskirts of Changchun. Per ZLA, Jiang Jingguo instructed Du Yuming etc that China should befriend the Russians so that Chinese Communists would not be able to find a crack in between. Having dismissed the economic loss to Russians as merely Japanese operations, Jiang Jingguo stated that Qi Shiying, i.e., an anti-USSR party official, was sent back to Chongqing at his request as a warning to other stubborn anti-USSR people [e.g., Xiong Shihui & Jin Zhen]. As an appreciation of Jiang Jingguo's cooperation [and hospitality in hosting luxurious banquets on daily basis], Russians sent over four cases of Brandy & French wine, and bragged that they obtained them from Germans who in turn looted from the French. On Dec 7th, Liu Shaoqi warned Lin Biao and Cheng Zihua Per FZJ, and on Dec 24th, Liu Shaoqi warned Peng Zhen against attempt at controlling big cities like Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin. On Dec 28th, Mao Tse-tung, having recovered from illness a bit, reaffirmed Liu Shaoqi's standgrounds. By late 1945, CCP military forces amounted to 220,000 in Manchuria Per FZJ. Battle of Beining-Heishan-Beizhen Battle of Chaoyang Battle of Huxin-Haizhou On Dec 25th, Liu Yuzhang's 2nd Division converged upon Anbao [Zhenanbao] of Beizhen, i.e., former beacon tower of Ming Dynasty's great wall against Manchu. After that, Liu Yuzhang's troops were trucked to Nuerhe of Jinzhou for deployment to Rehe to the west. Li Zefen, i.e., 5th Div Chief under Nationalist government 94th Corps, inspected Changchun Airport, and then told Jiang Jingguo that he would rather go to Tianjin than delivering himself to the mouth of Communists. Xiong Shihui, seeing that Government troops refuse to come over, then ordered that two regiments of constabulary forces [led by Xu Genyang & Liu Defu] be delivered to Changchun from Peking. At the time Russians withdrew from Changchun, Nationalist government officials fled the city for a second time. Two regiments of soldiers, who were formerly puppet forces around Peking, were disarmed by the Communists. Battle of Lingyuan-Pingquan Battle of Jianping Truce In Rehe & Communist Siege of Nationalist Army 5D of 13C At Guozangzi Battle of Shaling It was on March 13th 1946 that Nationalist 52nd Corps took over custody of Shenyang from the Russians and began to push on towards Sipingjie city. By late March, Sun Liren's New First Corps arrived at Qinhuangdao from Southeast Asia & Southern China via American warships. Then Government troops pushed towards Changchun along the railroad. Prior to this relocation, Dong Zhujun managed to bribe Nationalist Army contacts to have his son return home for a visit, hence escaping the fate of being dispatched to Manchuria. Manchuria was to become the graveyard for Nationalist Army's best-trained and best-equipped armies which had been the most valiant forces fighting the Japanese aggressors in Burma-Vietnam Theater. Chiang Kai-shek, after loss of Manchuria, once complained that it was the Americans who had pushed Chiang Kai-shek into Manchuria for counter-balancing USSR, stating that the original intention was to retain control of Jinzhou city only. In whole area of Manchuria, Government troops possessed New 1st Corps, New 6th Corps, and 52nd Corps. To counter Communists, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Sun Du lead 60th Corps & 92nd Corps of Dian-jun [Yunnan Prov native army] to Manchuria. Sun Du was the group army commander of Lu Han's Dian-jun which was shipped over from Haiphong of Vietnam. However, Du Yuming broke apart 60th Corps & 92nd Corps to make Sun Du a nominal commander by dispatching Zhang Chong's corps to Jilin Prov. Li Ao, a critic of KMT in Taiwan, commented that Chiang Kai-shek's toppling Yunnan Prov chair Long Yun had cost him the later defection of Dian-jun army to Communists in Manchuria. (Li Ao also commented that Chiang Kai-shek had time and again declined Roosevelt's offer of making Vietnam a trustee country to be controlled by China while frustrating Long Yun and his Dian-jun's ambitions in Vietnam & Burma where they fought Japanese valiantly. Chiang Kai-shek also declined US's request for dispatching 50000 Chinese occupation forces to Japan.) Russian Red Army first withdrew from Changchun on April 14th 1946. 30,000 Communist forces promptly took over positions from the Russians. On May 3rd 1946, Russian Red Army left Manchuria with full loads of bounty. By the end of 8 months (against USSR's original stipulation of 3 weeks to 3 months), Chinese Communists had already absorbed 300,000 puppet Manchukuo army and developed into half million strong force from the original contingent of less than 20,000. Nationalist government declared a return to Nanking the capital on May 5th 1946. Battle of Sipingjie The new order from Northeast Military Headquarters was for N1C and N6C to attack to the north and south respectively, while 52C to attack Hushun to the east beginning from March 19th. In Manchuria, Government troops, New 1st Corps and 71st Corps, under Liang Huashen, began attack at Sipingjie in early April. On April 3rd, N1C arrived at Changtu. Near Quandou, Communist forces had dug in, from Hushizi area to the east to Xinglongling Ridge to the west, and Jijialing and Hongshanbao to the south. Facing 50D of N1C would be Communist crack force 7th Brigade of 3rd Division, consisting of 19th, 20th and 21st Regiments, while the Communist force facing N38D of N1C would be Communist 10th Brigade. Every Communist brigade had Japanese mountain guns, every regiment had five mortars, every battalion four heavy machineguns, and every company six light machineguns. On 7th, 113th Regiment of N38D took over Xinglongquan. By 4:00 pm, over ten thousand Communist soldiers appeared in front of Sun Weimin's battalion. Meanwhile, Zhong Shan's battalion was completely surrounded by Communist troops. After midnight, N38D HQ, which was about eight kilometers to the south of Xinglongquan, was attacked by the Communist force from the east. After beating off Communist assaults overnight, Sun Weimin's battalion gunned down altogether seven waves of Communist "human sea attacks" from three directions, with each wave consisting of three consecutive echelons of about one hundred men or one company formation in each direction. It was soon discovered that the people charging at machineguns of government troops were mostly plaincoated civilians wearing cart-driver coats, melon-shaped hats and black pants. (Communist records fallaciously claimed that Lin Biao directed the Battle of Quandou with Wan Yi's "zong dui", 1st Division, 8th & 10th Brigades of 3rd Division, totaling twelve regiments. Skipping the "human wave" attack, Communist records claimed to have 'merely' destroyed four whole companies of N38D as a result of the slack encirclement. ) By 9:00 am, on April 8th, Northeast Military HQ passed on information that Lin Biao had come south with three Communist "zong dui" or 40,000 men in the attempt of wiping out N1C; that two "zong dui" were attacking government troops in Xinglongquan and one "zong dui" pushing through the railway between Xin-changtu and Jiu-changtu; that uniformed Communist troops belonged to Lin Biao's troops from Northern China or Koreans; and that Japanese prisoners of wars were manning the Communist machineguns. 
With 113th Regiment in perilous situation, Li Hong ordered that 112th Regiment came to the aid from east of Liao-he River, while Li Hong himself led 114th Regiment head-on towards the Communist troops that came through the crack between Xin-changtu and Jiu-changtu.
On 10th, N1C pushed towards Shuangmiaozi, with N30D and N38D moving side by side. With Zhang Jiezhi's Regiment attacking the Communist flank to the west, Communist forces retreated on the morning of April 10th. Luo Ronghuan had obtained eight trains of munitions and medicine from Russians in Dairen, shipped the goods to Korea by sea, and then transported via the international railway to Meihekou where the CCP Northeast Bureau was seated. However, government airplanes bombed 260 carriages of supplies to ashes on April 28th per Communist records. --Whether it was wise for Nationalist Troops to enter Manchuria at all could be validated by the Russian link. Should Manchuria be abandoned to CCP in the very beginning, CCP would very well be able to mobilize millions of army in a matter of months to pose a threat to China Proper instead of years later. As Communist documents ascertained, the more landlords they killed in the 'land reform', the more army they could recruit, no matter it was the populace's belief in guaranteeing the fruits of victory voluntarily or the populace's involuntary action of taking up arms against the opposite class for fear of reprisals by the "brigands who returned to hometowns". Chiang Kai-shek's faults lied in the incompetent generals like Du Yuming and treacherous generals like Wei Lihuang. On April 21st, at dawn, N30D launched an attack at Sipingjie City by treading over the open paddy rice fields and incurred heavy casualty under the blasting of Communist cannons from the blockhouses and trenches inside the city which was rising towards the northeast in multiple gradients. On May 3rd, Northeast Military HQ approved a suspension of the campaign against Sipingjie. Zheng Dongguo was at one time dispatched to Sipingjie frontline for directing the campaign in vain. At the suggestion of Du Yuming, Chiang Kai-shek sent four consecutive wires to the US for recalling Sun Liren back to China. At Northeast Military HQ, Du Yuming informed Sun Liren that Lin Biao's Communist forces possessed a total of seven "zong dui", two Korean-ethnic armies which were formerly Japanese Kwantung Army, one Japanese heavy machinegun division, and one Japanese 38-model cannons "Daitai". 
Sun Liren, upon return to N1C, held a meeting with Deputy Corps Chief Jia Youhui and Tactician Shi Shuo. With order to encircle and destroy Communist force to the north of Sipingjie in collaboration with 71C to the left and N6C to the right, Sun Liren revised the layout of 50D, N30D and N38D. Pan Yukun's 50D was ordered to launch a frontal attack at Hafutun; Tang Shouzhi's N30D was to attack the northside of Sipingjie as the right flank; and Li Hong's N38D was to circumvent to the hind of the Communist forces as the left flank. Battle was to start on 16th, with a deadline to securing Sipingjie within four days. (Communist records fallaciously claimed that Sipingjie was an empty city when Sun Liren sacked it, in the same way as Yenan was claimed to be when it was sacked by Hu Zongnan in March 1947. )
After reading newspaper reports that N6C had taken over Sipingjie, Sun Liren called over reporters for a rebuke, saying, "Are you guys seeking for a chaos of the land under the Heaven?" Sun Liren Biography pointed out that at the Battle of Sipingjie, N1C, facing a Communist army group of over 100,000, had killed 25,000 enemies and captured alive 623 at a self death toll of 45 officers and 1025 soldiers as well as 249 missing troops, 95 officers and 2002 soldiers wounded. Lin Biao's Communist troops consisted of 7th, 8th & 10th Brigades of 3rd Division; three regiments from 1st Division; 12th, 24th, 19th and 22nd Brigades; Independent 1st & 7th Brigades; Constabulary 20th & 1st Brigades; and Righteous & Brave Regiment of 7th Division. On basis of "Military Documentation Regarding Three Years Of Liberation War In The Northeast", Communist 7th Brigade of Huang Kecheng's 3rd Division had 3000 soldiers left after Sipingjie Campaign; Wan Yi's 3rd Division had 4-5000 soldiers left out of the original 13,000; Liang Xingchu's 1st Division had 5000 left; Luo Huasheng's 2nd Division still retained fighting capability; Deng Hua's Constabulary 1st Brigade was heavily damaged; 8th & 10th Brigades of 3rd Division [? constabulary] were badly mauled as well; and Yang Guofu's 7th Division suffered heavy casualty, too. (Deliberately off-the-records would be Korean & Japanese mercenaries of former Japanese Kwantung Army that was sorted out by Russians for deployment against Chinese government troops. Two so-called "Inner-Mongolian Cavalry Divisions" would appear later in Oct-Nov 1947 Jinzhou Campaign.) Prof Chen Yongfa explained the reasons that Communist forces resisted Nationalist Army fiercely at Sipingjie instead of following the policy of "yielding the main road and occupying the two sides": CCP intended to retain big cities as a bargaining chip with Nationalist government. (However, Fang Zhijun's writings on Liu Shaoqi pointed out that Lin Biao had refused to obey the order as to yielding the main cities.) Government troops took over Benxi, Sipingjie and Gongzuling consecutively. With Changchun still in Communist hands, Zhou Enlai proposed to George Marshall that the city be made a trustee territory under CCP-KMT joint management. By May 23rd 1946, Government troops took over Changchun from Communists even though a so-called "trilateral truce panel", comprising of CCP, KMT and US, was sitting at Shenyang. On May 24th, at Shenyang, Chiang Kai-shek had Song Meiling authorize a letter to Marshall in regards to renewing peace talk with CCP with three conditions which CCP leader Zhou Enlai had basically accepted. Battle of Hushun Battle of Benxi Communist Anshan-Haicheng Campaign Xiao Hua & Cheng Zihua's Communist 4th "zong dui", which had fled Benxi in early May, launched the Anshan-Haicheng Campaign by attacking 184th Division of 60th Corps along the Southern Segment of China Eastern Railway on the night of May 23rd. With 184th Division besieged by Communist force in Southern Manchuria, Du Yuming ordered that N30D & N38D of N1C immediately go south on the night of May 24th. With Chiang Kai-shek approval, Sun Liren obtained a break of three days for N38D by citing the non-stop feats at Sipingjie and Changchun. On the afternoon of 25th, Haan Xianchu's Communist forces sacked Anshan. On May 28th, Communist force surrounded Haicheng. 184th Division Chief Pa Shuoduan, with some remnant of one regiment, defected to the Communist camp. On June 2nd, Haan Xianchu took over Dashiqiao. (Communist records claimed to have killed 1200 government troops, caught alive 2104, and instigated Pan Shuoduan and 2700 soldiers into an uprising.) On June 8th, N38D went to Gongzuling where they took train for Anshan. In southern Liaoning Province, Communist forces totaling close to 80,000, with two local compositions of Li Hongguang's "Korean Detachment" and Zhang Xuesi's column. Zhang Xuesi, i.e., a brother of Zhang Xueliang, had his base in Haicheng, while Li Hongguang, in charge of two ethnic-Korean Divisions under Japanese Kwantung Army, was pushing their way northward. (Deliberately off-the-records would be Korean & Japanese mercenaries of former Japanese Kwantung Army that was sorted out by Russians for deployment against Chinese government troops.) Campaign of Western Rehe & Eastern Chahar Battle of Chifeng Battle of Andong Second & Third Truce Orders On April 14th 1946, Russian Red Army first withdrew from Changchun after a delay. Stalin had at one time demanded that both USSR and US withdraw from China at the same time. 30,000 Communist forces promptly took over Changchun positions from the Russians. On May 3rd 1946, Russian Red Army left Manchuria with full loads of bounty. By May 23rd 1946, Government troops, pushing against Communist forces, took over Changchun even though a so-called "trilateral truce panel", comprising of CCP, KMT and US, was sitting in at Shenyang. On May 24th, at Shenyang, Chiang Kai-shek had Song Meiling authorize a letter to Marshall in regards to renewing peace talk with CCP with three conditions which CCP leader Zhou Enlai had basically accepted. Communist China's crony from Taiwan, Li Ao, commented that Chiang Kai-shek had no clue as to what adversary he was facing and should know that he was no opponent of Mao Tse-tung since KMT, never having destroyed CCP ten years ago with a strength ratio of 10:1, would be doomed in fighting against relatively well-equipped Communists at a ratio of 3-4:1. Li Ao concluded that Chiang Kai-shek had too much superstition in his US-equipped armed forces, airforce and navy. Meanwhile, inside of US, Chinese friends in the Congress as well as in the missionary circle had tried to help China: In June 1946, US Congress passed the Act of Military Aid For China; on July 16th, US gave Nationalist Government 271 warships and miscellaneous ships; and on Aug 31st, US sold war time 800 million worth of surplus equipment to China at 20% discount. However, the Comintern agents and anti-Chinese-nationalism gang inside of US State Department did everything possible to sabotage the efforts at aiding China. When State Department refused export license to ROC government's order to buy one-and-a-half billion rounds of small-arms ammunition in the summer of 1946, the British followed the same suit. Marshall's Arms Embargo & End of American Involvement In China Marshall deliberately flew back to China in May 1946 to stop Nationalist troops from chasing Communists north of the Sungari River. On May 29th, in southern Liaoning Prov, Communists mounted an offensive, and part of Dian-jun's 184th Division of 50th Corps defected to the Communists in Haicheng. Chiang Kai-shek did not return to Nanking till June 5th on which day he promised to have a truce for 10-15 days. Numerous Chinese generals and politicians failed to see the nature of the truce issued on June 6th 1946. Up to today, year 2005, Russians still refused to equate Marshall as possibly the Soviet mole in the top US military leadership as hinted in VENONA transcripts. Nevertheless, Marshall, per Prof Chen Yongfa, had ordered a cessation of military supplies for ten months in June of 1946. Freda Utley stated that "at the end of July 1946 General Marshall clamped an embargo on the sale of arms and ammunition to China... On August 18, 1946, President Truman issued an executive order saying that China was not to be allowed to acquire any 'surplus' American weapons 'which could be used in fighting a civil war'..." [page 13]. About this time, on June 28th, Acheson made a speech in New York, stating that "too much stress cannot be laid on the hope that our economic assistance be carried out in China through the medium of a government fully and fairly representative of all important Chinese political elements, including the Chinese Communists." [page 15] Meanwhile, Communists re-designed their spheres of influence into military districts. With balance tilted to the Communist side, Communist newspaper in Yenan, i.e., Liberation Daily, published an article against Americans on June 5th 1946 by demanding that America should stop fomenting civil wars in China. In early June, Chen Geng's Communist Tai-yue [Mt Taiyueshan] Military District of Southern Shanxi Province, with 9 brigades, launched a general strike at Nationalist government army positions in southern Shanxi. On June 19th, Communist side declined the Nationalist Government's proposal for military organization in Manchuria. On June 22nd, Lin Biao, i.e., Communist commander-in-chief for Manchuria, declined the request of Three Person Military Panel to enter the Communist-controlled territory in Manchuria. Communists' record claimed that Chiang Kai-shek declared on June 25th that Nationalist government military would take action within 24 hours, and the next day, on June 26th, Nationalist military pushed against the Communist Central Plains Liberated Area. Alternative Communist records cited by Yang Bichuan, however, pasted a picture of resourceful Li Xiannian who faked illness in the presence of the Three-Person Truce Panel and then jumped up to issue the order of a western expedition right after the American and Nationalist representatives left the scene. Also touted by the Communist side would be Zhou Enlai's personal visit of Li Xiannian's camp for the arrangement of shipping out over 2000 Communist wounded, cadres and family members. On June 26th 1946, Li Xiannian's Central Plains Communist Forces secretively converged upon Xuanhuadian of northeastern Hubei Province for a western breakout. On June 29th, Li Xiannian's Zhongyuan [Central Plains] Military District attacked Nationalist army positions in Hubei-Henan-Shaanxi borderline area. On 29th, Li Xiannian breached Nationalist Army's defense line for the west. Hu Zongnan's troops, after 53 days of fierce fighting along 700 kilometers of mountain roads and paths, reduced Li Xiannian's 16000 troops and Wang Zhen's 3000 troops to 200 remnants, respectively. Chiang Kai-shek, by the truce expiration date of June 29th, insisted one more concession from Communists, namely, CCP withdrawal from northern Jiangsu Province, per Lu Keng. By June 30th 1946, ceasefire over Manchuria, which Chiang Kai-shek had agreed to under the pressure of Marshall, expired. On July 1st, Zhou Enlai proposed to Marshall to have dual talks over political and military issues. At the insistence of Marshall, a five person truce panel continued to work on resolution on July 2nd. On July 2nd, Chiang Kai-shek called over Zhou for talks. Shao Lizi, Wang Shijie & Chen Cheng were present. Lu Keng pointed out that KMT-CCP peace talk had broken down over the "administrative ownership" of northern Jiangsu Province. Marshall suggested that United Nations take over northern Jiangsu Prov as a buffer zone, which Chiang Kai-shek declined as a violation of China's sovereignty. Chiang cursed Wang Shijie for this UN proposal. (Lu Keng naively made a discourse on the UN referral proposal while Communist side believed the conflict of Li Xiannian's Central Plains Communist Forces with Government troops had officially lit the fuse of a civil war per Yang Bichuan.) On July 7th, Communists issued a July 7th Proclamation in Yenan, demanding i) that America withdraw all its troops from China and ii) that Britain, US and Soviet Union re-assert the policy of non-interference in China's internal affairs. The next day, Communists sent over a protest to Nanking with rejection as to convening the National Assembly. In Aug, Liu Bocheng, with 150,000 Communist troops, harassed the areas of western Shandong Province and northern Henan Province. Marshalls Eight Trips to Mt Lushan Marshall followed Chiang Kai-shek onto Mt Lushan on July 14th. Marshall made nine trips to Mt Lushan from July to Sept 1946. More available at GeorgeMarshall-mediation-v0.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
On Dec 18th, Truman issued another statement, insisting that "peace" and "unity" were the conditions for Republican China to receive American financial aid, and furthermore emphasized that Byrnes, Molotov and Bevin, three foreign secretaries from US, Britain and Russia, had a consensus that China must be organized into a coalition government with Chinese Communists. In the farewell statement of Jan 7th 1947, Marshall expressed regret that the Chinese Communists "did not see fit to participate in the [National] Assembly" but understood that the Communists as having " 'good excuse' for their distrust of the Kuomintang leaders" [page 23]. 
In Peking, students launched a massive anti-America demonstration on Dec 30th under the Communist leadership. Nationwide, students echoed in support. The fuse was the purported rape of a female leftist student by the name of Shen Chong. Multiple reporters interviewed Shen Cong the victim and published conflicting accounts as to the 'rape'. While Marshall found himself 'mission over' finally, the Communist side no longer saw any utility in retaining the service of Americans, either.
Japan's Revival Under McArthur In Japan, McArthur, for making his control over Japan smooth and easy, had retained Japanese emperor as a symbol after nominally depriving him of deity and administrative power in the new constitution released on Nov 3rd 1946. To deflect criticisms by American politicians and Chinese government, McArthur organized several "inspection delegations" for visiting his experiment with 'democracy' in Japan. Chinese officials, believing that Japanese really wanted a 3rd world war, commented that McArthur's intent was merely against the USSR in reviving Japan. Lu Keng pointed out that China's occupation force for Japan was hindered by McArthur. Chinese embassy was also hindered by McArthur from being re-established in Japan. Similarly, McArthur obstructed Shao Yulin from going to Korea to establish legation. Ambassador Stuart's personal adviser Fu Jingbo later disclosed that Stuart had passed on Chinese resent over to McArthur. After Roy Howard delegation, McArthur asked Zhu Shiming to relay an invitation to China. From Feb 26th to March 15th 1947, Lu Keng participated in the tour of Japan. Gong Debai of "Salvation Daily" tried in vain to get a quota for visiting Japan, and blasted Nationalist government propaganda ministry over Lu Keng. Lu Keng noticed that Japanese were extremely obedient to McArthur, and bowed towards the delegation's train and American train with 90 degree courtesy. By Feb, Japanese exports had reached US$190,000,000 while imports 320,000,000, with the bulk of trade with US but threatening HK's cotton product market already. On Feb 28th, McArthur gave a reception to Chinese media people. Mrs McArthur talked about her appreciation of a jade cauldron that Xu Shichang gave her at the Japanese surrender ceremony, and further praised General Wu Peifu as patriotic. Japanese expressed their sentiment at a news conference held by "Asashi News" on March 9th, with the editor-in-chief offering Chinese only the black coffee on the pretext that Japan no longer had sugar after Taiwan was returned to China. When Lu Keng asked Japanese what they thought the war, Japanese mostly expressed repentance and furthermore expressed the only wish that China could help Japan on the matter of signing peace treaty as soon as possible. After visiting Hiroshima, the Chinese delegation went to Korea, and met with Jin Jiu [Kin Kau] who once expressed a wish to commit suicide so that both Russians and American would withdraw from Korea. Chinese had raised the demand in making Korea an independent country at 1943 Cairo Meeting. After return to China, Lu Keng's report on the affairs between Zhu Shiming and Li Xianglan [YAMAGUCHI Yoshiko] caused Chiang Kai-shek into angrily rescinding the post of delegation chief of the Chinese representative to Japan. (Zhang Ling'ao pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek had dismissed Zhu Shiming after Zhu's wife raised a complaint with Chiang Kai-shek.) Later, in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek rescinded successor Shang Zhen's post for his impregnating a Japanese maid. (Zhang Ling'ao claimed that Shang Zhen resigned his post in March 1949 for going into business in Japan.) Thereafter, Zhu Shiming resumed the post in Japan till he was dismissed again after his subordinates, like female writer Bing Xin, went back to Communist China. Manchuria, The Graveyard of Nationalist government Troops Du Yuming established 11 security columns and 9 security centers as local auxiliary forces, while Lin Biao was said to have hired hundreds of thousands of former Manchukuo puppet government soldiers. In Jan 1947, Lin Biao crossed Songhuajiang River to the south with 12 divisions, and destroyed three Sun Liren regiments within two months, including 113th regiment which was noted for accomplishments in Burma. - Sun Liren's fear since the 1937 Battle of Shanghai and the 1942 Burma Campaign had always been the piecemeal disposition of his troops. From June 1946 to Feb 1947, Government troops took over hundreds of cities from CCP; however, Government troops would be weakened as a result of spreading across multiple isolated cities. By March of 1947, Chiang Kai-shek had to adjust his strategy to "key attacks" from "wholescale attacks", i.e., campaigns against Communist forces on Shandong Peninsula and in Shenxi Home Base. (Communist records claimed that Hu Zongnan led 140,000 army against Yenan on March 13th. Feng Zhijun claimed that Hu Zongnan's "Xi'an Pacifying Military Office" possessed 34 brigades or 250000 soldiers, i.e., a Communist rhetoric.) In occupied territories of Manchuria, Nationalist government failed to revive the economy after most of the equipment had been dismantled by Russians. Nationalist government officers and officials were busy looking for pretty girls as wives or concubines. Corruption ran rampant when officers and officials, with Chinese Communist infiltrators included, embezzled properties from collaborators with Japanese as well as engaged in trade with the Chinese Communists. Chiang Kai-shek devised so-called "da [hit] hu [tiger] dui [special force]" for dealing with corrupt officials. Smuggling became a means for corrupt Nationalist government agents to get rich when Communist guerilla had to obtain commodities through blockades from the cities. Though, schools and colleges were re-opened. On Shandong Peninsula, CCP Eastern China Field Army (i.e., original New Fourth Army under Commander Chen Yi), headed by Su Yu, launched an elimination campaign against Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division with advance information from both spies inside of Nationalist government Defense Department and on the ground. Five "zong dui" were to lay siege of Zhang Lingfu, while another four "zong dui" were to impede the Nationalist government relief at Duozhuang. Zhang Lingfu was attacked right after he began to cross the Wen-shui River. On May 14th, Su Yu forced Zhang Lingfu onto Mt Menglianggu. Zhang Lingfu, while defending on the barren mountains, also suggested that Nationalist government armies converge upon Mt Menglianggu for a counter-encirclement. On May 15th, Li Tianxi and Huang Baitao still failed to get close to Zhang Lingfu. At 1:00 pm, on May 15th, Communist forces launched a general attack. Communist mortar caused heavy casualties onto 74th Division with shrapnel and flying stones, while Zhang Lingfu's cannon-pulling horses ran loose. Almost every hilltops changed hands numerous times. By the afternoon of 16th, Zhang Lingfu's remnants had held out on few hilltops. Communists, claiming a force of 100,000, totally destroyed 32,000 Government troops. Zhang Lingfu, Cai Renjie and Lu Xing committed suicide. Communist general Pi Dingjun was said to have buried Zhang Lingfu in a coffin. Campaign of Northern Liaoning Province - Defense Battle At Sipingjie By the middle of May 1947, Communist forces mounted a summer campaign against southern Manchuria and took over Huaide city. Nationalist government army's 88th Division of 71st Corps was destroyed while en route to the relief of Huaide. On May 26th, communists sacked Faku, and on 29th, sacked Changtu, posing direct threat to Shenyang. With four "zong dui", Lin Biao mounted a siege campaign against Sipingjie. On May 30th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang and adopted a defensive strategy. In mid-June, Communist forces, numbering 200,000, surrounded Sipingjie the midpoint between Shenyang and Changchun in a surprise move. Defending the city would be Chen Mingren's 71st Corps [lacking 91st Division] and 54th Division [lacking 162nd Regiment] of Shi Jue's 13th Corps. Initially, Chen Mingren ordered that Song Bangwen defended the old district to the east of the railway, with an order that no soldiers from 54D should cross he railway in any case. Under Lin Biao's intensive attacks, 71C fell back to the east side of the railway, and lost his brother to the Communist captivity. Song Bangwen, together with two regiment chiefs, defended the city house by house, and spread the beans on the field to create difficulty for Communist troops to charge. Nationalist government army dispatched 53rd Corps to Shenyang. New 1st Corps, and New 6th Corps also came to the relief. 54D then launched a counter-offensive from Sipingjie and successfully beat back Lin Biao's Communist troops at the Siege Battle of Sipingjie. Taking advantage of Communist debacle at the Battle of Sipingjie, Chen Cheng authorized counter-attacks which recovered the northern Jilin territories of Gongzuling, Lishu, Bamiancheng, Shangyang & Yitong and the northern Liaoning city of Xifeng. By August 1947, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Chen Cheng replace Xiong Shihui as director for Northeast Military District. Chen Cheng relocated 49th Corps to Manchuria from northern Jiangsu Prov; shortly afterward, however, 105th Division of 49th Corps was destroyed by Communists to the north of Jinzhou. Chen Cheng re-organized Du Yuming's local security forces into New 3rd Corps, New 5th Corps, New 7th Corps and New 8th Corps. In Oct 1947, Shanghai-San Francisco direct flight commenced. Chinese Aviation Company invited notables and reporters for a pilot flight, which included Zhao Minheng ["news newspaper"], Zhang Guoxun ["continental newspaper"], Fei Yimin ["grand public newspaper"], and Lu Keng ["central daily newspaper"] etc. The group visited Pearl Harbor, SF, NY, & DC. Marshall was back in US as secretary of state, and replied to Lu Keng on Nov 21st, with the following hints as to US aid: "... the United States Government continues to regard with concern the difficulties faced by the Government and people of China and is constantly considering what assistance it can appropriately extend which would be effective in lessening those difficulties..." With US having already cut aid to China, Tao Xisheng immediately published Marshall's letter on Nationalist government "Central Daily" for propping up the fighting spirits of Nationalist government. By mid-Oct, Communist troops, i.e., so-called "Northeast Democratic Allied Army", totaling 500,000, mounted a 50-day "autumn campaign" and destroyed about 70,000 Government troops. Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang again, and Chen Cheng acknowledged his dereliction. Chiang Kai-shek recalled Wei Lihuang back to China in Oct 1947 for sake of replacing Chen Cheng. However, Wei Lihuang, who was deprived of the post of deputy infantry commander and sent on an European tour in Nov 1946, had already contacted Chinese Communist agent in Europe and expressed a wish not to engage in fighting with Communists. Recent revelation claimed that Wei Lihuang intended to enroll in CCP, but CCP instructed that Wei Lihuang could contribute more to the CCP cause should he remain inside Nationalist government. Zhang Fuxing & Wang Yunfa's anthology, "Rise & Fall Of KMT Defeated Generals" (Military Science Publishing House, Beijing, China, 2002 edition), claimed that Wei Lihuang instructed Wang[1] Dezhao in sending telegraph to CCP while still in Paris. Communist "Northeast Democratic Allied Army" then renamed itself Northeast Field Army and launched a "winter campaign", with 2nd, 3rd, 6th & 7th "zong dui" [corps equivalent] and three cannons regiments. Chen Xinda's New 5th Corps, after sacking Paoziyan & Wenjiatai on Jan 3rd 1948, pushed forward against 200,000 Communist troops around Gongzhuling and surrounded Communist 7th "zong dui". Along the way, Communist 6th "zong dui" put up fight-and-retreat. On Jan 5th 1948, Communist troops, comprising of 2nd & 7th "zong dui" from Zhangwu to the north and 3rd "zong dui" from Shezishan to the east, initiated a counter-encirclement, whereas Nationalist government army New 6th Corps failed to receive order to go to the aid of New 5th Corps by the deadline of Jan 5th. Lin Biao separately assigned 1st, 4th & 10th "zong dui" to impeding Nationalist government army relief from Shenyang. Chen Xinda's troops, about 20,000 in total, fought on against the Communist troops through the villages of Gongzutun, Wangdaotun, Wenjiatai and Huangjiashan. By 7th, 5th Corps Command Center at Wenjiatai Village fell under Communist cannons. Chen Xinda, together with 43rd Division Chief Liu Guangtian and 195th Division Chief Xie Daizheng, would be caught alive by the Communists. After Wei Lihuang declined the post numerous times, even after Zhang Qun and Gu Zhutong etc personally visited him at the residency, Wei Lihuang suddenly agreed to taking on the task. Chiang Kai-shek made five promises, including 1) no dereliction accusation should Wei Lihuang fail to quell Communists, 2) Chen Cheng helping Wei Lihuang in controlling troops, 3) dispatchment of one more corps-conglomerate to Manchuria, 4) full airforce support, and 5) 3-4 more Corps for Manchuria by 1948. On Jan 17th, Wei Lihuang officially assumed the post for "Northeast Banditry Quelling General Command Headquarters", and arrived in Shenyang on Jan 22nd 1948. In Manchuria, Nationalist government army still possessed New 7th Corps and 60th Corps in Changchun, 9th Corps-Conglomerate [commanding New 1st, New 3rd, New 6th, and 49th Corps] in central Liaoning Prov, 52nd Corps and one corps of Zhou Fucheng's 8th Corps-Conglomerate in southern Liaoning Prov and Shenyang, and Dian-jun's 93rd Corps in Jinzhou. Other than that, there was Xiang Fengwu's 71st Corps under Liu Anqi's 7th Corps-Conglomerate. By the time Wei Lihuang arrived in Shenyang, "Communist winter campaign" was at the peak. Communist forces destroyed 1 Nationalist Corps and 8 divisions, totaling 156,000 men, and sacked 18 cities. (The number was wholesome and needs itemization.) One Nationalist army division defected to the Communists. Citing Communist losses in the siege of Sipingjie, Wei Lihuang deliberately adopted a strategy of "sitting out" by having his troops defend major cities like Shenyang, Changchun, Jinzhou and Huludao. Wei Lihuang regrouped 4 corps-conglomerates of 14 corps or 44 divisions, making Zheng Dongguo's 1st corps-conglomerate (about 6 divisions or 100,000 men) in charge of Changchun in the north, Fan Hanjie's 6th corps-conglomerate (about 14 divisions or 150,000 men) in charge of Jinzhou in the west, and 8th & 9th corps-conglomerates etc (about 300,000 men) in charge of Shenyang, Benxi, Fushun, Tieling and Xinmin in the middle. Though Wei Lihuang still possessed 550,000 men, they were dispersed in separate cities cut off from each other, with the city of Changchun to be under Communist siege till October 1948. Communist forces deliberately shot at civilians with machine guns for stopping civilians from leaving Changchun. The siege of Changchun city would cause over 300,000 civilians starved to death as a result of Communists' blockade of the city. ('Xue3 [snow] Bai [white], Xue4 [blood] Hong [red] by Zhang Zhenglong is a good reference book on this subject. Zhang Zhenglong cited multiple eyewitness accounts in pointing out that Communist army would only allow those Nationalist army soldiers to defect through the blockade with gun as a pass or allow the relatives and families of undercover Communist agents or colluding Nationalist army officers and officials to exit the vacuum belt. At the vacuum belt, innocent civilians who had died would echo with the sound of crack of the bloated bellies in the hot sunlight.) With coastal Yingkou taken and Bei-Ning [Northern Liaoning] Railway cut off by the Communists, Shenyang and Changchun had to rely upon airdrop for survival. Wei Lihuang's Refusal To Evacuate From Shenyang and Changchun With American nodding approval, Chiang Kai-shek began to implement the policy of retreating to Jinzhou and/or inside of Shanhaiguan Pass. However, Wei Lihuang repeatedly rebutted Luo Zekai & Li Shuzheng of Nationalist government National Defense Department, claiming that should his forces leave Shenyang, Communists would utilize three rivers of Liao-he, Daling-he and Raoyang-he in ambushing them. Wei Lihuang dispatched Zheng Dongguo to Nanking for dissuading Chiang Kai-shek from the retreat from Shenyang. Chiang Kai-shek, however, insisted that Shenyang must be abandoned and added that Changchun could be abandoned as well for preserving Nationalist government army strength. Wei Lihuang then held a military meeting with his generals and dispatched Zhao Jiaxiang and Luo Youlun to Nanking for relaying the opinions of Northeastern Nationalist government army generals. Chiang Kai-shek gave in to Wei Lihuang for the time being. Wei Lihuang requested that Government troops be sent to Huludao, a coastal city to the south of Jinzhou, and ordered a recruitment of soldiers in and around Jinzhou and Shenyang. Being afraid of Nationalist government forced recruitment, Gao Wenjun etc stayed inside the school most of the time. Gao Wenjun, who wrote the "Memoirs of the Korea War" (Shengzhi Culture Enterprises Publishing House, http://www.ycrc.com.tw, Taipei, Taiwan, July 2000 edition), was attending Liaoning Provincial High School in Shenyang. Later, in June 1948, 6000 students took exam for Whampoa Academy 23rd Session, with Gao Wenjun among 600 examinees accepted. Gao Wenjun left for Sichuan Prov in August, with his parents walking him to the airport hands in hands. Gao Wenjun was never to see his parents again the rest of his life. In March 1948, Chiang Kai-shek changed mind and ordered that Wei Lihuang fly to Nanking. On March 22nd, Wei Lihuang flew to Nanking and still objected to withdrawal from Shenyang & Changchun, claiming that he would contact the Americans direct for help in airdrop of supplies. Wei Lihuang then ordered that Liu Yanhan contact David Barr [Ba-da-wei], the US director of JUSMAG, for assistance. On May 11th, Barr and the US Delegation flew to Shanyang & Changchun and promised to Wei Lihuang in supplying equipment for 10 divisions. When Chiang Kai-shek renewed his call for withdrawal from Shenyang, Wei Lihuang dispatched Liao Yaoxiang to Nanking for a dissuasion on the pretext that should Nationalist government army withdraw from Shenyang, then Nationalist government army soldiers in Changchun would lose fighting spirits. While Chiang Kai-shek and Wei Lihuang were entangled in the disputes, CCP forces launched the Liao-Shen Campaign on the evening of Sept 17th 1948. CCP Liao-Shen Campaign Economy collapsed inside the cities when Nationalist government currencies rolled out to replace the old version. Ten year old girl could be bought for 10 kilograms of rice. One teacher of the Jinzhou Normal College picked up a rotten meat on the street, cooked it and ate it, and died shortly afterward. Xia Dehong, as chairwoman of autonomous student union, organized a raid into a banquet for collecting donations. In Feb 1948, with Communist agent's support, Xia Dehong entered the Medical College of Jinzhou's "Northeastern Exile University". After reflecting on the mistake of over-killing the wealthy landlords and business owners of northern Manchuria, Communists issued an instruction in winning over the hearts of the students of the exile university. In late June, a shipload of Exile University students traveled south to Tianjin [Tientsin] under the encouragement of Nationalist government authorities. However, at Tianjin, under the dissension by undercover Communist students, Exile University students mounted a protest against Tianjin garrison troops in demand of food and lodging while turning down a Nationalist government request that the students joined the army under a slogan "Fighting Back To Hometown". Several were shot dead. When news spread to Jinzhou, Xia Dehong took charge of a joint student union of Jinzhou in protest of the massacre, for which she was later arrested as a Communist suspect and went through an execution session while standing blindfolded with a real Communist. Wei Lihuang maneuvered to have his crony Chen Tie assemble all generals for an objection to high command's retreat order, and at a private banquet, Wei Lihuang maneuvered to have Liao Yaoxiang propose to Gu Zhutong a different path: 1) Nationalist government army dispatch relief northward to Jinzhou from Huludao; Jinzhou & Huludao relief forces break through eastward to converge with Shenyang army; and combined forces go north to the relief of Changchun; 2) Shenyang forces go south to attack coastal Yingkou and then attack Communist forces to the east of Jinzhou, with another possibility of dispatching relief to Huludao from Yingkou by crossing the Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea. After Gu Zhutong submitted Liao Yaoxiang's proposals, Chiang Kai-shek telephoned Gu Zhutong with order of executing the original plan. With Liao Yaoxiang finally giving in, Wei Lihuang managed to get Gu Zhutong leave for Nanking by ordering that Liao Yaoxiang make preparatory works in Xinmin city, to the northwest of Shenyang. Lin Biao's Communist forces made a stealthy march towards the south for Jinzhou city. General Fan Hanjie, with Shen Xiangkui's N8C and Lu Junquan's 93C, failed to contract defense line. Communists first concentrated heavy artillery against Yixian to the north of Jinzhou, and two days later, on Oct 1st, took over Yixian county. Communist forces then attacked Jinxi and Xingcheng to the southwest of Jinzhou. With assurance from Fan Hanjie as to his determination to persist at Jinzhou in lieu of a retreat to coastal Huludao, Chiang Kai-shek planned to call over reinforcements from Shenyang for a duel with Communists. To reinforce Jinzhou, Chiang Kai-shek air-lifted 49th Corps to Jinzhou for assistance with city defense. Thereafter, Communist force totally surrounded Jinzhou. On Oct 2nd, Chiang Kai-shek personally flew over to Shenyang, but Wei Lihuang threatened him with resignation. Chiang Kai-shek assembled all officers above division level and reminded them that they could be caught by CCP bandits (i.e., People's Liberation Army) should they still disobey his order. Wei Lihuang privately claimed to Chen Tie & Peng Jieru that Chiang Kai-shek intended to abandon Shenyang for Jinzhou in accordance with American instruction and that Chiang Kai-shek would later punish him as a scapegoat for losing Shenyang. On Oct 8th [Oct 6th per Jung Chang], Chiang Kai-shek flew to Huludao to organize expedition force for converging with Shenyang withdrawal after dividing Shenyang forces into Liao Yaoxiang's Liaoxi Group and Zhou Fucheng's Garrison Group. (Per Jun Chang, Wei Lihuang did not follow the order till Oct 9th, and merely dispatched Liao Yaoxiang's Liaoxi Group.) On Oct 9th, Chiang Kai-shek, riding on Chongqing Warship, launched a futile attack at coastal Tashan with the support of Zhou Zhirou's airforce. 250,000 Communist troops launched the siege on Oct 8th. Xia Dehong managed to send in explosive to Jinzhou's Nationalist government army arsenal. Colonel Ji had doubts about Xia Dehong's possible involvement after the blast but was assured that Communist government would not punish him. Cannon balls began to fly into the city indiscriminately. The whole city was on fire. One such bomb pierced into the floor of a table inside of Xie Dehong's residence but did not explode. Black markets disappeared, and people could no longer buy food anywhere. Nationalist government army soldiers retreated into the city from the outskirts on Oct 13th. At one time, dozen soldiers asked for food at Xia Dehong's residence, but soon the iron wok was hit by Communist shelling. On Oct 14th, 900 cannons, per Jung Chang, shelled at the city. 14 cats sought asylum inside of Xia Dehong's residency. The next day, Communist and Nationalist soldiers fought street battles. Soldiers from two camps visited Xia Dehong's residency consecutively. Communist soldiers, with white towers on left arms, knocked on the door. Nationalist government army soldiers sought for plaincoats. Stepping out of the door, Xia Dehong could only see scenes of broken body parts lying everywhere on the streets. A pregnant woman in the neighborhood was killed by shelling, and lots of neighbors also perished. Per Jung Chang, 20000 government army soldiers were killed, 80000 caught captive, and commander Fan Hanjie was caught alive while fleeing out of the city. On Oct 15th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang again with Du Yuming. Du Yuming privately told Wei Lihuang that the President (i.e., Chiang Kai-shek) had dropped letters to Zheng Dongguo [in Changchun] and Fan Hanjie [in Jinzhou] with authorizations of a breakout. Note that government army generals dared not leave their posts without written order from Chiang Kai-shek himself. After Jinzhou, Changchun was lost to CCP consecutively. 
After receiving the breakout order, Zheng Dongguo ordered that New 38th Division push to the position.
On the night of Oct 17th, Zeng Zesheng's 60th Corps declared an uprising for the Communist camp, and cut Changchun city into two parts.
Zheng Dongguo sent a telegraph to Chiang Kai-shek about his readiness to sacrifice life with Changchun, which was published on government Central Daily on Oct 24th.
However, the subordinate officers, i.e. Yang Youmei, 3 days ago, had already disarmed Zheng Dongguo to prevent him from a suicide.
On Oct 18th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang again, and ordered a recovery of Jinzhou by taking advantage of the casualty of 60,000 that CCP forces had suffered in attacking Jinzhou. Zhao Jiaxiang repeated Wei Lihuang's opinion that recovery of Jinzhou was not a good idea since CCP forces might have outweighed Government troops by more than twice as much. Zhao Jiaxiang stated that CCP could have as many as 800,000 men in Manchuria, with at least 11 "zong dui" and several detached divisions, numbering 600-700k, around the areas of Jinzhou, Heishan [black mountain] and Dahushan [big tiger mountain], while CCP forces in Changchun area, numbering another 100,000, could come southward to the siege of Shenyang at any time. The next day, Chiang Kai-shek, from Peking, called over Wei Lihuang and Du Yuming, and blamed everything on George Marshall when Fu Zuoyi declined to offer opinions. With Fu Zuoyi backing, Wei Lihuang antagonized Chiang Kai-shek on the matter of recovering Jinzhou. Still one more day later, Du Yuming proposed an alternative approach of using Yingkou as a base for defending Shenyang as well as attacking Heishan and Dahushan. However, Du Yuming refused to replace Wei Lihuang as the commander, and furthermore, cited ancient tactics to advise against attacking CCP forces in Jinzhou area. On Oct 20th, Du Yuming and Wei Lihuang flew back to Shenyang, with order that Liao Yaoxiang's Army Group, with an addition of 207th Division of 6th Corps, attack Heishan and that Liu Yuzhang's 52nd Corps attack Yingkou for securing the withdrawal route of Liao Yaoxiang. Secretly, Wei Lihuang instructed Shenyang garrison division chief Wang Lihuan in guaranteeing the peaceful transfer of Shenyang and its 2 million citizens to CCP. 
On the afternoon of Oct 25th, Liao Yaoxiang sent an urgent message over to Wei Lihuang, stating that his army group had fallen into CCP forces' encirclement. At the urge of Shenyang garrison commander Hu Jiaji who wished to save those soldiers who had fought valiant wars in Burma Theater, Wei Lihuang telegraphed Liao Yaoxiang for a speedy return to Shenyang. Liao Yaoxiang was surrounded by CCP forces in Daheishan area, and by Oct 28th, Liao Yaoxiang was captured. Gone with Liao Yaoxiang would be the New 1st Corps, i.e., war heroes of the Burma Theater. Chiang Kai-shek later blamed Wei Lihuang for not dispatching relief forces to Liao Yaoxiang.
With western Liaoning Prov settled, CCP Northeastern Field Army dispatched 1st & 2nd "zong dui" against Shenyang and 7th, 8th & 9th "zong dui" against Yingkou. Du Yuming was dispatched to Shenyang for assisting Wei Lihuang & Zhou Fucheng in city defense. Shenyang still possessed 53rd Corps, 6th Corps and 207th Division. Meantime, Gui Yongqing's navy was sent to Yingkou for rescuing remnant Government troops. Du Yuming flew on to Huludao for arranging retreat. 
As a caution against Wei Lihuang's possible defection, Mme Chiang Kai-shek retrieved Wei Lihuang's wife [Han Quanhua] to Nanking from Shenyang.
On Oct 30th, Du Yuming was advised against landing in Shenyang's Beiling Airport in northern outskirts. Wang Shuming, airforce deputy commander, flew to Peking from Shenyang, leaving one airplane inside of Shenyang civil airfield for Wei Lihuang.
On the afternoon of Oct 30th, Wei Lihuang and his cronies flew away via a transport plane at Dongta Airport after Zhao Jiaxiang cheated the stranded officers that more planes were coming. Wei Lihuang, ordered to be investigated for dereliction on Nov 10th, would stealthily fly to Canton in Dec for a fleeing to HK; Nationalist government's secret agents caught Wei and put him under house arrest in Nanking; Wei Lihuang would refuse to go to Taiwan after Li Zongren replaced Chiang Kai-shek as "proxy president"; and Wei Lihuang slipped away to Shanghai and onward to HK prior to CCP's crossing of the Yangtze River. Wei Lihuang was invited back to China on March 15th 1955 and was appointed on the board of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Committee. Yingkou Retreat Shenxi-Shanxi-Henan-Hubei Battleground Li Xiannian's 16000 Troops & Wang Zhen's 3000 Troops Reduced to 200 Remnants Each On June 26th 1946, Li Xiannian's Central Plains Communist Forces secretively converged upon Xuanhuadian of northeastern Hubei Province for a western breakout. The Central Plains Communist Forces, other than Li Xiannian's troops, also included Wang Zhen's two brigades which made their stealthy way to Guangdong-Hunan borderline in the wake of 1944 Japanese Ichigo Campaign but had to return north after failures to connect with Communist-controlled Dong-jiang Guerrilla Force of Guangdong Province. Alternative Communist records cited by Yang Bichuan, however, pasted a picture of resourceful Li Xiannian who faked illness in the presence of the Three-Person Truce Panel and then jumped up to issue the order of a western expedition right after the American and Nationalist Army representatives left the scene. On 29th, Li Xiannian breached Nationalist Army's defense line and arrived at Suixian & Zaoyang from Guangshui & Huaxian. Wang Shusheng, with a contingent, then split apart to cross the Han-shui River for Zhuxi from Nanzhang & Fangxi direction, by passing Mt Wudangshan and Danjiangkou Lake to the north. Meanwhile, Li Xiannian's bulk of the Communist troops, about 16,000, scurried towards Shaaxi-Henan borderline through Dengxian county [Dengzhou city of Henan Province]. After 53 days of fierce fighting along 700 kilometers of mountain roads and paths, Li Xiannian's 16000 troops and Wang Zhen's 3000 troops were reduced to 200 remnants respectively. Nationalist Army side incurred a casualty of 961 in comparison with 10,000 casualty for the Communist side, in addition to 2000 Communist prisoners of war [including a Communist-assigned provincial chair by the name of Yang Jingyuan]. Bounty included 50 machineguns, thousands of rifles and 130 horses and mules. Communist military leader Li Xiannian hence lost his chips for the civil wars and forfeited the chance to become a founding "marshal" of the PRC. Hu Zongnan Routing Chen Geng's 40,000 Communist Troops In Southern Shanxi Province In early June, right after the June 7th Truce Order, Chen Geng's Communist Tai-yue [Mt Taiyueshan] Military District of Southern Shanxi Province, with 9 brigades, launched a general strike at Nationalist Army positions in southern Shanxi, sacked Xiaoyi, and encircled Fenyang. By late July, Chen Geng sacked Jiangxian and Wenxi, paralyzed the southern segment of Tong-Pu Railway, and continued the attacks to both directions of the railway. On Aug 7th, 47th Brigade defeated Chen Geng's Communist troops at Zhangdian-zhen, and restored Zhangdianzhen-Maojindu Highway. On 8th, 31st Brigade and 167th Brigade pushed north in parallel from Xiayi [Xiaxian], Anyi and Yuncheng. By 11th, 167th Brigade sacked Wenxi. On Sept 1st, Hu Zongnan devised the campaign against Linfen. On 3rd, R1D [reorganized 1st Division], and R30D continued to push northward. 47th Brigade of R27D pushed north along Tong-Pu Railway. On 4th, 27B of R30D took over Dajiao-zhen, 78B of R1D took over Yicheng, 47B of R27D took over Zhaoqu-zhen. On 6th, 78B entered Linfen. Phase I of the campaign for securing southern segment of Tong-Pu Railway was completed. Communist forces retreated towards Hongdong, Zhaocheng, Huoxian [Huozhou] and Lingshi. Liu Bocheng Attacking Long-Hai Railway Relief To Yulin City In Northern Shenxi Province On Oct 12th 1946, Communist troops launched an attack at Yulin of northern Shenxi Province, a lonely city inside of the Yellow River sheath but sitting right on the Great Wall line. Communist forces which withdrew from southern Shanxi Province also came across the East Yellow River Bend and attacked Yulin area together with 20,000 militia. Taking advantage of Communist Yulin Campaign, Hu Zongnan suggested to airforce commander Wang Shuming and Chief of Staff Chen Cheng to initiate a direct raid into Communist base Yenan. However, when Hu Zongnan went to Nanking on Oct 21st, Defense Department instructed that Hu Zongnan's First Military District should consolidate the control in southern Shanxi Province and then pincer-attack Liu Bocheng's Communist troops in Changzhi area. Pacification Of Qinling Ridge In western Henan Province, Communist forces moved from Nanzhao on the east end of Mt Funiushan to Lushi the west end. Multiple bands of Communist forces were in the areas of Taoping & Manzhuang, including those under Huang Lin, Wang Shizhen, Mao Kai & Gong Defang. Hu Zongnan, to dispel the Communist threats from Mt Funiushan and Mt Xiongershan, ordered that Wen Chaoji of Shangxian Command Center take charge of 84th, 17th, 135th and 24th Brigades in sweeping the area. From early Sept to mid-November, dozens of engagements ensued, resulting in the death toll of over 5000 for the communist forces. However, by late November, Communist forces re-assembled into 10,000 and more. Communist forces had been able to scurry around without worries about supply and recruitment as a result of strict implementation of "neighborhood watch", i.e., a collective punishment system, designed to punish the family members or neighbors should they fail to supply grains or provide recruits. Stephen R. Mackinnon and Oris Friesen, in China Reporting, pointed out what John Fairbank had confessed in the 1980s as one of the weaknesses of American reporters in then China, namely, they did not speak Chinese and never got a chance to access a Chinese peasant to observe what the Communist revolution was like in the countryside. Stephen R. Mackinnon and Oris Friesen, like John Faibank, probably never knew that Communists had a system of using kids or the so-called 'young pioneers' as sentry to the extent that no stranger could slipped into Communist-held territory without detection. Nor did they know that in Communist-controlled area, all able-bodied males were drafted into war efforts, with only women running show, including restaurants and hotels where the Chinese tradition used to bar women from such service. Raid Into Yenan 
Hu Zongnan had been contemplating an attack at Communist base Yenan several times. The only hurdle lies in the presence of American military observers in Yenan. With "Three-Person Military Truce Panel" dissolved on Jan 30th, both the Communists and the Nationalists no longer had any restraints. On Jan 31st 1947, Communist troops suddenly attacked the blockade line again and defeated four columns of Shenxi Provincial Constabulary Regiment. The 2nd Battalion of 268th Constabulary Regiment incurred heavy loss. The Jan 31st attack was construed as pre-meditated since Communist troops at Tongguan-zhen boasted of four regiments, and those at Malan-zhen possessed the numbering of 3 separate divisions.
In northern Shenxi Province, Communist side possessed about 70,000 militia and 60,000 troops in total, including 8th, 10th & 39th Brigades, Garrison 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 11th Brigades. Additionally, Communist troops which could easily cross the Yellow River Bend from Shanxi Province would be Wang Zhen's two brigades of 358th & 359th [rebuilt] or 7000 men, Chen Geng's three brigades of 10th, 12th & 24th or 15000 men, and Heh Long's three brigades or 10000 men.
On Feb 28th, Hu Zongnan moved his command center northwestward to Binzhou from Sanyuan for a planned attack at Qingyang of Gansu Province. On the same day, Hu Zongnan and Sheng Wen were called over to Nanking to brief Chiang Kai-shek on the 'Raid Into Yenan' campaign.
On March 1st, at 10:00 am, in Defense Department, Liu Fei [Liu Weizhang], a Communist mole, expressed satisfaction with the campaign plan. At night, at 9:00 pm, Hu & Sheng visited Chiang. Consensus was reached for halting attacks at Qingyang-Heshui of Gansu Province, and general attacks would be delayed to March 14th. Hu Zongnan returned on March 3rd. (Sheng Wen recollections claimed that he had deliberately kept Liu Fei in the dark about the details of the "Raid Into Yenan", for which Liu Fei had expressed deep resentment thereafter. One more trick played by Hu Zongnan and Sheng Wen would be the recall of 1st Corps to Shenxi Province in the aftermath of Wazijie Battle while pretending to Liu Fei that they had no clue where the 1st Corps was in Henan Province.)
On March 4th, Communist troops launched an attack at 48th Brigade at Xihuachi. Brigade Chief Heh Qi was killed. 
To scare away Americans from Yenan, about 94 planes were called over from Shanghai, Xuzhou & Xi'an for bombing the Communist positions around Yenan on 13th. General attack was launched at dawn of 14th as planned.
Americans did not leave Yenan till the last minute, i.e., 12th/13th, after apparently serving as voluntary Communist 'hostages' for sake of having all Communist cadres in Shanghai, Nanking and Peking fly back to Yenan. Flying above Yenan, the last members of the Dixie Mission witnessed the blow-up of the Yenan airport as promised by the Communists.
(Jung Chang's labeling Hu Zongnan as a Communist spy being a fallacy, historians' pointing to the Communist mole Xiong Xianghui had no merit either. As illustrated above, the Communist mole Liu Fei had been responsible for having Hu Zongnan halt the Qingyang-Heshui Campaign in Feb and then personally went over the campaign draft with Hu Zongnan. The only reason Mao Tse-tung had to hastily vacate Yenan was his over-confidence in his garrison troops. Though Communist side always called it a fake as to Hu Zongnan's claim of taking about 9000 Communist prisoners of war, the one-week battles between the two sides, being never a blitz raid in nature as claimed in history books, were not merely a strategic retreat war for the Communists but a premeditated attack-and-defense engagement involving hundred thousand troops on two sides, respectively.) 
Dozen years later, Nationalist government officials were still debating whether Liu Fei was a Communist and/or when Liu Fei had become a Communist [since Zheng Jiemin confirmed that Liu Fei had attempted to instigate him for the Communist camp in HK in 1949], not knowing that Liu Fei had been converted while having overseas studies in Japan. This webmaster does not know how Liu Fei was converted, but does point out in Terror how Communists had married a 15-year-old girl to General Yang Hucheng, corrupted Xu Enceng [via Qian Zhuangfei's sex arrangement], and sent a young nurse to General He Yaozu, a practice adopted as recently as in 1971-2 when Mao Tse-tung repeatedly offered Henry Kissinger any number of Chinese women the American emissary might desire. Off the record would be how Wang Bing-nan's German wife seduced the American reporters [i.e., John Fairbank and Joe Stilwell gang] in Wuhan the "China's Madrid" in 1938. Up to year 2005, Li Wangshu, at huanghuagang.org/issue11/index_big5.htm, still put blame on Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi for having recommended Lie Fei for overseas studies and subsequent service under Chiang Kai-shek. See this webmaster's comments on "criticisms of Li Zongren's criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek". Should you ask what's the big deal here about Liu Fei, then this webmaster want to remind you that dozens of millions of Chinese had died in vain in 20th century, and many more will continue to become victims absent a correct cognizance of true historical events.)
Peng Dehuai's Three Minor Victories On 19th, 167th Brigade pushed towards Yenan at dawn, and took over Mt Baotashan by 7:00 am. 78th Brigade took over the high hill on the southern bank of Yan-he River. A commando company of 1st Brigade, together with 167th Brigade, walked across the Yan-he River, defeated the defenders at citywall, and penetrated into Yenan. Communist troops retreated towards Wayaobao and Ansai directions. Communist "Radio of Handan" in Hebei Province first acknowledged the loss of Yenan on 21st. The bulk of Communist forces hid themselves in Ganguyi-Qinghuabian area, to the northeast of Yenan. Hu Zongnan made a wrong judgment call, thinking Communist troops went to the northwest of Yenan, i.e., Ansai direction. To the northeast of Yenan, 92nd Regiment of 31st Brigade was ambushed and surrounded in a valley around 10:00 am on 25th while en route to Qinghuabian, with Regiment Chief Xie Yangmin and Brigade Chief Li Jiyun taken prisoners of war by the Communist side. The Battle of Qinghuabian would be the first Communist victory which was achieved by Peng Dehuai [CCP Central's Deputy Chair for the Military Committee] & Xi Zhongxun [CCP Northwestern Bureau Secretary] by combining the forces of Independent 4th Brigade, Teaching Brigade, New 4th Brigade, and Wang Zhen's 358th Brigade of 1st Echelon and 359th Brigade of 2nd Echelon. Communist side claimed to have destroyed about 2900 Nationalist Army soldiers while their Independent 1st Brigade was set aside as reserves during the battle. On 6th, at Yongping-zhen, R30D was ambushed by Communist troops of 359th Brigade, Teaching 1st Brigade & Independent 1st Brigade. After 24 hour fighting, Communist troops retreated at dawn of April 7th. On 8th, Hu Zongnan's 1st Corps converged towards Qinghuabian while 29th Corps converged towards Panlong, i.e., two towns to the southwest of Yongping-zhen. On 12th, 1st Corps pushed against Mudanchuan. On 14th, 1st Corps and 29th Corps fought against Communist troops from morning to 9:00 pm at night. Meantime, four brigades of Communist troops, headed by Wang Zhen & Zhang Xianyue, ambushed 135th Brigade at Sanlangcha & Yangmahe while Heh Bingyan & Liao Hansheng's Communist troops were ordered by Peng Dehuai towards Panlong area for impeding Hu Zongnan's relief. 135th Brigade Chief Mai Zongyu and two regiment chiefs hence went missing in battle. Communist side claimed to have destroyed about 2000 Nationalist Army soldiers at the Battle of Yangmahe per Yang Bichuan. On 19th, 29th Corps, en route to Yongping, met with Peng Dehuai's Communist troops in Xinch[]he-Cuishudou-Da(s)guicun area. Communist troops consisted of Zhang Zongxun's 1st Echelon [358th Brigade, Independent 1st Brigade & Garrison 3rd Brigade] and Wang Zhen's 2nd Echelon [359th Brigade, New 4th Brigade, Independent 4th Brigade & Teaching 2nd Brigade]. Hu Zongnan's 1st Corps came to the aid of 29th Corps. Fighting continued from 8:00 am of 19th to 7:00 pm of 20th. Altogether seven Communist attacks were repelled. Hu Zongnan claimed to have killed 1984 Communist troops. During the Campaign of Suide, Wang Zhen led a circumvential attack at the Nationalist Army 84th & 167th Brigade at Qinghuabian and Panlong-bao in the south, respectively. By the midnight of May 4th, Li Kungang's 167th Brigade had used up ammunition. Li Kungang went missing after he and his remnants broke through the siege. With Panlong lost, Nationalist Army troops lost a major logistics center. Communist side claimed to have destroyed 6700 troops of 167th Brigade per Yang Bichuan, which was possibly exaggerated since the defenders were merely a reinforced regiment. Continuous Campaigns In Northern Shenxi Province Hu Zongnan then organized the campaign on two banks of Luo-he River. From 14th onward, 1st & 29th Corps sifted through mountains and valleys on two banks of Luo-he River. By 15th, the bulk of Communist troops, after a minor loss, dissipated for the northwest direction. Meantime, on 14th, Communist siege of Huanxian county of Gansu Province started. The next day, Communist siege troops converged into 10000 or more. On June 26th, Hu Zongnan implemented his traditional "regional sweep campaign" by carving up areas for his troops, with 1st Corps in charge of the areas of Panlong-Longan-Longmianshi-Gaoqiao-Yenan, 29th Corps in charge of the areas of Gaoqiao-Dingbianji-CHenjiazhifang and Dingbianji-Zhangjiawan-Fuxian-Ganquan, R90D in charge of Heishuishi-Taibaizhen, and 24B of R76D in charge of Wayaobao-Yanchuan-Qingjian. By the middle of July, the new approach of "using Nationalist Army troops' stillness against moving Communist troops" worked out after Communist troops vacated Qingjian-Anding-Bao'an for Suide-Mizhi in the north. Siege of Yulin & Battle of Shadian Hu Zongnan then devised a three phase attack against the Communist troops, with an intent to have a duel by the West Yellow River Bend by pushing towards Longan-Liangdaowan-Jingbian for phase one, Anding-Lengyaobao-Longzhou for phase two, and Qilinzhen-Hengshan for phase three. Campaign started on Aug 3rd. Two days later, Peng Dehuais Communist troops took initiative in laying siege of Yulin & Xiangshuibao in the north with a combined force of 40000 consisting of 1st, 3rd, 4th & 6th Brigades as well as militia from Xinglin, Kelan [Shanxi], Huanglong & Tianshui [Gansu]. On 12th, R36D arrived at Baoningbao, and by previous midnight, herald troops already arrived at Yulin. Communist troops then withdrew the siege of Yulin on 12th and went for the area of Shuanglinbao-Zhenchuanbao-Mizhi on 13th. Hu Zongnan ordered that Zhong Song led R36D southward towards Guidebao, about half way between Yulin and Yuhebao. On 19th, Peng Dehuai submitted the battle plan to Mao Tse-tung, i.e., surrounding and attacking R36D around Shadian [Shajiadian]. At dawn of 20th, 165th, 55th & 123rd Brigades under Zhong Song were ambushed by Communist troops at Longchuanbao-Shadian-Liupo-Shaping-Wulong. The three Nationalist Army brigades, cut off from each other by Communist troops, fought their way out. Zhong Song and his 123rd & 165th Brigades fled to the east, while portion of the troops fled south. Till dusk, Communist side claimed to have destroyed about 6000 Nationalist Army troops. By the time Nationalist Army 29th Corps arrived at Shadian, Communist troops had dissipated. Hu Zongnan, who wrote in his diary on the night of 20th that he was worried about the fate of Zhong Song and his division command center, would be extremely delighted after receiving a telegram from Zhong Song on Aug 22nd. Zhong Song reported that he and 84th Regiment were blocking Communist troops from fleeing across the Wuding-he River on the west bank, between Zhenchuanbao and Mizhi. Ambush Battle At Wazijie & Siege of Yichuan On Jan 25th 1948, the Defense Department ordered that Hu Zongnan's pacification office moved to Luoyang of Henan Province, with a deadline of Feb 5th for launching a campaign against Communist troops in Henan Province. Hu Zongnan, in order to put off Liu Fei's high order, would have Pei Changhui head a 5th Army Group in lieu of a move of pacification office away from Xi'an. Pei Changhui, sitting in Shanzhou, would be in charge of 78th & 167th Brigades of R1D and 123rd & 165th Brigades of R26D. 1st Brigade of R1D and 28th Brigade of R36D would station in-between Shanzhou and Lingbao. Another three constabulary regiments were to be organized by Henan Province for defending the Yellow River line. 
Jung Chang's "Mao The Unknown Story", which was built on top of Zhang Zhenglong's "Snow White, Blood Red" in the section on wars in Manchuria, had claimed to have dug out page 39 of Xu Zhen's writing on General Hu Zongnan. On page 39, Xu Zhen talked about the friendship of Hu Zongnan and Hu Gongmian during the early days of the Whampoa Military Academy; however, Hu Zongnan, like Dai Li, happened to be only two Chiang Kai-shek cronies who had set up "disabled militarymen funds", which was illustrative of the human compassions the two had for their acquaintances no matter friend or foe. During the chase of Red Army Fourth Flank, Hu Zongnan often inquired with Communist prisoners of war as to the status of Red Army General Cai Shenxi, i.e., another Red who once served as a subordinate in Whampoa times. It would not be strange that someone else who had perused pages of Xu Zhen's book had mentioned this matter before Jung Chang picked it up for her book. Hu Gongmian, who was possibly responsible for saving Chiang Kai-shek during 1926 Zhongshanjian Warship Incident and had renounced Communist membership during 1927 Purge, was fetched by the Communists for a persuasion against Hu Zongnan before the Ankang Campaign which would be hundreds of battles and campaigns ignored by the history and historians up to today. Though Jung Chang had provided an impressive bibliography of hundreds of books, this webmaster is utterly convinced that Jung Chang did not read Xu Zhen's book on Hu Zongnan but just the specific pages. Jung Chang's bibli, however, had listed Chinese Communist side of the boastful and untruthful claims as to Peng Dehuai's three victories against Hu Zongnan as well as the so-called empty Yenan at the time Hu Zongnan sacked the Communist base. The fallacy of Luding Iron Chain Bridge being refuted by this webmaster separately, Jung Chang had committed the same mistake as the rest in repeating and ascertaining a so-called American 3 billion aid to Nationalist China, which this webmaster had discounted as "Acheson 2 Billion Crap", as well as fake numbers of Communist troops at the time of Japan surrender.
Meantime, Peng Dehuai's 50,000 Communist troops, after two months' political studies, made stealthy march towards Yichuan on Feb 23rd. The plan was to lay siege of Nationalist Army 24th Brigade at Yichuan while ambushing Hu Zongnan's relief armies of four brigades at Wazijie Valley next to Yichuan. Communist troops, totaling 80,000, including troops from Shanxi Province, dealt a total defeat onto Hu Zongnan's troops of about 28000. By March 2nd, the campaign was over with the fall of Yichuan which was defended by newly-organized Nationalist Army 24th Brigade which nevertheless inflicted a casualty of close to over 6000 onto Communist troops. Hu Zongnan, absent his 1st Corps, could merely wait to watch in agony the annihilation of Liu Kan's 29th Corps by Communist troops. 27th Division Chief Wang Yingzun and two brigade chiefs escaped alive.
Campaign of Jing-he & Wei-he Rivers To build on top of the Yichuan Campaign, Communist troops consecutively launched the Campaign of Jing-he & Weihe Rivers. Hu Zongnan promptly withdrew 17th Division from Yenan. Two brigades of Nationalist Army R65D were airlifted to Xi'an from Shandong Province. Youth Army was invoked for defending Jing-he River. The armies which were sent to Henan Province per Liu Fei's order were recalled. After seventeen days of fighting, Hu Zongnan's army inflicted a casualty of 27000 onto Peng Dehuai's communist troops and captured 3800 prisoners of war. The situation in eastern Gansu Province and southern Shenxi Province hence stabilized. Tactician Sheng Wen, being called to Nanking, was cleared of wrongdoings after Chiang Kai-shek ascertained i) that it was the Defense Department which had relocated three divisions to Henan Province and ii) that it was the Defense Department which ordered the defense and relief of Yichuan. At one time, Chiang Kai-shek rebuked Sheng Wen as to the accusation that Liu Fei had acted like a Communist spy, saying how could his tactician of 11 years be a Communist. Fu Zuoyi's Campaigns of Suiyuan, Datong, Jining, Ji-zhong & Zhangjiakou Jiangsu-Shandong Battleground With the June 1946 eruption of war resulting from Li Xiannian's scurrying for Qin-ling Ridge from Henan-Hubei Provincial borderline, Nationalist government issued a general attack by pushing northward towards the Long-Hai Railway from the Yangtze River, from Hankou of Hubei Province to Nanking-Shanghai. Per Mao Sen, Chiang Kai-shek personally went to Zhenjiang for directing the campaign. Tang Enbo, empowered as the commander of 1st Army Group, was ordered to push across the Yangtze into Communist-held northern Jiangsu Province on July 12th. Troops consisted of those formerly from Gu Zhutong's 3rd War Zone [25th Division] and Wang Yaowu's 4th Front Army [73rd, 83rd & 11th Divisions], not Tang Enbo's original 3rd Front Army. Campaign of Northern Jiangsu Province On 13th, Hu Lian's 11th Division, departing from Nantong in the east, engaged in fierce battles with the Communist troops at Baipu, while Huang Baitao's 25th Division fought against Communist troops at Shaobo, about 15 kilometers to the north of Yangzhou. Shaobo, termed Iron Southern Heavenly Gate by the Communists, was sacked by Huang Baitao in collaboration with Chen Shizhang per Mao Sen. On 14th, Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division, i.e., the middle prong, encountered Communist troops at Taixing. The first round of battles cost the Nationalist armies the defeat of 118th from 11th Division [formerly Chen Cheng's 18th Corps] and two regiments of 56th Brigade from 83rd Division. 
After Shaobo, Huang Baitao's 25th Division parted with 83rd Division for Xinghua to the northeastern direction, while 83rd Division continued north along the Canal. By late July, 83rd Division arrived at Gaoyou after a small battle.
By the middle of August, Ding Zhipan's 6th Division incurred half loss at several villages to the east of Rugao, while two transportation police contingents, with trucks and motorcycles, were completely overwhelmed by the Communist troops.
After passing the Gaoyou-Xinghua-Dongtai line, Nationalist troops no longer encountered significant Communist forces. Near Liucang and Wuyou towns, to the south of Yancheng, 25th Division fought against the Communists for half a month. While 25th Division sacked Yancheng to the east, 74th Division pushed against Canal city Huaiyin to the west. On Sept 6th, Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division began to attack the heavily-fortified and trenched city. Then, two brigades of 74th Division detached to attack Lianshui to he northeast. Lianshui was held at a casualty of about half on the part of the two brigades. Meanwhile, Huaiyin fell after ten days' bombardment, with a few Communist prisoners caught alive. Mao Sen, in his recollections, pointed out that Zhang Lingfu had replenished his troops with few thousand Communist soldiers who had turned their guns at the Battle of Menglianggu in May 1947. At Huaiyin, Tang Enbo's Army Group celebrated the Oct 10th National Day. Battle of Caozhou Li Mi's Campaign Along Qingdao-Jinan Railway Battle of Laiwu Ou Zhen's army group, with about eight divisions, pushed north against Linyi from Taierzhuang, Xinan-zhen and Chengdou. From the north, Nationalist troops departed Jinan the provincial capital, including Li Xianzhou's divisions of 73rd, R46D, 12th & 96th [96 ???? not listed in caibing baijiang pp 984]. Haan Liancheng's R46D, which was formerly Xia Wei's Guangxi Province Army, had just arrived in Qingdao in Jan 1947 and then transported to Boshan via Qingdao-Jinan Railway. On Feb 15th, Chen Yi & Su Yu abandoned Linyi, i.e., Yenan Minor. Communist forces, after the frustrations in defense wars, had adopted the strategy of "mobile warfare" and "sudden assault warfare". On Feb 18th, East China Field Army issued No. 4 Order to attack Li Xianzhou's troops by calling with Communist 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th "zong dui" and local auxiliary force. [Communist propaganda claimed to have mobilized three "zong dui" for Laiwu Campaign.] To the northeast direction, Wang Jianan and Xu Shiyou launched a general attack at Nationalist Army 77th Division and killed Tian Junjian during battle. On the night of 22nd, Communist force launched a general attack at Laiwu. R46D engaged with Communist 2nd & 7th "zong dui" in a hell of fire on the mountains and hills to the south of Laiwu. 
Li Xianzhou, after watching the fight on the citywall, then ordered a pullback of R46D to the north bank of the Ru-he River so as to induce the Communist force to the river area for an annihilation. Once the Communist force was half crossing the river, Li Xianzhou ordered a bombardment and then have troops on the citywall and on the north bank launch a counterattack. Part of 73rd Corps charged out of the city to fight the Communist force on two banks of the river. After one night's fighting, Communist force retreated back to the hills. At the west gate, Communist force launched several unsuccessful attacks. To the northwest of Laiwu would be two hilltops, the western one of which was lost to the Communist force at midnight. Li Xianzhou dispatched portion of 73rd Corps to circumvent to the northwest of the western hilltop for recovering the hilltop. By dawn of 23rd, Li Xianzhou's troops wrestled back the hilltop under cannon support. Then, Li Xianzhou ordered the evacuation by having 73rd Corps and R46D retreat towards Tusikou along two Laiwu-Tusikou highways.
En route, Haan Liancheng slipped away to hide himself in a blockhouse together with Yang Side, a Communist agent sent over to R46D as a staff tactician.
Shortly after vacating Laiwu, Airforce Deputy Commander Wang Shuming informed Li Xianzhou over the plane radio that Communist forces were converging upon Tusikou. Back at Laiwu, Communist 4th "zong dui" filled in the vacuum at noon. One hour later, Communist forces descended upon Li Xianzhou's troops in a human wave attack.
Li Xianzhou, having received a shot in the leg, passed out before finding himself among soldiers shepherded by the Communist force. After four hours' fighting, 73rd Corps Chief and Deputy Chief Haan Junn and Li Yan, Division Chief Yang Ming & Xiao Chongguang all became Communist prisoners of war. 175th Brigade Chief Gan Chengcheng of 46th Division was caught alive while fleeing on a horse. Only N36D Chief Cao Zhenduo managed to flee from the battleground.
55th Regiment Chief Lu Yuheng from N19D under R46D, being left behind by Communist force over battle wounds after an offer of some Communist currency, managed to walk five kilometers to the southwest where he encountered R25D Chief Huang Baitao. After arriving in Xuzhou, Guan Yuheng was escorted along to Bengbu of Anhui Province where Xia Wei was director of 8th Pacification Region. Unexpectedly, Huang Yuheng found out that Haan Liancheng had arrived at Bengbu ahead of him, and then in Nanking, Haan Liancheng made arrangement for Guan Yuheng to stay in a hospital and then ship him to hometown in Guangxi Province. Haan Liancheng, after faking his story of 400 kilometer breakout, went to the Northwest where he continued his espionage activity on behalf of the Communist. It would be in early 1949 that Guangxi clique figured out Haan Liancheng's liaison with Communists when Hai Jingqiang, being one of the officers released as a show of goodwill for peace talks, reported that Haan Liancheng was seeing him off at Peking's airport. And, it would be during the 1960 amnesty that Li Xianzhou was told by Zhou Enlai of Haan Liancheng's Communist identity. (Haan Liancheng failed to lead R46D for an uprising because his three brigade chiefs, i.e., Hai Jingqiang [188B], Gan Chengcheng [175B] and Cao Wei [??? Jiang Xiong N19D], were either nephews of or related to Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi. However, Haan Liancheng, who disguised himself by begging Ma Hongkui for a pardon as to his desertation of Northwestern Army over Communist activity in early years, had deliberately requested with the National Defense Department for a Jan 1947 relocation to Northern China battlefields from the Hainandao Island in the South under Communist auspice. ) Campaign of Linyi-Mengyin On March 4th 1947, Chiang Kai-shek revoked the pacification offices of Zhengzhou [Henan Province] and Xuzhou [Shandong Province], and conferred Gu Zhutong the post of commander for Xuzhou Frontline Office of the Infantry General Command Center. Gu Zhutong's strategy would be to take control of southern Shandong Province and then press the Communist troops for a duel in central Shandong Province by taking advantage of Chen Yi's defeats at the Battle of Linyi and Liu Bocheng's defeats at the Battle of Yu-dong [eastern Henan Province]. By early April, Ou Zhen and Tang Enbo had cleared the Yanzhou-Linyi Highway, while Wang Jingjiu had cleared Yanzhou-Jinan Segment of Jin-Pu Railway and took control of Taian & Dawenkou. Chen Yi & Su Yu's Communist Eastern China Field Army, after measuring the distance between the three Nationalist army groups, attempted to launch an attack at Tang Enbo's 1st Army Group by relocating troops to the south. Chen Yi & Su Yu then halted the southern move and turned the Communist troops to Xintai-Mengyin area. On April 22nd, Communist Eastern China Field Army attacked Nationalist Army Reorganized 72nd Division at Taian, a city on Jin-Pu Railway. Four days later, Taian was sacked. R72D Division Chief Yang Wenquan and 13th & 34th Brigade Chief Yang Bengu and Li Zeming were caught alive by the Communist troops. On April 29th, Ou Zhen's 3rd Army Group took over Xintai and Mengyin. Separately, R74D stationed at Jiebei-Mengyin Segment, and R25D to the west of Yaoxu. Communist Eastern China Field Army amassed four "zong dui" to attack the Nationalist armies at Qingtuoshi and Yaoxu. At Yaoxu, in-between Jiebei & Mengyin, Zhang Lingfu beat back waves of Communist attacks by heavy cannons. On the southeastern tip of Linyi-Mengyin Highway, however, about one and half regiments or 3000 soldiers from R83D at Qingtuoshi, to the north of Linyi, were destroyed by the Communist troops. Battle Of Mt Menglianggu 
Mao Sen, responsible for monitoring the morale of the Nationalist armies, had paid several visits to Zhang Lingfu.
Mao Sen, in recollections while staying in HK dozen years later, had commented that Nanking had ignored the status passed on by Tang Enbo, and further pointed out that some people had said that it was the 3rd Division Head [Liu Fei] of the Defense Department who had ordered Zhang Lingfu to death.
When Zhang Lingfu was ordered to cross the Wen-shui River for attacking Danbu, a town across the Jiehu Lake to the northeast, he complained to Mao Sen that someone wanted him dead. Mao Sen did not see the full order of Menglianggu Campaign till the eve. Days earlier, Mao Sen had arrested quite some plaincoated people in the caves near Menglianggu. Having inspected the surroundings, Mao Sen determined that the road to Danbu was too capricious for Zhang Lingfu to take since there was no way to pull heavy cannons across the mountain roads, not to mention chisel or dig holdouts on the way. The Defense Department, however, further ordered that Li Tianxia, who was to the southwest of Mt Menglianggu, be the direct cover for Zhang Lingfu while Zhang Fu's Guangxi Province Army traveled 40 kilometers to Jiehu Lake direction as rightside cover from Tangdouzhen near Linyi, while Huang Baitao go to northern Yaoxu from Mengyin as leftside cover. Knowing that 200000 Communist troops were lurking in Danbu area, Mao Sen immediately told Tang Enbo that Li Tianxia definitely could not cross the mountain to lend any aid to Zhang Lingfu whereas Huang Baitao, risking the loss of Mengyin, might not be able to penetrate the deep valley road from Mengyin to Taoxu to Duozhang. Tang Enbo immediately called Liu Fei at the Defense Department. Liu Fei replied that Chiang Kai-shek had already slept. Tang Enbo then called Gu Zhutong in Xuzhou. Gu Zhutong replied that Nanking's orders had been relayed to division level and everybody just followed order in the morning. Tang Enbo, deeply worried about the situation, sent Mao Sen and deputy commander Li Yannian to the front. At dawn, Mao and Li rode on two trucks for Zhang Lingfu's troops. At the Y-shaped intersection at Duozhuang, Mao Sen made a phonecall to Zhang Lingfu who informed him that he was already ambushed by the Communist troops while crossing Wen-shui River and that about ten Communist "zong dui" were encircling him, with one Communist prong going straight towards Duozhuang. Zhang Lingfu told Mao & Li to vacate Duozhuang immediately or converge towards him should Communist troops cut off the return path at Duozhuang. On Shandong Peninsula, CCP Eastern China Field Army (i.e., original New Fourth Army under Commander Chen Yi), headed by Su Yu, launched an elimination campaign against Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division with advance information from both spies inside of Nationalist Defense Department and on the ground. Five "zong dui" were to lay siege of Zhang Lingfu, while another four "zong dui" were to impede the Nationalist Army relief at Duozhuang. Zhang Lingfu was attacked right after he began to cross the Wen-shui River. On May 14th, Su Yu forced Zhang Lingfu onto Mt Menglianggu. Zhang Lingfu, while defending on the barren mountains, also suggested that Nationalist armies converge upon Mt Menglianggu for a counter-encirclement. On May 15th, Li Tianxi and Huang Baitao still failed to get close to Zhang Lingfu. At 1:00 pm, on May 15th, Communist forces launched a general attack. Communist mortar caused heavy casualties onto 74th Division with shrapnel and flying stones, while Zhang Lingfu's cannon-pulling horses ran loose. Almost every hilltops changed hands numerous times. By the afternoon of 16th, Zhang Lingfu's remnants had held out on few hilltops. Communists, claiming a force of 100,000, totally destroyed 32,000 Government troops. Zhang Lingfu, and top lieutenants Cai Renjie and Lu Xing who followed Zhang Lingfu since the 1937 resistance wars, all committed suicide. Communist general Pi Dingjun was said to have buried Zhang Lingfu in a coffin. Right after destroying 74th Division, Communist troops retreated to the north. Mao Sen, at the battlefield, collected several thousand wounded soldiers. After Mao Sen submitted the drawings of the battlefield to Chiang Kai-shek, Li Tianxia was spared a court martial. Chiang Kai-shek, in deep remorse, renamed one of the warships by the name of Lingfu. Communist Guerrilla War In Southern Shandong Battle Of Nanma After Menglianggu debacle, Chiang Kai-shek asked Deng Wenyi and Huang Jie hold a regiment-level reflection session at Nationalist Central Training School in Nanking. A three-prong Mt Yimengshan Campaign was launched to counter-attack Chen Yi's Communist troops for avenging on Zhang Lingfu's death. Nationalist Army troops, despite two months of rains, continued to engage with and defeated the Communist troops. In mid-July 1947, Chen Yi & Su Yu's Communist troops, taking advantage of Nationalist army relocation, decided to seek out one of the four remaining Nationalist Army reorganized divisions [9th, 11th, 25th & 64th] for an elimination campaign by combining four "zong dui" [2nd, 6th, 7th & 9th], Chen Ruiting's special task "zong dui" [i.e., cannons] and some regiments from Communist Lu-zhong & Bohai military districts in Yishui-Yiyuan-Linqu area. After taking Nanma on July 8th, a city next to the northern bank of Yi-shui River, Hu Lian's Nationalist Army 11th Division was ordered to dig in around the city, construct thousands of block houses and below-ground traffic trenches, and clear out surrounding buildings and crops. By dusk of July 17th, Communist 2nd, 6th & 9th and cannons "zong dui" surrounded Nanma completely. On 21st, knowing the coming relief of Nationalist Army divisions of 5th [Qiu Qingquan], 9th [Wang Lingyun], 25th [Huang Baitao], 64th [Huang Guoliang] and 75th [Shen Chengnian], Hu Lian organized a counter-attack to disrupt the Communist plan of a general attack. At dusk, Su Yu called off the siege of Nanma for a flee towards Linqu. During the Nanma Campaign, Nationalist Army troops inflicted a casualty of 20000 onto the Communist side and caught alive 3000 Communist soldiers. Battle of Linqu While the bulk of Nationalist Army troops chased them towards the north, Li Mi's two brigades were ordered to come south from Qingdao-Jinan Railway overnight and hinder the Communist troops by occupying the city of Linqu, a city just to the south of Qingzhou and Qingdao-Jinan Railway. Communist East China Field Army, totaling over 100,000, fought against Li Mi's R8D of about six regiments for the escape path. At Linqu, 3rd Battalion from 308th Regiment of 103rd Brigade, headed by Zhang Dechong, defended Mt Qushan which was to the south of the county capital over the Mi-he River. After round-of-the clock charge on 27th, Communist 19th Division abandoned the Mt Qushan target in lieu of committing the remnant 57th Regiment. Inside of Linqu, 5th Division of Communist 2nd "zong dui" breached into the city. After heavy lane-to-lane fighting for three days and three nights, Communist troops, including 14th Deputy Battalion Chief Song Yannian of Communist 5th Division, surrendered to Li Mi's Nationalist Army 8th Division. Deng Wenyi, via a stop at Weixian, arrived at Linqu by plane to express solicitude to Li Mi's army. Outside of Linqu where thousands of Communist corpses still scattered unburied, Deng Wenyi met with the Nationalist Army troops which came from Mt Yimengshan, and then followed the Nationalist Army troops to the north for one month. Deng Wenyi, after checking with locals, confirmed that Communist troops, having incurred a casualty of over 10,000, had mobilized tens of thousands of shoulder-pole carriers for moving their wounded towards the Yellow River bank for consecutive days. Deng Wenyi suggested to Nanking to have troops continue the push against the Communist troops at the Yellow River bank; however, Nanking never replied to endorse the chase. Chen Yi's Communist troops, other than a portion which fled towards eastern Shandong coast, crossed the Yellow River. Three months later, with refilled-up rank and file, Chen Yi came back south to harass the Jin-Pu and Long-Hai Railways. Huang Baitao Digging Up Communist Underground Warehouses Stacked With American Commodities 4000 bales of American cotton, with each package weighing 200 pounds between Xintai and Laiwu piles of nitre and sulfur, was made at Jiangyu Valley in Changle, between Qingzhou and Weixian [Weifang]. brand new made-in-USA tires large bundles of Communist currency from "North Sea Bank" and postal stamps from Communist "Shandong Military District" In Fushan county, over 700 gold nuggets, weighing ten Chinese ounces, were located from double-walled hideout. In Qixia-Penglai area, underground warehouse of shirts of wool and woolen fabric After shirts would be American-made blue khaki clothes with slanted stripes and a red circle on the back, which was later construed to be possibly designed by Americans for having Japanese prisoners of war to wear. From Qixia to Penglai, to Mouping, and to Fushan, more American goods were found, including American military caps for cold weather, nylon and flannel clothes, leather jackets, and leather vests. Defense Battle At Weixian [Weifang] Siege Of Jinan, Defection Of Wu Hualong & Demise of Wang Yaowu Group In July of 1948, Li Yutang's 6th Pacification Region defended Yanzhou city. Communist 3rd Field Army, i.e., formerly East China Field Army, assembled over 80,000 troops for an attack at the city, which consisted of 7th, 9th & 13th "zong dui" in addition to Cui Ziming & Zhang Guangzhong's Communist military district forces. 
In August, Wang Yaowu, whose War Section Chief Liao Weiwen was a Communist mole, frantically relocated Wu Huawen's R84D to the provincial capital from Yanzhou.
Communist side then devised a strategy of encircling Yanzhou while ambushing Nationalist relief army from Jinan. Over eight Communist "zong dui" were dispatched to Yanzhou-Lincheng area, while about seven Communist "zong dui" encircled Jinan the provincial city of Shandong.
Before Wu Hualong could arrive at Yanzhou, Communists sacked the city, caught Huo Shouyi alive, and took hostage of the family members of Wu Hualong's troops.
After the loss of Yanzhou, Wang Yaowu was in danger at isolated Jinan city. Wu Huawen was asked to return to Jinan for city defense.
Nanking sent a telegram to Wang Yaowu on Sept 14th with information that Wu Hualong might defect to the Communist side. Wang Yaowu, upon receipt of the telegram, sought for opinions with his Third Section [i.e., War Section] Chief Liao Weiwen. Liao Weiwen immediately departed for the airport with the original telegram and military documents to instigate Wu Huawen.
By noon of Sept 16th, Wu Huawen agreed to the defection and moved his troops away from the airport for Southwestern Shandong Province. Communist force, after taking over the airport and railway and highway points, then launched a general attack at Jinan on the night. (Wu Hualong, whose army later crossed the Yangtze to occupy the Presidential Palace in Nanking, would see his 20,000 troops perish on the seas on the occasion of attacking Zhoushan Islands via wooden boats in July of 1949.)
By the night of 17th, constabulary force and gentry-organized force defending the perimeter were defeated by the Communists. On 18th, a plane with one Nationalist Army Regiment turned around after failing to get in touch with Jinan Airport. With outside aid cut, Wang Yaowu stubbornly persisted in city defense till Sept 22nd. With citywall broken on Sept 24th, Wang Yaowu was caught alive while sneaking out dressed as a civilian. Battle Of Laishui Presidential Election & Constitutional Government Crony Embezzlement & Larceny Presidential Election Central Plains Battlegrounds Communist Siege Of Kaifeng & Luoyang Retaking Kaifeng From Communist Yu-dong [Eastern Henan] Campaign Liu Zhi ordered that Liu Ruming and Sun Zhen hastily went to the relief of Kaifeng which was recovered on June 26th. Liu Bocheng fled to the south, while Chen Yi fled to the west. At Tiefusi and Tongwangdian area, to the north of Suixian county of Henan Province, Chen Yi encircled 6th Pacification Deputy Commander Ou Shounian's R72D, R75D and New 21st Brigade. Liu Zhi ordered 5th Corps and R83D to the relief via Lanfeng and Qixian, but Liu Bocheng's Communist force managed to block the way and slow down the pace. Liu Zhi then ordered that Huang Baitao's Army Group, which was originally destined for Yanzhou relief, turn around for the west to attack Liu Bocheng and Chen Yi's Communist force in cooperation with Qiu Qingquan. On July 2nd, Huang Baitao's army group, being encircled by the Communist force upon arrival at Diqiudian to the north of Suixian, fought their way into the Communist line by inflicting heavy casualty onto the communist side. Then, Huang Baitao attacked the flank of Communist force which was facing Qiu Qingquan's army in the frontal confrontation. On July 4th, Communist force collapsed in Suixian and Qixian counties. Wang Baitao, for his feats in Yu-dong [Eastern Henan] Campaign, was conferred the Medal of Blue Sky and White Sun. Retreat Of 5000 Henan University Professors & Students From Kaifeng To Bengbu Abandoning Zhengzhou & Kaifeng For Xuzhou Xu-Beng Campaign Zhang Kexia & Heh Jifen Steering Away 30000 Troops To Communist Side Liu Ruming Winning Over Sun Liangcheng From Communist Captivity Xu-Beng Campaign [Huai-Hai Campaign] Destruction of Huang Baitao Army Group Around the Canal Destruction of Huang Wei Army Group Destruction of Qiu Qingquan Army Group Destruction of Du Yuming Army Group Ping-Jin Campaign Bloody Siege Of Tianjin 14 Hours Ahead Of Ultimatum Communists Sacking Zhangjiakou Fu Zuoyi Defecting To Communist Camp After Failing To Extract "Coalition Government" 
FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE 3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL DEATH OF MILLIONS OF YELLOW MEN, & POSSIBLY MORE IN THE FUTURE WAR AGAINST TAIWAN !!!!! 
Northwestern Battleground Battle Of Linfen Battle of Dali By Oct 1948, Peng Dehuai's Communist troops, having recovered from the loss from Wei-he & Jing-he Campaign, mounted a north-of-Weihe-River campaign. On 6th, Communist troops crossed Luo-he River, with a plan to destroy Hu Zongnan's troops in the triangle area between the Luo-he River and the Yellow River and then link up with Chen Geng's Communist troops in Shanxi Province. On 10th, Hu Zongnan sent right and left prongs of armies to encircle the Communist troops. On 11th, fighting broke out at Renyicun, Xiqudou, Lijiapo & Dahaoying. Xu Zhen claimed that Nationalist Army troops, at own casualty of 10000 and death of 78th Deputy Division Chief Jing Chunjian, had inflicted a casualty of 30,000 onto Communist troops. Communist 1st "zong dui" was badly mauled while 2nd "zong dui" decimated. Li Zongren's Peace Talks & Communist Yangtze Crossing KMT-CCP Peace Talk Moving Gold, Silver & Foreign Currency To Taiwan - 2,600,000 ounces - Taipei; 900,000 ounces - Amoy; 380,000 ounces - USA; 200,000 ounces - Shanghai Departing Nanking the Capital 
Attacking Pukou Ahead Of Peace Talk Breakup & Crossing Yangtze 
Shanxi Battleground Battle Of Taiyuan Continuous Northwestern Campaign Campaign of Wugong In mid-Nov 1948, Peng Dehuai's Communist troops came south again, attacked Weizhuang and laid siege of Yongfeng. On Feb 14th, Hu Zongnan withdrew his bulk of forces to the south of Wei-he River while leaving one division at Dali. On 24th, Hu Zongnan devised the defense plan of making Luqiao-Sanyuan the rightside position and Koudouzhen [Kouzhen] leftside position. On 27th, Communist troops attacked Koudouzhen and destroyed Zhu Jingya's division. On March 6th, Hu Zongnan ordered that 38th Corps and 135th Division attack Koudouzhen. On 11th, 90th Corps recovered Yaoxian county. On 17th, Tongchuan & Pucheng were recovered. With Nanking lost to the Communists, Hu Zongnan abandoned Tongchuan and Pucheng for the south of Wei-shui & Jing-shui Rivers on April 26th 1949. Peng Dehuai's 1st & 2nd Army Groups attacked south, and on May 16th. On the night, Peng Dehuai crossed the Jing-he River, breached 65th Corps' defense positions, and pushed to northern Xianyang area. Meanwhile, Communist 18th & 19th Army Groups crossed the Yellow River at Tongguan and Hancheng, respectively. Hu Zongnan and Lanzhou office devised a plan to induce the Communist troops to Baoji area for a duel. The Defense Department approved the plan to fight Communist troops at Jing-he & Wei-he River Plains subsequently. At dawn of May 18th, Xi'an Pacification Office withdrew from Xi'an for Hanzhong. 17th Corps and Xi'an Garrison Commander Yang Deliang were left for city defense. By the afternoon, Communist troops took over Xianyang. On 19th, Communist troops mounted attacks at Xi'an. 17th Corps defended the city for two days and then evacuated towards Qin-ling Ridge. Hu Zongnan planned to destroy Peng Dehuai's troops near Wugong area before Heh Long and other Communist reinforcements came over. Hu Zongnan obtained the cooperation of Ma Family's Long-dong Army Group and Ningxia Army Group in pincer-attacking Peng Dehuai's Communist troops. On 14th, Nationalist Army troops north of Wei-he River had recovered Wugong city. To the southeast of Xi'an, Sheng Wen's 3rd Corps, with 17th, 84th & 354th Divisions, defeated Communist 60th Corps to the north of Qin-ling Ridge from Duqu direction and closed in towards the east and south gates of Xi'an. With Communist troops crossing Wei-he River to the south, Li Zhen's 18th Army Group failed to push to Huxian county for encircling Xi'an. At Xi'an, Communist reinforcements from Hancheng & Tongguan converged with troops which came south from north of Jing-he River. On June 20th, Long-dong Army Group, after a defeat around Jing-he River, retreated towards Lingtai. On 25th, Ningxia Army Group retreated towards Binzhou without advance notice to Hu Zongnan. Hu Zongnan's troops on both banks of Wei-he River were hence surrounded by Communist troops. On July 11th, Peng Dehuai & Heh Long's Communist troops circumvented to Fufeng to attack Li Zhen's 18th Army Group. During the Wugong Campaign, Hu Zongnan's troops, i.e., 65th, 69th, 36th, 38th & 90th Corps, incurred over half casualty. 144th Division Chief Fu Shufeng was killed in battle. 65th Deputy Corps Chief Zhang Shen, 165th Division Chief Sun Tieying, and 55th Division Chief Cao Weihan & Deputy Division Chief Shi Difei were seriously wounded. Battle Of Pingliang By Ma Hongkui's Ningxia Army Group Last Push Campaign of Ankang Communist troops, in lieu of attacking Qin-ling Ridge, went around to attack Ankang area from east, i.e., Shenxi-Hubei provincial borderline. On July 5th, about nine divisions equivalent of Liu Bocheng's Central Plains Communist troops, including Kong Congzhou's 17th Corps, Liu Jinxuan's 19th Corps, and Independent 142nd, 143rd & 144th Divisions of Western Hubei Military District, mounted attacks at Li Zhengxian's positions. By 17th, Communist troops sacked Zhushan, Zhuxi, Baihe, Xunyang & Pingli. On 19th, Sheng Wen arrived at the west bank of Ankang, and ordered that 31st Division of 27th Corps defend Ankang city while 69th & 98th Corps defend the west and north banks of Han-shui River. At dawn of July 21st, 27th, 69th & 98th Corps crossed the Han-shui River to the south for a counter-attack. On Aug 5th, Xunyang-Baihe-Zhushan-Zhuxi-Pingi counties were recovered. From July 21st to Aug 5th, Hu Zongnan's troops killed 5000, wounded about 9000, and captured alive 2700 Communist troops at an own casualty of 3100 and the deaths of three battalion chiefs. After the battle, 27th & 69th Corps could only reorganize as one division, respectively, while 98th Corps was reorganized into four regiments, only. Battle Of Lanzhou Battle Of Ningxia Battle Of Wuhan Cheng Qian & Chen Mingren Defecting To Communist Camp Bai Chongxi Hitting Back At Communist Forces At Qingshuping Ambush In Hunan Province Chiang Kai-shek Frustrating Guangdong-Guangxi Defense By Withdrawing Forces to Hainan Island Battle of Chongqing Battle of Chengdu Battle of Xichang Campaign Of the Northwest Campaign Of the Southwest Communist Marching To New Dominion Province Defection of Government troops In Chinese Turkistan & Loyalists' Trek Through The Pamirs Defection Of Lu Han In Yunnan Province For Rescuing Lu Junquan From Communist Captivity Battle Of Canton Battle Of Zhoushan Islands Battle of Amoy Battle of Quemoy Chasing Towards Burma & Vietnam KMT Guerilla Fighting In Sichuan & Yunnan Provinces Retreat To Keetung & Communist Cession of the Golden Triangle To Burma Battle Of Hainan Island Abandoning Zhoushan Island Hu Zongnan's Guerilla Warfare Against the Coast Abandoning Dachendao Island & American Attempt At Making Taiwan A Trustee Country Korean War: 6/25/1950 - 7/27/1953 Vietnamese War TO BE CONTINUED !
1945-1949 Civil War Liao-Shen Campaign Korean War Vietnamese War Written by Ah Xiang Last Modified: Monday, 31-Dec-2007 02:16:00 EST |
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Li Hongzhang's Poem After 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
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ECON 101: US Interest Rate Down = China Exchange Rate Up !
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)