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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
WARS & CAMPAIGNS
1945-1949 Civil War Liao-Shen Campaign Korean War Vietnamese War Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, & White Terror vs Red Terror: Second Northern Expedition - 1928 Nationalist Army took over Shanghai on March 21st 1927. On the afternoon of Mar 22nd 1927, Hu Zongnan assembled regiment/battalion officers and armed soldiers, rode on captured vehicles for a tour of the city, intruded onto British/French extraterritories, and drove by the Racing Course (i.e., today's People's Square of Shanghai) and through the Nanking Road. British/French, daunted by National Army's velour and Shanghai citizens' fervor, dared not stop the parade. (During the battle for Shanghai, imperialist nations assembled an army of 23000 in Shanghai and dispatched over 90 warships towards Nanking. However, as Harriet Sergeant had pointed out, Shanghai, i.e., the 'Whore of the Orient', where you could expect to "buy a nine year girl at no cost" per Sterling Seagrave in addition to "688 whorehouses", had corrupted both the mercenaries and the Third Communist International agents. The venereal disease incapacitated Dr. McDonald's entire British regiment as a result of "everything [including sex] was so [dirty] cheap", with soldiers having to go through treatment in Weihaiwei before reunion with their wives and girl friends.) With Songjiang-Shanghai Campaign over, Nationalist Army pushed against Sun Chuanfang remnants as well as armies of Zhi-xi [Hebei Province] and Lu-jun [Shandong Province army] from all directions. Sun Chuanfang's generals already defected to the Nationalist Army camp in batches: 15th Division Chief Liu Baoti defected on Feb 20th, 6th Division Chief Chen Diaoyuan defected on Mar 4th, and Ye Kaixin and Wang Pu followed suit. Three Hunan Province armies participated in the campaign against Nanking, i.e., Tan Yankai's 2nd Corps, Cheng Qian's 6th Corps & Heh Yaozu's 2nd route army. Nationalist Army General Cheng Qian pushed against Wuhu and Yicheng on Feb 27th, took over Wuhu on Mar 6th and Dangtu on Mar 17th, and continued on against Nanking. On the other side of Yangtze River, Nationalist Army, in collaboration with Chen Diaoyuan, penetrated into the central Anhui Province and north of Huai-shui River. On March 24th 1927, 6th & 2nd Corps of the Nationalist Army took over Nanking. Sun Chuanfang's army fled, and pillaging occurred in Nanking. Pearl Buck [Sai-zhen-zhu] had recalls about her ransacked residence in Nanking. At this time, British and American warships fired cannon balls into Nanking city from warships near Xiaguan Wharf on the pretext of punishing mobsters. Cheng Qian fought back against the warships' bombardment. Bombing led to a Chinese casualty of over 2000 people, i.e., Nanking Bloody Incident. Japanese, headed by Shidehara Kijuro, refused to join the British, American, French & Italian in an ultimatum against Chiang Kai-shek. (On April 20th 1927, new Japanese Prime Minister, Tanaka Giichi, in contrast with his predecessor, had adopted a belligerent policy against Chiang Kai-shek's National Government by dispatching relief to Jinan of Shandong Province on May 27th.) Three Routes of Nationalist Army Pushing Against Northern Armies
More available at Northern_Expedition.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Wuhan's KMT Leftist Government Campaigning Against Nanking 
On June 23rd, Tang Shengzhi, i.e., leader of KMT Leftist army, assumed the post of commander-in-chief for a campaign against Nanking, with two flanks pushing along the Yangtze River. Tang Shengzhi was in charge of 8th, 35th & 36th corps, while Zhang Fakui in charge of 4th, 11th & 20th corps. Cheng Qian & Zhang Fakui marched along the southern bank, while Tang Shengzhi & Heh Jian the northern bank. Tang Shengzhi and Zhang Fakui, earlier, had relocated their armies from Henan Province after the Zhengzhou Meeting.
On June 27th, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the withdrawal of the siege of Linyi of Shandong Province and dispatched troops back to Nanking's defense. Li Zongren memoirs stated that he himself went to Nanking in early July while halting troops at their original positions. In Nanking, Li Zongren proposed to retreat back across Huai-shui River while Chiang Kai-shek was unwilling to give up Xuzhou city. Due to Chiang Kai-shek insistence, Li Zongren returned to Xuzhou, convened a meeting about defending the city with weaker corps under Wang Tianpei, and ordered the relocation of the stronger 7th Corps to Wuhu area. At this time, Zhang Fakui's Wuhan 2nd Front Army had reached Jiujiang of Jiangxi Province. Only communist rebellion at Nanchang on Aug 1st 1927 delayed the eastern thrust of Wuhan army. Japanese, taking advantage of KMT internal strife, dispatched 2000 soldiers to Jinan the Shandong provincial capital, while Sun Chuanfang counter-attacked Xuzhou and took over Xuzhou on July 20th. Wu Peifu's Fall From Power 
At Nanyang, 8th Corps Chief Yu Xuezhong, unable to control his forces, persuaded Wu Peifu into seeking asylum elsewhere while Yu Xuezhong himself defected to Feng-xi's camp to be chief of 20th Corps under Zhang Zuolin's Anguo-jun (pacifying country army).
While fleeing, Wu Peifu's longtime counselor and friend Zhang Qihuang was killed by Fan Zhongxiu's soldiers.
With the help of Zhang Liansheng at Xiangyang city, Wu Peifu went on a flee towards Sichuan Province. However, Zhang Liansheng, a follower of Wu Peifu, defected to Feng Yuxiang and assisted Feng Yuxiang in attacking Wu Peifu's 2nd regiment at a river crossing, leading to a loss of three ships and over hundred people on the part of Wu Peifu.
Wu Peifu's entourage then walked along small mountainside roads in northern Hubei Province, passing through numerous banditry dens, often with bandits serving as guide in respective domains and holding a sign with 'Wu Peifu' characters. At one time, some local army tried to disarm Wu Peifu. By July 13th 1927, Wu Peifu's 5000 men arrived at Ba-dong (i.e., eastern Sichuan Province) where Yang Sen offered asylum to Wu after assuring Chiang Kai-shek that Wu Peifu, as a personal friend, would act as civilian only in Sichuan Province. Yang Sen, who himself declared loyalty to the Nationalist Government already, would ask Wu Peifu make a public announcement to the nation about his hermitage.
Chiang Kai-shek's Defeat At Xuzhou & His Stepdown In northern China, after the relocation of nationalist 7th Corps, Zhi-Lu-jun armies [Xu Kun & Xu Yuanquan] and Sun Chuanfang army mounted a counter-attack. Nationalist 10th Corps incurred heavy loss at Lincheng. On July 27th, Xu Kun's northern army sacked Xuzhou. Wang Tianpei retreated to Suzhou of Anhui Province. Nationalist 2nd route retreated to northern Jiangsu Province along Long-Hai Railroad. Chiang Kai-shek, against Li Zongren's advice, insisted on a re-capture of Xuzhou by taking advantage of Wuhan-CCP entanglements. Chiang Kai-shek then personally led a campaign against Xuzhou with two divisions from 1st Corps, with a swear that he would not return to Nanking should he fail to take Xuzhou. Li Zongren, being worried about Chiang Kai-shek's emotions, left for Wuhu area for defense against Wuhan "eastern expedition" forces. On July 25th, Chiang Kai-shek left for the north. In early August, Chiang Kai-shek initiated a counter-attack with 10th, 27th, 32nd, 40th & 1st corps, while Bai Chongxi fought against Xu Yuanquan & Sun Chuanfang around Huai-shui River with 37th & 44th corps. Chiang Kai-shek fell into a trap by pushing his armies to the city gate of Xuzhou. Northern armies dispatched a column for a surprise attack from the rightside, while launching an attack at the front. Chiang Kai-shek fled all the way southward with no time to sabotage the Jin-Pu Railway. More available at Battle of Xuzhou. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Battle Of Longtan 
Sun Chuanfang came back toward Chuzhou in the south on Aug 15th. Northern armies returned via the Jin-Pu Railway and the Canal, and blasted the southern Yangtze bank for days. On Aug 21st, Zhang Zongchang went to Peking for briefing Zhang Zuolin as to Sun Chuanfang's actions. Zhang Zuolin dispatched Bo-hai Sea Fleet to Wusongkou the Yangtze River mouth. Sun Chuanfang then moved his command center to Luhe. On the night of 25th, Sun Chuanfang mounted a "Crossing Yangtze" campaign against Nanking. On the southern bank, Nationalist Army had disbursed the first route army to Wulongshan-Longtan-Qixiashan, the second route army to the upperstream Yangtze, and the third route army to the middle segment. Li Zongren, after his return, had ordered that Liao Lei dispatch an extra 8 regiments to Mt Wulongshan.
More available at Battle of Longtan. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Second Northern Campaign On Dec 11th, communists, under leadership of Zhang Tailei and Soviet Consulate, staged "Canton Commune" rebellion in Guangzhou of Guangdong Province. On Dec 12th, Heh Yingqin's 1st Route began to attack Xuzhou and took over the Xuzhou airport, and four days later, took over Xuzhou with sacrifice of life by 65th Regiment Chief Cheng Shi in the Battle of Zhilan. On 14th, KMT government rescinded all relationships with USSR. KMT leadership had dispute in regards to Soviet involvement, with Wu Jingheng and Whang Jingwei against each other. Senior KMT leaders, including Deng Zeru and Gu Yingfen, rebuked nine KMT commissars including Whang Jingwei. Whang Jingwei resigned his post for an overseas trip on Dec 17th. More available at 2nd Northern Campaign. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
National Humiliation Memorial Day At Jinan, Japanese army, which landed in coastal Qingdao in the summer of 1927 but evacuated in five batches after protests by Peking government, would stage a comeback on April 27th 1928. Back in July [June 27th to July 7th per LDF] 1927, Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka convened an "Orient Meeting" in Tokyo. In Aug, Japanese consuls convened a Dalian Meeting inside China. On April 27th 1928, about 5000 Japanese from 2nd division-conglomerate landed in Qingdao. 400 Japanese were sent southward to Jiao-Ji Railway in Shandong Province from Tianjin's Japanese concession territory. Zhang Zongchang secretly sold out interests in Qingdao and on Jiao-Ji Railway to Japanese for help in fending off the Northern Expedition forces. (Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka, who coerced Manchurian Warlord Zhang Zuolin with construction of Jilin-Heilongjiang railway and later blasted Zhang Zuolin to death on June 4th 1928, would resign in July 1928 under the pressure of Japanese emperor.) In face of KMT Second Northern Expedition, on May 2nd, i.e., the second day after Jinan fell into revolutionary army, Japanese had taken up positions at Japanese consulate, Japanese school, Jinan Hospital, and Japanese-controlled "Jinan Daily" newspaper office. Japanese army set up barber wires and checkpoints throughout commercial districts of the city and shot dead any Chinese who approached them. Xu Zhen stated that on May 1st and 3rd, Heh Yaozu's 40th Corps had conflicts with Japanese army. Chiang Kai-shek convened a meeting in Jinan for sake of trying to avoid confrontations with Japanese. Hu Zongnan refused to take up the task of garrison for Jinan. On May 3rd, Japanese refused to let go negotiators sent by the nationalist government and demanded that Nationalist Army retreat 20 kilometers away from Jinan city. At 9:37 am, Japanese attacked Chinese barracks. Fighting ensued for whole day. At night, Japanese army intruded into the office of KMT negotiators, bound the hands of all personnel, and executed them. Japanese soldiers broke the leg of KMT commissioner Cai Gongshi, hit off his teeth, cut the tongue, and shot him. Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that foreign minister Huang Fu was arrested by Japanese. Two regiments, 7th regiment of 3rd division and the first regiment, were disarmed by Japanese while under Chiang Kai-shek's order of "no fighting back". On May 4th, Japanese planes bombed the headquarters of the revolutionary army. When 40th Corps refused ceasefire order and fought the Japanese, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Hu Zongnan go to the 40th Corps for stopping the war with Japanese. On May 5th, Chiang Kai-shek, leaving an order that Li Yannian's regiment stayed in Jinan city for two days, secretly ordered that nationalist army crossed the Yellow River for the north. Hu Qiuyuan stated that Chiang Kai-shek relocated his HQ to Dangjiazhuang on May 6th and that Japanese Kwantung army came over around May 7th to surround Jinan city. At Yanzhou, Chiang Kai-shek and KMT party and administration officials made a decision to circumvent around Jinan for a continuous campaign towards Peking. Japanese, learning that nationalist army had crossed the river, waged a war against Li Yannian's regiment in an outrage. Li Yannian's regiment fought Japanese till 9th. On May 11th, while on their way of retreat, Li Yannian's regiment was attacked by Japanese without regard for a ceasefire, and about 500 soldiers broke through the siege. Japanese army consequently launched a massacre at Jinan city, shooting dead 200 wounded KMT soldiers at a hospital and killing over 2000 civilians. Unofficial account stated that as many as 101,062 soldiers and civilians were killed and wounded during "Jinan Bloody Incident". Nationalist Government later decreed that May 3rd be designated the "National Humiliation Memorial Day". Chiang Kai-shek blamed Jinan Incident on Heh Yaozu, and revoked Heh Yaozu's posts of garrison commander for Nanking and commander-in-chief of 3rd group army. After Tanaka resigned in July 1928 over the June 4th death of Zhang Zuolin, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched Wang Zhengting to goodwill negotiations with the relatively friendly Japanese prime minister Shidehara Kijuro [Biyuan Xichonglang in Chinese]. By March 28th 1929, Japanese foreign minister acknowledged the 'Jinan Incident' as a misfortune and agreed to withdrawing the troops from Shandong within two months. (Wang Zhengting would also be responsible for terminating the Belgian settlement in Tianjin on Aug 31st 1929 and the British lease of Weihaiwei on Oct 1st 1930.) Unification of China By mid-May, Nationalist Army approached Baoding and Dezhou. On May 30th, Zhang Zuolin's An-guo-jun army declared a general retreat towards Luan-he River area. The next day, 1st Group Army took over Baoding. On June 1st, Chiang Kai-shek held a meeting with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan at Shijiazhuang in regards to recovering Tianjin & Beijing. The next day, Zhang Zuolin sent a public wire about his exit from Peking. On June 3rd, Zhang Zuolin and his entourage of about 30 rode on train for Shenyang of Manchuria. However, at about 5:30 am, on the morning of June 4th, on the way home, Zhang Zuolin's train was bombed by 30 bags of yellow powder at Huanggudun train station near Shenyang city. Under the pressure, Kwantung army immediately placed two dead bodies at the scene and claimed that spies from southern China had blasted Zhang Zuolin's train. (Japanese later acknowledged that they did the assassination, while some scholar had claimed that it was the Soviet agents who laid the mine.) Manchurian army, i.e., Feng-xi army, swarmed out of Shanhaiguan Pass upon hearing the death of their commander. Zhang Xueliang stealthily returned to Shenyang on June 18th and assumed the post of commander-in-chief on July 4th. By June 6th, Yan Xishan's 3rd Group Army reached the outskirts of Peking. By June 8th, Sun Chu, an officer under Shang Zhen's rightside column of 3rd Group Army, led three regiments into Peking through Xuanwumen City Gate. 7th Corps Chief Zhang Yinwu entered Peking next and was conferred the post of garrison commander. Revolutionary army then converged upon Tianjin. At Tianjin, Zhang Zongchang and Chu Yuepu fled to Luanhe, and remnants, about 200,000, surrendered to the revolutionary army without a fight. On June 20th, KMT central politics meeting decreed that Zhili be renamed Hebei, and Beijing [Peking] be renamed Peiping [Beiping]. Beiping and Tianjin cities were put under special jurisdiction. Also in June, Governor-general Yang Zengxin, in Chinese Turkestan, declared a change of flag to Nanking Government's "blue sky and white sun flag". On June 9th, Chiang Kai-shek issued a public wire as to resigning the posts of commander-in-chief of the northern expedition army and chairman of the military committee on the pretext that northern expeditions were accomplished. The public wire called for a demobilization. On June 12th, Chiang Kai-shek announced the relinquishment of the post as chairman of KMT Central Politics Meeting. Ding Weifen of KMT Party Affairs Department followed suit with a resignation announcement; navy commander Yang Shuzhuang submitted his resignation; and 1st Corps Chief Liu Zhi applied for overseas studies in Europe. Also on June 12th, Feng Yuxiang, being still angry over Yan Xishan's control over Peking-Tientsin area, would first send a wire for dissuading Chiang Kai-shek as to resignations. Seeing no reply from Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang further wired to express a wish to resign together should Chiang Kai-shek be adamant about it. Thereafter, Yan Xishan, Bai Chongxi, Li Zongren, Heh Yingqin and Li Jishen etc sent in wires for a dissuasion of Chiang Kai-shek. On June 17th, Chiang Kai-shek revoked his resignations and returned to Nanking from his hometown. On July 2nd, Heh Yingqin first talked about contracting armies to 80 divisions from 300 divisions nationwide. Hu Zongnan's 22nd division was contracted to 2nd brigade under 1st division in Qufu of Shandong Province in late Aug. (Hu Zongnan was said to have retained 60 officers on his own payroll.) On July 3rd, commander-in-chiefs of four routes of Revolutionary Army entered Peking. On July 6th, four commanders went to Biyunshi Monastery on Mt Western Hill for paying respect to Dr Sun Yat-sen's altar. On July 8th 1928, Chiang Kai-shek declared that Dr Sun Yat-sen's coffin be moved to Nanking the capital. In Peking, Feng Yuxiang held a banquet inside of the Forbidden City. During the banquet, Feng Yuxiang suddenly ordered that hundreds of staff workers converge onto the dining hall and shout aloud to the guests, stating that Feng Yuxiang, after kicking out the last Qing Emperor, did not steal "national treasures" as the rumor said. On Aug 9th, KMT politics meeting decreed that Qinghai, Xikang [western Sichuan], Rehe, Chahar and Suiyuan be zoned as provinces. On Oct 8th, KMT standing committee made Chiang Kai-shek into chairman [president] of National Government. Tan Yankai, Hu Hanmin, Wang Chonghui, Dai Chuanxian [Dai Jitao] & Cai Yuanpei were made into ministers of five government departments. On Nov 10th, Chiang Kai-shek inspected his crony 1st Division at Xuzhou where he probably first discussed the issue of neo-warlords. On Dec 29th 1928, Zhang Xueliang, son of late Zhang Zuolin, together with Zhang Zuoxiang and Wan Fulin, against Japanese threats and coercions, declared in a public wire that the four provinces of Feng [Liaoning], Ji [Jilin], Hei [Heilongjiang], & Ri [Rehe] change flag to that of the Republic of China, obey the National Government, and follow the "Three People's Principles". On Dec 31st 1928, Chiang Kai-shek conferred the "Manchuria border commander-in-chief" onto Zhang Xueliang, and further ceded Rehe Province to be under the jurisdiction of Manchuria. Fengtian was renamed to the Province of Liaoning. (Heh Chengjun, a disciple of Huang Xing while studying at Japan's Zhenwu Military School in 1904, was said to have been responsible for persuading Zhang Xueliang into this move. Li Zongren memoirs stated that Zhang Xueliang dispatched two emissaries [Xing Shilian & Wang Shuhan] to Peking on July 8th 1928 for peace talks with the four leaders of the Nationalist Army Groups. Li Zongren stated that he had advocated peaceful solution to Manchuria, while Feng Yuxiang & Yan Xishan deeply disliked Zhang Xueliang and proposed a military solution.) China was finally reunited again under the National Government of the ROC. In May-June 1929, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's bronze coffin was moved to Zijinshan Mountain of Nanking from Peking. Warship Weisheng-jian sailed through Pukou and delivered the coffin at Xiaguan Dock, next to Nanking, on June 28th, with honorary cannon shooting to the skies as salutes. Kong Xiangxi, who was reported to be a fat man riding a fat horse at the scene, personally led a staff of 32 men aboard Warship Weisheng-jian. Ships in Yangtze River, domestic and foreign, all fired cannons to show respect. 
Mme Sun Yat-sen, wearing all black, stepped onto Zhongshan Dock (with a newly built wharf) together with the funeral column. At the dock, Chiang Kai-shek was wearing white robe and black vest while the rest of KMT central executive committee members in blue robes and black vests, all barefoot as a show of respect. Then vehicles carrying the coffin drove to KMT party headquarters for the coffin-waiting ceremony. Three Song family sisters, with tears, followed the coffin in the vehicle column. Sun Yat-sen's long-time Japanese pals also participated. Above the coffin at KMT party headquarters was a banner stating "Spirit Forever Immortal". From May 26th to June 1st, a period of 'holding in peace' was declared, with innumerable civilians and soldiers participating in the coffin relocation ceremony. (Descriptions from "A Journey Through China - A Pictorial Walk, 1927-1997", Tian-Xia-Wen-Hua Publishing House, Taipei, Taiwan, 1997)
Wars Of Chiang Kai-shek versus Gui-xi (March 1929) KMT government under Chiang Kai-shek, having barely united China, would be engaged in numerous rounds of civil wars with the communists as well as KMT opponents & adversaries [termed "neo-warlords" by Chiang Kai-shek]. In early years, however, Chiang Kai-shek had deliberately adopted the approach of "yang [multiplying] fei [communist banditry] zi [for enhancing selfish] zhong [important position of being indispensable]" per LZR. In 1929, Chiang Kai-shek launched two wars with Guangxi Province armies [i.e., 4th group army], and in 1930, Chiang Kai-shek engaged himself in the bloody War of the Central Plains. Li Dongfang claimed that Chiang Kai-shek incurred a casualty of 95000 while the opposing camp 150000. Yu Maochun cited Song Ziwen's bragging in front of US president in 1943 and pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek had won the civil wars as a result of Song Ziwen's decoding the opponents' telegraphs. (However, at the same time, communist moles, like Qian Zhuangfei, Li Kenong & Hu Di [Hu Beifeng], already penetrated into Chiang Kai-shek's spy network.) The direct consequence of Chiang Kai-shek's selfishness and intolerance would be: i) Communist disturbances; ii) Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi of Gui-xi [Guangxi Province clique] was counted as one of the four military groups together with Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Central Army, Feng Yuxiang's Northwestern Army and Yan Xishan's Shanxi Province army. During the northern expeditions, Gui-xi, aside from home base in Guangxi Province [under Huang Shaohong & Huang Xuchu], directly controlled Hunan-Hubei Provinces, with Li Zongren controlling Xia Wei's 7th Corps, Tao Jun's 18th Corps, Hu Zongduo's 19th Corps, and Heh Jian & Lu Diping's troops in Hunan Province. Other than Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi extended his influence to troops in Peking, Tianjin and Tanggu to the north. Nationalist Army Re-organization & Shrinkage Meeting Chiang Kai-shek left Peking on July 25th. Li Zongren paid a visit to Kaifeng where Feng Yuxiang hosted the trip. On Aug 8th, KMT 5th Plenary opened session. At the meeting, Chiang Kai-shek and the rest KMT leaders disputed the issue of "centralized rule" versus "provincial autonomy". Five department system was set up, with Chiang Kai-shek made into president of the National Government. "Re-organization & Shrinkage of Armies" was proposed. Li Zongren suggested that Yan Xishan & Feng Yuxiang may not like to stay in capital permanently while he himself had no issue with staying put in Nanking. Li Zongren stated that it was easy to dismiss the soldiers, but not the officers, not to mention dismissing senior military leaders. Further, Li proposed an arrangement for senior military leaders to have overseas inspection or studies. However, Chiang Kai-shek did not heed Li Zongren's call as a result of Chiang Kai-shek’s plan to preserve his own group army at the expense of the rest. On Jan 1st 1929, Chiang Kai-shek officially convened the disarmament meeting in Nanking, termed "Nationalist Army Re-organization & Shrinkage Meeting", a meeting that would last for a whole month. Meeting began with an oath administered by Gu Yingfen; two drafts from Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan were proposed; and Yan Xishan was made into director of economic management team for the Re-organization & Shrinkage Committee. Feng Yuxiang objected to Chiang Kai-shek's plan to shrink his 2nd group army of 10 corps & 8 detached divisions [420000 soldiers] by pointing out that Chiang Kai-shek should shrink the 1st group army of 20 corps & 4 detached divisions [500000 soldiers]. Chiang Kai-shek proposed to adopt the draft system for the national military instead of solicitation and recruitment system. Soon, Feng Yuxiang, being against Yan Xishan's plan, asked his crony Xie Wubi to attend the meeting instead. Xie Wubi argued against Chiang Kai-shek's classifying the Northwestern Army as ill-disciplined rascals by pointing out that the source of soldiers for his 2nd Group Army had come from county magistrates. Chiang Kai-shek intended to reduce the headcounts of Yan Xishan's 2nd group army, Feng Yuxiang's 3rd group army and Li Zongren's 4th group army. Thinking he was more Muslim-related, Bai Chongxi, i.e., head of "Muslim patriotic society", at one time, had proposed to be assigned to "northwestern mobile military camp", but Chiang Kai-shek sent Cheng Qian to the Northwest, instead. Bai Chongxi, for fear of being caught by Chiang Kai-shek, deliberately sought excuses to avoid a trip to Nanking for the meeting. At this time, Li Jishen, who was pressured by Chiang Kai-shek into releasing the provincial chair post for Guangdong Province to Chen Mingshu on Nov 21st 1928, came to Nanking for the meeting. Li Jishen proposed a plan of dividing China into 5 military districts and 1 central military district, with airforce and navy subject to the central military district. First session ended on Jan 25th, with a decision to reduce the national military to 65 divisions, 8 cavalry brigades, 16 cannons regiments and 8 engineering regiments. Five regional Re-organization & Shrinkage Sub-Committee offices were to be established in Nanking, Kaifeng, Beiping, Hankou & Shenyang, with Heh Yingqin in charge of 1st Group Army, Lu Zhonglin the 2nd Group Army, Zhou Dai 3rd Army Group, and Bai Chongxi the 4th Group Army. 5th sub-committee of Shenyang was for Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army, while the 6th sub-committee was for Southwestern provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou Sichuan, and Xikang. Yan Xishan made a pretext for slipping back to Taiyuan of Shanxi Province. At the advice of counselor Zhang Fang [Zhang Boying], Feng Yuxiang pretended an illness by burning charcoal inside his bedroom and covering himself with two sheets of cotton bedsheet. Chiang Kai-shek personally visited Feng Yuxiang to check on the illness. On Feb 14th, Feng Yuxiang slipped across the Yangtze for Pukou where his armored train was waiting. "Nationalist Army Re-organization & Shrinkage Meeting" came to an end with no resolutions. The War of Chinese Eastern Railway In Manchuria, on May 27th 1929, Zhang Xueliang's troops raided Russian consulate in Harbin, confiscated 3rd Comintern documents, and arrested 39 Russian and Chinese communists. On July 10th [?], Zhang Xueliang's troops, with Chiang Kai-shek's acquiesce (?), took over China Eastern Railway, arrested Russian management and shut down Russian consulate and commerce centers. Li Dongfang claimed that Zhang Xueliang ordered that Luu Ronghuan suspend the Russian bureau chief post and replace it with deputy bureau chief Fan Qiguang on July 11th. Russian and Chinese communists [59 staff of Russian citizenship per LDF] were expelled from Manchuria. USSR issued an ultimatum on July 13th; China declined Russian demands on 16th; and USSR severed diplomacy with China on July 18th [July 17th per LDF], expelled Chinese diplomats from USSR, recalled Russians back home, claimed to enforce the 1924 agreement on the railway, and launched an invasion [i.e., the War of Chinese Eastern Railway] on July 20th. Throughout the time period to October, border clashes had occurred between Soviet and Chinese troops. In November, Soviet Red Army, with air support, occupied the Manchurian border city of Hailar. Russians occupied numerous cities including Suibin, Tongjiang, Lubin and Hailaer by Nov. Chinese communist leaders, like Liu Bocheng and Liu Ying, together with Korean/Japanese communists, volunteered to go to Sino-Russian border to fight Zhang Xueliang as a show of action in "militarily defending the USSR". Stalin, after a second thought, forbade the "volunteers" from direct military action and arranged for them to take part in propaganda war against the Chinese prisoners of war. On Dec 22nd, at Khabarovsk [Boli], Cai Yunsheng, i.e., Zhang Xueliang's rep, agreed to the restoration of Soviet control over the railroads well as the resumption of normal trade between China and the Soviet Union. (Thereafter, ROC rep Mo Dehui visited USSR for 25 talks but failed to win anything back. After Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th 1931, USSR sold its interests in China Eastern Railway to Manchukuo, i.e., Japan's puppet. Note that Czar Russia had not invested a cent in the Chinese portion of China Eastern Railway since Li Hongzhang and Manchu China had provided the funds and materials for the said "joint venture". USSR, through the Yalta Betrayal, gained back its interests in China Eastern Railway plus Southern Manchurian Railway via a "friendship treaty" that was coerced from China shortly after the Japan's surrender in Aug 1945 by declining a Japanese request for decent surrender. Chiang Kai-shek, having apparently lost his "time of opportunity" in the one and half months' negotiations with the "big nose", had not repented over his often-repeating mistakes, i.e., the loss of opportunity in stamping a better agreement with communists between the Xi'an Coup of Dec 1936 and the eruption of Resistance War in July 1937. Or in another sense, the conspiracy against the Republic of China by the colonialists-communists 'win-win' team was so immense that there would be no chance for China to fight against the spider web.) Wuhan Incident 
Quelling Tang Shengzhi 
Li Zongren Experiencing French "Dark House" Customs In Vietnam To prevent Li Zongren etc from lending help to Feng Yuxiang, Chiang Kai-shek contacted British governor for HK in having Li Zongren pals evicted from HK. Li Zongren, Ye Qi, Gan Jiehou & Wei Yunsong departed HK for a stopover in Vietnam in early Oct after obtaining visa from French authority. At Saigon, the four went through the usual French colonialist discriminatory checkup at the customs, i.e., imprisonment inside of so-called "dark house" which possessed two doors and no windows. Soon, French found out the true identity of Li Zongren and dispatched plaincoats for guarding at the hotel for sake of protecting the gang from possible assassination by Chiang Kai-shek's spies. While Li Zongren was in Vietnam, Yu Zuobo [Yu Zuobai] & Li Mingrui rebelled against Chiang Kai-shek by launching communist movement inside of Guangxi Province. Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui Colluding With Communists In Guangxi Province, Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui organized a government, contacted communists for assistance, and tried to obtain support from KMT re-organizers such as Whang Jingwei & Xue Yue. Half a year later, Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui, against communist advice for patience per XHG memoirs, decided to rebel against Chiang Kai-shek by cooperating with KMT re-organizers (? as claimed by Xie Hegeng memoirs). In "White Terror versus Red Terror", we mentioned that following You-jiang Uprising would be Zuo-jiang [Leftside River] Uprising on February 1,1930 when Deng Xiaoping, Li Mingrui and Yu Zuoyu led the Longzhou Uprising, culminating in the formation of the Eighth Corps of the Red Army on basis of 5th column of Guangxi Garrison Troops. Li Mingrui later became the commander-in-chief of the Seventh and Eighth corps. Li Zongren memoirs stated that the whole Guangxi Province objected to Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui for their collusion with communists. Among the returnees, Yang Tenghui, Zhou Zuhuang, Liang Chongxi and Huang Quan split away from Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui. Chiang Kai-shek frustrated this Guangxi government via his usual bribery policy with Gui-xi subordinate officials. Chiang Kai-shek first ordered that Luu Huanyan return to Guangxi as new provincial chair. When Luu Huanyan dared not return, Guangxi people sent emissaries to Vietnam for inviting Li Zongren home. Li Zongren returned to China via Guangzhou Bay at the turn of 1929-1930. Before Li Zongren returned to Nanning, Bai Chongxi & Huang Shaohong had already made their stealthy return. Li Zongren memoirs pointed out that Yu Zuobo fled the province, while Li Mingrui, communist Zhang Yunyi, and Yu Zuobo's brother [Yu Zuoyu] divided their forces into two parts and established Soviet governments in Baise & Longzhou, respectively. Xie Hegeng memoirs stated that Whang Jingwei, for sake of protecting Zhang Fakui's army which stationed in Guangxi, dispatched a messenger to Hong Kong for inviting Li Zongren, Huang Shaohong & Bai Chongxi back to Guangxi Province where they organized the Eight Route of "KMT Army For Protecting Party & Rescuing Nation". However, Li Zongren memoirs stated that Zhang Fakui's 4th Corps, which originally joined the attack at the 4th Group Army in Wuhan, had come southward to Guangxi Province at the order of Whang Jingwei who opposed Chiang Kai-shek's control over the 3rd Plenary. Hence, at Nanning, "KMT Army For Protecting Party & Rescuing Nation" was organized, with Li Zongren acting as commander-in-chief and Huang Shaohong as deputy commander-in-chief. Two routes of armies were arranged, with Zhang Fakui & Xue Yue in charge of 3rd Route, and Li Zongren in charge of 8th Route. Second War Between Chiang Kai-shek & Gui-xi In the winter of 1929, "Second War Between Chiang Kai-shek & Gui-xi" broke out. In early Dec, Zhang Fakui arrived in Guangxi with over 10000 soldiers. The two routes of Guangxi Province army intruded into Guangdong Province, with Zhang Fakui departing Sihui & Qingyuan for Huaxian & Conghua, and the right prong attacking Juntian & Foshan via Zhaoqing. When Zhang Fakui closed in towards Canton, KMT Central Army came to the relief of Guangdong Army. Zhang Fakui retreated. Right prong was cut off by Guangdong Province navy which took over Wuzhou beforehand. Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui then concentrated their armies in the areas of Pingle & Lipu. At this time, Luu Huanyan defected to Chiang Kai-shek's camp at Yulin. Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi promptly dismissed two divisions chiefs, i.e., Huang Quan & Meng Zhi, for their possible collusion with Luu Huanyan emissaries. Then, Huang Shaohong & Zhang Fakui crossed the river to defeat Luu Huanyan who fled to Canton thereafter. Jiang Dingwen led Guangdong Army along West River for an attack at Yulin and defeated Guangxi army at Beiliu. Bai Chongxi, on the other side, defeated Zhu Shaoliang's army [which intruded into Pingle] and expelled Tan Daoyuan & Liu Heding out of Guangxi Province. Guangxi [including Zhang Fakui army] and Guangdong hence faced off with each other till the outbreak of the War of the Central Plains in the spring of 1930 by which time Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui entered Hunan Province in support of Yan Xishan & Feng Yuxiang. War Of The Central Plains (May 1930) Military Approach Against Tang Shengzhi But Political Approach Against Shi Yousan KMT Expanded Meeting (Peking & Taiyuan) War of the Central Plains Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui Invading Hunan Province Guangdong Province Army Hitting The Hind Of Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui Continuing War of the Central Plains Li Zongren Defending Guangxi Province Hu Hanmin's House Arrest Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds In May of 1927, CCP cadre Yang Shan was sent to Hainan Island as a "special commissar" for elevating CCP's "regional committee" to CCP's Qiongya Special Commissar Committee of Hainan Island and launching three consecutive uprisings among Li-zu & Miao-zu minorities around Lingshui county in June, Oct and Nov/Dec of 1927. In western Hunan-Hubei provinces, an area populated mainly by Miao-zu & Tujia-zu minorities, CCP dispatched Heh Long & Zhou Yiqun there for launching rebellion in Jan 1928, culminating in the establishment of Chinese Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army 4th Corps. In Weinan and Huaxian counties of Shaanxi Province, in April and May 1928, Liu Zhidan orchestrated a CCP uprising. Xu Xiangqian, till Jan 1929, fought guerilla warfare in Haifeng & Lufeng area of Guangdong Province with remnant Red Army 2nd & 4th Divisions. Peng Dehuai & Zhang Yunyi, in July 1928, staged Pingjiang Uprising and established Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Revolutionary Base. Deng Xiaoping, Zhang Yunyi, Lei Jingtian and Wei Baqun, on Dec 11th 1929, staged Bai'se Uprising, i.e., You-jiang [Rightside River] Uprising. Inside of KMT camp, Luo Binghui led the defection of gentry-organized militia to communist camp from Zhu Peide's camp, and Mao Tse-tung, after arriving in Gutian of Shanghang county in Dec 1929, launched Gutian Meeting for rectifying the thoughts of soldiers and officers, especially those of 4th Echelon which was comprised of turncoat armies from KMT 8th Corps and 3rd Corps. (Luo Binghui was the prototype of movie "From Slave To General".) Chiang Kai-shek Ignoring CCP For Sake Of Economic, Military & Political Dictatorship Chiang Kai-shek Dispatching KMT Central Army Against Communists First Encirclement Campaign Second Encirclement Campaign Third Encirclement Campaign Ningdu Rebellion By Northwestern Army Fourth Encirclement Campaign Relocation Of Western Hunan-Hubei Borderline Soviet, Heh Long broke through KMT siege in July 1932 and relocated to Hunan-Hubei borderline. By late 1933, Heh Long & Guan Xiangying convened a meeting at Dachun Village of Xuanen county for a decision in abandoning Hunan-Hubei provinces for a relocation to Sichuan-Guizhou borderline. In Oct 1934, Heh Long's Red Army 3rd Corps converged with Ren Bishi's Red Army 6th Corps-Conglomerate in Yinjiang county of Guizhou Province. Combined Red Army destroyed two divisions and one brigade of Guizhou provincial army. In Nov, combined Red Army swept back to western Hunan Province, sacked Dayong & Sangzhi, and linked up with Soviet territory at Yongshun and Longshan. In Dayong county, the so-called provincial government of the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Borderline Soviet was established. CCP propaganda stated that minority peoples, like Tujia-zu, Miao-zu, and Yi-zu joined the communist movement. Red Army continued their stay in this area till the Long March in Nov 1935. Relocation Of Hubei-Henan-Anhui Borderline Soviet After Japanese provocation in Shanghai on Jan 28th 1932, Hu Zongnan's 1st Division was dispatched to Anhui Province for countering Zhang Guotao & Xu Xiangqian's Red Army which defeated Anhui Province chair Chen Diaoyuan and sacked Luan & Huoshan area. After taking over the two counties, Hu Zongnan ordered that Dai Tao consolidate countryside by organizing peasants against the Red Army guerrilla attacks for 6 months. In May-June 1932, Chiang Kai-shek personally assumed the post of commander-in-chief for campaigning against Hubei-Henan-Anhui borderline "communist banditry", while Li Jishen was conferred the deputy post. When the siege first started, Zhang Guotao strictly followed CCP Central instructions in crossing Railroad Ping-Han [Peking-Wuhan] to the west for a possible attack at Huangpi[2] & Wuhan [the provincial city of Hubei]. CCP Central instructions also included a dispatchement of Red Army 25th Corps to northwestern Anhui Province. In late June, Zhang Guotao's Red Army defeated a KMT regiment at Jigongshan. More available at Relocation Of Hubei-Henan-Anhui Borderline Soviet. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Ambush Battles At Huangpi With phase one campaign over, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched major KMT forces against the Central Red Army in Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong provinces. In Oct 1932, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a three prong attack from east, south and north. Liu Zhonglin memoirs claimed that Yu Hanmou to the south [Guangdong Province] and Cai Tingkai [Fujian Province] to the east deliberately avoided fighting with the Red Army and that only Chen Cheng mounted lonely campaign from the north. In Oct 1932, CCP Jiangxi Soviet Central Bureau held a meeting in Ningdu of Jiangxi [i.e., Ningdu Meeting], criticized Mao Tse-tung's "rightist opportunism" in the aspect of guerrilla warfare, and revoked the post of Mao's Red Army general commissar. In late Jan 1933, Chiang Kai-shek went to Nanchang of Jiangxi Province for directing the campaign. Also in Jan, CCP Central Committee relocated to Ruijin of Jiangxi from Shanghai for directing resistance to KMT's Fourth Siege. [CCP Central's relocation away from Shanghai was related to the difficulties in surviving in extraterritories.] 
At the recommendation of Comintern, Bo-gu assumed the post of paramount leader for Jiangxi Soviet.
Liu Zhonglin memoirs claimed that CCP Central Committee rebutted the military plan drafted by general tactician Liu Bocheng and advocated a kind of "leftist venturism" in attacking major cities and achieving revolutionary success in one province of Jiangxi.
On Feb 12th 1933, Red Army departed Lichuan for a campaign against Nanfeng. After two days of fighting and a casualty of 400 men, Red Army retreated westward towards south of Yihuang and Le'an while disguising Red Army 11th Corps for a relocation eastward across the Hu-he River to Lichuan area. By Feb 26th, KMT 52nd & 59th Divisions, under Luo Zhuoying's 1st Echelon, departed Nanfeng and Le'an for a conversion at Huangpi along the two sides of Mt Moluozhang. Red Army, totaling 50,000 men, divided into two wings for ambushing the two KMT divisions. Left Wing comprised of Red Army 1st Corps-Conglomerate, Red Army 3rd Corps-Conglomerate and Red Army 21st Corps, to be headed by Peng Dehuai, Nie Rongzhen and Teng Daiyuan, while the Right Wing comprised of Red Army 5th Corps-Conglomerate and Red Army 22nd Corps, to be headed by Dong Zhentang, Luo Binghui, Chen Yi and Zhu Rui. On 27th, Red Army Left Wing cut off Li Ming's 52nd Division into several segments and destroyed the whole division, and by the next day, Li Ming was captured wounded and later died. Red Army Left Wing's 3rd Corps-Conglomerate later joined the Right Wing in destroying Chen Shiji's 59th Division, and captured Division Chief Chen Shiji. Chen Cheng compressed his three echelons into two, to be headed by Luo Zhuoying and Wu Qiwei, and continued onward against the Red Army. Luo Zhuoying commanded 5th, 9th & 11th divisions as hind army, while Wu Qiwei commanded 10th, 14th & 90th divisions as herald army. Red Army dispatched 11th Corps for a fake movement to Guangchang. Chen Cheng, mistaking Red Army's movement, gave 5th Division to Wu Qiwei for a hastened chase of the Red Army. On the early morning of March 21st, Central Red Army, plus two detached divisions in Yihuang area, ambushed Xiao Qian's 11th Division and destroyed the bulk of it, and then went on to attack KMT 9th Division. Chen Cheng hence called off the Fourth Siege. By this timeframe, CCP enclaves in the Yangtze River area, with 200000 strong army, covered over 1 million in population. KMT Routing CCP Underground Network In Shanghai In 1932, Li Shiqun, a member of CCP special task forces [i.e., 'zhongyang te ke'], was caught by KMT. Li Shiqun soon became an agent of KMT's Investigation Section of Social Organization Ministry, and with Chen Lifu's authorization, re-launched magazine "Social News" together with another turncoat called Ding Mocun. Gao Hua stated that beginning from 1932, Chiang Kai-shek's KMT government began to revise the old policy of "bodily extinction" as to communists captured. From July 1933 to July 1934, KMT Social Organization Ministry agency had captured 4505 communists, among whom 4209 surrendered to KMT. Altogether, 24000 communists and 30000 pro-CCP activists had surrendered to KMT in early 1930s per GH. By June 1934, KMT had basically destroyed CCP base in Shanghai as well as Comintern Far Eastern Bureau. On June 26th, Li Zhusheng, secretary for Shanghai's CCP Central Bureau, was caught by KMT, and he surrendered to KMT right away. His successor, Sheng Zhongliang, surrendered to KMT when caught in Oct. Wang Shiying, a member of CCP special task forces, had to relocate CCP Central Interim Bureau to Tianjin from Shanghai after KMT twice disrupted the Shanghai operations in 1935. More details could be seen in KMT White Terror. Fifth Encirclement Campaign On January 3rd, 1933, Japanese invaded Rehe [Jehol] to the north of the Great Wall. Japanese incurred heavy casualties and encountered fierce resistance from KMT forces at the three major passes in the Great Wall to the north of Peking. From Jan to May of 1933, General Song Zheyuan's 29th Corps fought the Japanese at the Battle of the Great Wall (i.e., "Changcheng Zhi Zhan" in Chinese), including the Battle of Xifengkou and the Battle of Gubeikou. To thwart Chinese resistance, Japanese changed their tactic and took over Luan-he River area to the east of Peking, causing the collapse of KMT defense line at the Great Wall. With Rehe annexed, Peking was surrounded by Japanese from all sides except for the southwest. In late May 1933, Chiang Kai-shek began to negotiate with the Japanese for a ceasefire so that he could concentrate on quelling communist rebellions again. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Chiang Kai-shek adopted tactician Liu Weiyuan's advice in pushing against Red Army again in the summer of 1933. This would be the start of 5th Siege that was disrupted by the 'mutiny' of 19th Route Army in Fujian Province in late 1933. Hitler's advisers, such as Hans von Seeckt, had played a role in remodeling Chiang Kai-shek's army. Interruptions By Actions Of Anti-Japanese Allied Army & Mutiny of 19th Route Army On May 26th 1933, Feng Yuxiang was conferred the post of commander-in-chief of Anti-Japanese Allied Army, with Fang Zhenwu acting as omnipotent director and Ji Hongchang as frontline commissar. Having developed into over 100,000 people, Ji Hongchang's army pushed against Duolun (i.e., a town in former Cha-ha-er and present Inner Mongolia and directly to the north of Peking city), and by July 1933, Ji Hongchang drove the Japanese and collaborators out of Cha-ha-er Province. By late July, Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang established at Zhangjiakou the committee for recovering the four provinces of the Northeast. Chiang Kai-shek, seeing that communists had dominated the Anti-Japanese Alliance Army, mobilized 16 divisions against Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang. Surrounded by Chiang Kai-shek and Japanese on all sides, Feng Yuxiang resigned his post, while Ji Hongchang fought on for a while before stealthily seeking asylum in Tianjin's extraterritory in Jan 1934. (Later in Mar of 1934, Ji Hongchang traveled to Shanghai where Xuan Xiafu officially presided over the ceremony for Ji Hongchang to join the CCP. On April 24th, Ji Hongchang established the "Great Anti-Fascism Alliance of Chinese People" in Tianjin, with Feng Yuxiang, Li Jishen, Fang Zhenwu and Ren Yingqi echoing support elsewhere in the country. Chiang Kai-shek's agents injured Ji Hongchang in an assassination on Nov 9th, and colluded with French police in extraditing Ji Hongchang for execution in Peking on Nov 24th. Ji Hongchang, originally destined for Nanking, was re-routed to Peking after Ji Hongchang cronies destroyed a segment of railroad tracks for rescuing Ji Hongchang. Ji died sitting on a chair without a cloth on his eyes.) On Dec 15th of 1933, Nationalist armies held a grand assembly for welcoming the defection of CCP 'fei jun' (i.e., bandit soldiers). 19th Route Army fought against Japanese in Shanghai during Jan 28th 1932 Incident. Li Zongren memoirs pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek had dispatched Zhang Zhizhong's 5th Corps to Shanghai for checking on 19th Route. After the ceasefire, Chiang Kai-shek deliberately relocated 19th Route to Fujian Province and made Jiang Guangnai into provincial chair so as to instigate 19th Route's confrontation with neighboring Guangdong Province. Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, two subordinates to Chen Mingshu, had been previously indignant about Chen Jitang's usurping Guangdong Province by taking advantage of 19th Route Army's participation in the War Of the Central Plains in 1930. Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu, however, contacted Chen Jitang for a concerted effort against Chiang Kai-shek's Nanking government. Chen Jitang refused to join in. Then, Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu contacted Guangxi Province in the hope of having Li Zongren pressure Guangdong Province. Without support from Guangdong or Guangxi, Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu decided to contact radicals and "Third Party" members for launching "Fujian People's Government" in Fuzhou of Fujian Province in autumn of 1933. Radicals, such as Xu Qian, Tan Pingshan, Chen Youhong, Zhang Bojun, Shen Junru, and Huang Qixiang then turned to HK for retrieving Li Jishen who was just released from Chiang Kai-shek's imprisonment. Li Zongren at one time flew to HK to dissuade Li Jishen. In late October 1933, Bai Chongxi was one step behind in flying to HK for stopping Li Jishen's trip to Fuzhou. Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu also contacted Chinese Communists in Ruijin of Jiangxi Province for coordination. per HQY, Chen Gongpei, who declared severance from CCP after Aug 1st Nanchang Uprising, would act as the secret emissary for the claim that Peng Dehuai was Chen Gongpei's native in late September. Earlier, in the summer months of July-Aug, 19th Route had sent Zhu Yunshan to HK for reaching a compromise with communist forces. Upon Li Jishen's arrival, "Third Party" immediately launched the "National People's Congress" and proclaimed the "People's Government" by making Li Jishen president, devising a new flag in place of KMT flag, and calling for overthrow of KMT government. Chen Youren was assigned the post of foreign minister, Zhang Bojun education minister, and Huang Xiangqi "tactician general director". Young radical scholar HU Qiuyuan assumed the post as "education & propaganda director". 19th Route was renamed to "People's Revolutionary Army", with Cai Tingkai as commander-in-chief. Fujian Province was subdivided into four provinces of Minhai, Yanjian, Xingquan & Longjiang. After Hu Hanmin & Chen Jitang denounced the so-called "People's Government" of Fuzhou, Li Zongren joined in with a public wire calling for repentance. On Nov 21st, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a three prong attack at Fujian rebels. In mid-Dec, 100000 KMT Central Army, led by Jiang Dingwen, entered Fujian Province from Zhejiang-Jiangxi provinces. Communist Red Army yielded the way by vacating the territory of southern Jiangxi Province in lieu of an early compromise and collusion with the Fujian government. Li Zongren memoirs stated that tactician division chief Fan Renjie secretly telegraphed to Nanking with itineraries of Fujian army and that corps chief Mao Weishou clandestinely expressed loyalty to Nanking. On Jan 5th, Yanping was taken. Fuzhou was taken by navy on Jan 13th 1934. By mid-Jan of 1934, major cities like Quanzhou & Zhangzhou were taken over by Nanking government. Officials of Fuzhou People's Government fled to HK, and 19th Route remnants withdrew to Guangdong Province where they were disarmed by Chen Jitang in late Jan. Xu Zhen stated that 19th Route remnants was made into 7th route to be headed by Mao Jishou. 19th Route Army Mutiny in Fujian Province dissipated in a matter of months after communists refused to cooperate with General Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai. 
After the failure of "Fujian People's Government",
Hu Qiuyuan fled to HK where he was arrested and expelled by HK authority. Hu Qiuyuan, together with the son of Chen Mingshu, rode on ship for Britain. During stopovers in Singapore and Malacca, local Chinese went on aboard to give welcome to this young scholar whose "articles on resisting Japanese" earned him a big fame everywhere.
On the way, Hu Qiuyuan observed how Europeans threw coins into the sea to attract Indian boys in diving into the sea.
Prior to entry into European ports, Hu Qiuyuan was surprised to see that colonialists threw white suits into the sea. An Italian sailor explained that those Europeans who ruled Asian countries like masters would be ashamed of being identified as colonialist-colonist returnees on European continent.
Chiang Kai-shek Re-launching Siege Against Red Army After a truce with Japan, Chiang Kai-shek mounted his Fifth Encirclement Campaign against the Communists in Jiangxi Province beginning in May 1934. By Oct 1934, CCP's Red Army, with 87,000-100,000 personnel, embarked on its Long March for a relocation. KMT mobilized over 1 million soldiers and 200 planes against CCP, with Gu Zhutong, Chen Jitang and He Jian invading from three directions of north, south and west, respectively. Liu Weiyuan's strategy would be "sustained warfare" and "blockhouse tactics" against CCP. Credit was also given to German strategist Hans von Seeckt who was hired over by Chiang Kai-shek, an admirer of Hitler & Mussolini. Beginning from Sept 1933, KMT forces adopted castle tactic, built siege lines around communist base, and pushed against communists inch by inch. Economically, KMT government banned the inflow of medicine, salt, cloth, ammunitions and metal to Soviet territories. Smugglers and merchants were punishable by executions. To counter KMT embargo, Mao Tse-tung temporarily opened up a commodity fair in Suichuan county and gave favorable treatment to 'petite merchants'. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that communist base was hence cut into small blocks by highways and thousands of blockhouses. Some fortifications went as far as 80-90 kilometers into Soviet territories. CCP's Political Movement Against Luo Ming Bo-gu, i.e., a bookish communist, in early 1933, launched a political movement entitled "Anti-Luo-Ming Path" for sake of eliminating the influences of Mao Tse-tung and his cronies. This political movement against Luo Ming (i.e., CCP's deputy provincial secretary for Fujian Prov) was restricted to ideological struggles in lieu of bodily extinction. Luo Ming was sorted out for his objections to CCP Central's strategy in relocating Fujian Prov's Red Army to Jiangxi Soviet for "trench warfare" and "positional combat". At one time, Bo-gu called on a mobilization of one million Red Army against KMT's 5th siege. In Fujian Prov, Luo Ming was asked to absorb local militia into the Red Army ranks for fighting in Jiangxi Soviet. When KMT forces intruded into Fujian Soviet, Luo Ming had to discontinue face-to-face confrontations by making Shanghang, Yongding & Longyan into a guerrilla warfare zone. Luo Ming further demanded that Jiangxi's Central Soviet Base suspend the allotments of resources from Fujian Province. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Fujian Prov's pro-CCP militia refused to join guerrilla forces after seeing that Red Army suffered setbacks in the hands of KMT, not to mention going to the relief of Jiangxi Province Soviet. Hence, Bo-gu revoked all posts of Luo Ming and called him over to Jiangxi Soviet for criticisms. Luo Ming was accused of being a "revocationist" and "rightist opportunist". Similarly, inside of Jiangxi Prov, Bo-gu filtered out Mao Tse-tung's cronies, including Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zetan, Xie Weijun and Gu Bo, as followers of the "Luo Ming path [i.e., line]". Also implicated would be Zhang Dingcheng, Deng Zihui, Xiao Jingguang, Tan Zhenlin, and Heh Shuheng. Li Liang stated that Mao Tse-tung moved to live in a rich landlord's ancestral oblatary at Shazhouba village of Ruijin in July 1933 before undertaking the task of surveying lands and fields. Chen Yongfa pointed out that this political movement would see almost all communist county-level and company-level leaders being classified as "Luo Ming path" followers. Luo Ming survived the call for "execution of Luo Ming", and he was spared life after capture by KMT while stranded as guerilla forces inside of Guizhou Province during the 'long march'. KMT siege came into full motion in Sept 1933. Red Army was said to have been divided into four groups for resisting KMT forces. Li Liang mentioned that Bo-gu commanded the wars on paper, pinpointing the positions of Red Army machineguns. 
Inside of CCP, Bo-gu relied upon Otto Braun [a graduate of some German military academy] for resisting KMT siege.
Mao Tse-tung was said to have been disappointed over Otto Braun who came to Ruijin shortly after the KMT siege started, i.e., Oct 1933. (A peasant woman by the name of Xiao Yuehua was immediately allocated to Otto Braun on sexual demand.
Xiao Yuehua, before divorcing Braun, had born a son for him.)
Otto Braun's strategy was to "stop enemies at the gate of Soviet Republic" by countering KMT's blockhouses with CCP's blockhouses.
Otto Braun disciplined Red Army officers who did not follow through with his "trench warfare" orders and branded them "flightist" and "defeatist".
Drain Of Resources Inside Of Jiangxi Soviet In April 1934, Red Army defended Guangchang, i.e., Soviet Republic's north gate, for 17 days, by means of short duration counterattacks. At the cost of 5000 casualties [i.e., equivalent to one fifth of Peng Dehuai's army], Red Army inflicted a casualty of over 24000 onto KMT forces. Li Liang stated that Red Army lost 1200 soldiers when KMT planes wiped out the city. Peng Dehuai was recorded to have rebuked Braun by stating that "son had no pain in selling his father's fields". Chen Yongfa pointed out that CCP lost its resistance war due to constraints of resources. Back in early 1933, "field and land survey" was conducted for resource control. Mao Tse-tung was ordered to conduct a new round of "field and land survey" for sake of recruiting Red Army soldiers, appropriating labor, borrowing grains, and confiscating rich people's assets. Soviet government also resorted to issuance of "public debts & indentures" in addition to levies and taxation. Women were encouraged in taking over the work of their men. Continuing the stringent policy of "kuo [expanding] hong [red, i.e., Red Army soldiers]", CCP proposed a target of recruiting 150000 soldiers. Chen Yongfa stated that only 110000 recruits filled in the ranks from Aug 1933 to July 1934, with an end result that 80% of populace from age 16 to 45 were drained from the Changgang & Caixi counties of Jiangxi Soviet base. As pointed out by Chen Yongfa, the heavy-handed taxation and levy by CCP during the 5th siege induced a new round of "Purging Reactionaries Movement" that would see a batch of local communist leaders executed for failing to fulfill the quotas allotted". After incurring heavy losses, CCP petitioned with Comintern for an approval to relocate. Prof Chen Yongfa pointed out that Comintern approved the 'long march' plan in June 1934. After four months' preparation, in Oct 1934, communist forces of Jiangxi Soviet, still numbering about 100,000 (86,000 ? to be exact), broke through the siege for a relocation. 
At the initial breakout, hordes of "Red Army new recruits" deserted. By the time the Communist forces finally arrived in Yan'an of northern Shanxi Prov, the so-called "Central Front Red Army" had 5,000 men left. Altogether, Red Army 1st Front, 2nd Front & 4th Front combined, ranks dropped to 40k (30k?) from original 200k (300k?). This final figure included the new recruits the Red Army had absorbed along the road. Mao Tse-tung called the 'long march' by the term of so-called "sowing machine". Chen Yongfa pointed out that Mao Tse-tung's self criticisms in 1945 contained acknowledgement of two "past" mistakes: 1) robbing populace (including Tibetans) of their food during the long march; 2) planting some goody [i.e., opium] at Yan'an. The matter of truth would be that Long March had preserved the most diehard communist "survivor cadres" that would surely beat their KMT counterparts in any circumstances. One such "survivor cadre" would be Cai Xiaoqian who was dispatched to Taiwan for instigating 'independence' following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The 'Long March' During the fifth offensive against communists in Ruijin of Jiangxi Prov, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized a huge army against the Red Army. Prevalent Communist records claimed that KMT mobilized over 1 million soldiers and 200 planes against CCP, with Gu Zhutong, Chen Jitang and Heh Jian invading from three directions of north, south and west, respectively. Li Liang stated that KMT forces outnumbered CCP by 10 folds. Chen Yongfa stated that Chiang Kai-shek mobilized 600k to 700k army against CCP enclaves. After April 1934 Guangchang Battle, Bo-gu [Qin Bangxian], Zhou Enlai and Li-de [Otto Braun] decided to break out of the siege for preserving the Red Army. While post-mortem communist propaganda emphasized a pre-destined direction of going north to fight Japanese and historical accounts stated that the Red Army had no direction but fleeing banditry, the Long March did not start as a 'march' but a 'relocation' for seeking a safe haven with Heh Long's enclave in Western Hunan province. More, along the road, the Red Army had the specific short-term target for either a stop or establishment of a new enclave. The Long March would be alternatively termed "Iron Flow 25000 li Distance" [again post-mortem], a naming after Russian Bolshevik force's breaking out of an encirclement in early civil wars. In Taiwan, senior scholar Wu Dayou obtained funding from Chinese Education & Culture Foundation for a grand project on "History of China's Last Two Hundred Years". This yielded the two volume "Seventy Years Of Chinese Communist Revolution" by historian Chen Yongfa in 1997. |
![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
