Aquilino links Admiral John Aquilino of the United States Indo-Pacific Command stated in New York on May 23, 2023: I hope that President Xi takes away. First, there is no such thing as a short war. And if the decision were made to take it on, then it would be drastically devastating to his people in the form of blood and treasure. It will drastically upset certainly the rest of the world economy. We are so interwoven. But bottom line is investment of the blood and treasure in order to achieve your objectives, that needs to be really a very hard decision. So he has to understand that. I think he needs to understand that the global community can be pulled together quickly when they disagree with actions taken in that fashion. So this effort of global condemnation is something that any aggressor has to deal with. President Putin is dealing with it right now, and by the way it is not just militarily; economically and diplomatically and the variety of other ways. So all those lessons learnt should be thought of. And ultimately it is not in anybody's interest, which is why I have articulated the continued effort to maintain this peace... My efforts are you know 100% percent working to prevent conflict, and ... 美国印太司令部司令阿奎利诺5月23日在纽约说: 希望習主席放棄動武。 首先,沒有所謂的短期戰爭。 如果決定採取動武,那麼它將以鮮血和財寶的形式對他的人民造成毀滅性的打擊。 我們是如此交織在一起, 它肯定會極大地擾亂世界的經濟。 但底線是為了實現你的目標而投入鮮血和財寶,這有必要被成為是一個非常艱難的決定。 所以他必須明白這一點。 我認為他需要明白,當國際社會不同意以動武這種方式採取行動時,他們可以迅速團結起來。 因此,這種全球譴責的努力是任何侵略者都必須準備應對的。 普京總統現在正在應對它,順便說一句,這不僅僅是軍事上的; 而且是經濟和外交以及其他各種方式。 因此,應該考慮所有這些經驗教訓。 動武最終這不符合任何人的利益。這就是為什麼我明確表示要繼續努力維持這種和平……你知道我的努力是 100% 的工作以防止衝突,... (但是如果維持和平的任务失败,那就做好准备进行战斗并取得胜利)。 The First OpiumWar 1839-1842 Boxer Rebellion 1900 - Fifty-five Days' Siege of the Peking Legation Quarter and Invasion by Eight Powers
Chinese_Empire-totter-to-its-base.jpg alt=
The Fool Risk Under An Imbecil
傻子風險
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
It's Inhuman! Within ONE Day, Millions of People Are Left Homeless, All to Protect Xi's Xiong'an Ghost City.
What Happened after the Beijing Flood? - Why The Chinese Government is Terrified
An imbecilic dictator whose daughter is in America, whose brother and sisters are naturalized citizens of Australia and Canada; an imbecilic dictator who forgets monster Mao tse-tung persecuted his father; and an imbecilic dictator who wants to live to 150 years old, serve the people and rip their body parts (中共全國文聯原黨組書記、副主席、原文化部副部長高占祥 (?-2022年12月9日)在北京病逝,終年87歲。中共全國政協常委、中國民主促進會中央委員會副主席朱永新,在12月11日的悼文中說,高占祥「身上的臟器換了好多,他戲稱許多零件都不是自己的了。」) For twenty years, this webmaster had been telling the world that Alan Greenspan, possibly the smartest American but bedazzled by the "conundrum" of long term interest rates, does not know that this webmaster's countryside cousins, mostly women, had been going to Guam, Samoa and other Pacific islands for a decade as the export of labor: what is coming to the U.S. market is merely a tag stating something not "made-in-China" but made-by-the-Chinese in nature. The smartest American turned out to be Professor Peter Navarro, and it might not be some coincidence that his books "The Coming China Wars" and "Death by China" are similar to what this website wrote about for the last 20 years. Anthony Fauci of CDC & Peter Daszak of EcoHealth were the enablers who funded Communist China's gain-of-function research on bat coronaviruses at China's Wuhan lab What this webmaster does not know is that the Chinese were going to Italy as well, where they worked as coolies and slaves for the "Made in Italy [by Chinese]" brands, and spread the coronavirus in Italy today. What a farce Communist China gave the world, and what a disaster Communist China caused to the world! Don't forget that France (Alain Merieux of bioMerieux - sarcastically-related to Moderna, the other side of a coin) and the United States (Anthony Fauci of CDC & Peter Daszak of EcoHealth) acted as the 'enablers' in designing and constructing the P4 virus research center in Wuhan, as well as in providing the funds. And don't forget what happened today was because the Americans served as the midwife who delivered China into the communist hands as i) Roosevelt, in collusion with Churchill and Stalin, sold out China at Tehran and Yalta; and ii) George Marshall forced three truces [Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946] onto the Republic of China and further imposed the 1946-47[48] arms embargo while the commies were equipped by the Stalin-supplied American August Storm weapons and augmented by the mercenaries including the Mongol cavalry, the Japanese 8th Route Army troops, the Soviet railway army corps, and the 250,000-strong [Kwantung Army-converted] Korean diehards. (Refer to "The Italian fashion capital being led by the Chinese"; "Coronavirus Hits Heart of Italy's Famous Cheese, Wine, Fashion Makers" for further reading. Military Documents About Gain of Function Contradict Fauci Testimony Under Oath: EcoHealth Alliance approached DARPA in March 2018 seeking funding to conduct gain of function research of bat borne coronaviruses... According to the documents, NAIAD, under the direction of Dr. Fauci, went ahead with the research in Wuhan, China and at several sites across the U.S.)
For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality; the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons; and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through Joseph Stalin, Kim Il Sung and Mao Tse-ting's hands during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction !
Donald Trump reveals he called Xi Jinping 'king'; Dreams of a Red Emperor: The relentless rise of Xi Jinping; Emperor Xi Meets Donald Trump Thought; Trump Praises Xi as China's `President for Life' -- an imbecil leading China on a path of destruction !
*** Translation, Tradducion, Ubersetzung , Chinese ***
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Tragedy Of Chinese Revolution Terrors Wars China: Caste Society Anti-Rightists Cultural Revolution 6-4 Massacre Land Enclosure FaLunGong  

 

Videos about China's Resistance War: The Battle of Shanghai & Nanking; Bombing of Chungking; The Burma Road (in English)
Videos about China's Resistance War: China's Dunkirk Retreat (in English); 42 Video Series (in Chinese)
Nanchang Mutiny; Canton Commune; Korean/Chinese Communists & the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria; Communist-instigated Fujian Chinese Republic
Communist-instigated Marco Polo Bridge Incident
The Enemy From Within; Huangqiao Battle; N4C Incident
The 1945-1949 Civil War
Liao-Shen, Xu-Beng, Ping-Jin Yangtze Campaigns
Siege of Taiyuan - w/1000+ Soviet Artillery Pieces (Video)
The Korean War The Vietnam War

utube links Defender of the Republic Song of the Blue Sky and White Sun

*** Related Readings ***:
The Amerasia Case & Cover-up By the U.S. Government
The Legend of Mark Gayn
The Reality of Red Subversion: The Recent Confirmation of Soviet Espionage in America
Notes on Owen Lattimore
Lauchlin Currie / Biography
Nathan Silvermaster Group of 28 American communists in 6 Federal agencies
Solomon Adler the Russian mole "Sachs" & Chi-com's henchman; Frank Coe; Ales
President Herbert Hoover giving Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria
Mme. Chiang Kai-shek's Role in the War (Video)
Japanese Ichigo Campaign & Stilwell Incident
Lend-Lease; Yalta Betrayal: At China's Expense
Acheson 2 Billion Crap; Cover-up Of Birch Murder
Marshall's Dupe Mission To China, & Arms Embargo
Chiang Kai-shek's Money Trail
The Wuhan Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. 
It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that American government had been hijacked by 
i) the imperialists (i.e., the British colonialists whom Roosevelt always suspected to have hijacked the U.S. State Department)  
and ii) the communists.  At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel 
that was delicately knit by the sophisticated Chinese communist saboteurs to employ the above-mentioned Americans for their cause The Wuhan Gang & The Chungking Gang, i.e., the offsprings of the American missionaries, diplomats, military officers, 'revolutionaries' & Red Saboteurs and the "Old China Hands" of the 1920s and the herald-runners of the Dixie Mission of the 1940s.
Wang Bingnan's German wife, Anneliese Martens, physically won over the hearts of the Americans by providing the wartime 'bachelors' with special one-on-one service per Zeng Xubai's writings.  Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai
Stephen R. Mackinnon & John Fairbank invariably failed to separate fondness for the Chinese communist revolution from fondness for Gong Peng, the communist fetish who worked together with Anneliese Martens to infatuate the American wartime reporters. (More, refer to the Communist Platonic Club at wartime capital Chungking and The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper.)
 
Chinese dynasties: a chronology
Antiquity The Prehistory
Fiery Lord
Chi-you
Yellow Lord
Xia Dynasty 1978-1959 BC 1
2070-1600 BC 2
2207-1766 BC 3
Shang Dynasty 1559-1050 BC 1
1600-1046 BC 2
1765-1122 BC 3
Western Zhou 1050 - 771 BC 1
1046 - 771 BC 2
1122 - 771 BC 3
1106 - 771 BC 4
interregnum 841-828 BC
840-827 BC 4
Eastern Zhou 770-256 BC
770-249 BC 3
Spring & Autumn 722-481 BC
770-476 BC 3
Warring States 403-221 BC
475-221 BC 3
Qin Statelet 900s?-221 BC
Qin Dynasty 221-207 BC
247-207 BC 3
Zhang-Chu
(Chen Sheng)
209 BC
Zhang-Chu
(Yi-di)
208 BC-206 AD
Western Chu
(Xiang Yu)
206 BC-203 AD
Western Han 206/203 BC-23 AD
Xin (New) 8-23 AD
Western Han
(Gengshidi)
23-25 AD
Western Han
(Jianshidi)
25-27 AD
Eastern Han 25-220
Three Kingdoms Wei 220-265
Three Kingdoms Shu 221-263
Three Kingdoms Wu 222-280
Western Jinn 265-316
Eastern Jinn 317-420
16 Nations 304-439
Cheng Han Di 301-347
Hun Han (Zhao) Hun 304-329
Anterior Liang Chinese 317-376
Posterior Zhao Jiehu 319-352
Anterior Qin Di 351-394
Anterior Yan Xianbei 337-370
Posterior Yan Xianbei 384-409
Posterior Qin Qiang 384-417
Western Qin Xianbei 385-431
Posterior Liang Di 386-403
Southern Liang Xianbei 397-414
Northern Liang Hun 397-439
Southern Yan Xianbei 398-410
Western Liang Chinese 400-421
Hunnic Xia Hun 407-431
Northern Yan Chinese 409-436
North Dynasties 386-581
Northern Wei 386-534
Eastern Wei 534-550
Western Wei 535-557
Northern Qi 550-577
Northern Zhou 557-581
South Dynasties 420-589
Liu Soong 420-479
Southern Qi 479-502
Liang 502-557
Chen 557-589
Sui Dynasty 581-618
Tang Dynasty 618-690
Wu Zhou 690-705
Tang Dynasty 705-907
Five Dynasties 907-960
Posterior Liang 907-923
Posterior Tang 923-936
Posterior Jinn 936-946
Khitan Liao Jan-June 947
Posterior Han 947-950
Posterior Zhou 951-960
10 Kingdoms 902-979
Wu 902-937 Nanking
Shu 907-925 Sichuan
Nan-Ping 907-963 Hubei
Wu-Yue 907-978 Zhejiang
Min 909-946 Fukien
Southern Han 907-971 Canton
Chu 927-963 Hunan
Later Shu 934-965 Sichuan
Southern Tang 937-975 Nanking
Northern Han 951-979 Shanxi
Khitan Liao 907-1125
Northern Soong 960-1127
Southern Soong 1127-1279
Western Xia 1032-1227
Jurchen Jin (Gold) 1115-1234
Mongol Yuan 1279-1368
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Manchu Qing 1644-1912
R.O.C. 1912-1949
R.O.C. Taiwan 1949-present
P.R.C. 1949-present

 
 
Sinitic Civilization Book 1 華夏文明第一卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史
Sinitic Civilization-Book 1

Sinitic Civilization Book 2 華夏文明第二卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史
Sinitic Civilization-Book 2

Tribute of Yu
Tribute of Yu

Heavenly Questions
Heavenly Questions

Zhou King Mu's Travels
Zhou King Muwang's Travels

Classic of Mountains and Seas
The Legends of Mountains & Seas

The Bamboo Annals
The Bamboo Annals - Book 1

From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts (天譴四部曲之三: 從契丹到女真和蒙古 - 中原陸沉之殤)
The Scourge-of-God-Tetralogy: From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts
(available at iUniverse; Google; Amazon; B&N)

 
America, i.e., the United States, was and is still shortsighted today, not knowing that Korea, at one time paradise of the American Evangelicals, was delivered into the hands of the Japanese imperialists as a result of the Anglo-American confrontation against Czar Russia, and in this geopolitical process, China, the land of the Great Sinitic Civilization (Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook Book), was made into a piggy-backed sacrificial/funereal object -the land ruled by the most evil cult called 'communism' that was an 'import' or an 'export' of Soviet Russia. America would not learn the lesson that the geopolitical actions it is taking today would yield the 'bad fruit' 50 years or 100 years down the road. America, and their British cousins, must have forgot the twenty-year Anglo-Japanese military alliance that allowed Japan to develop the warplanes and aircraft carriers to invade mainland China, not to mention the post-WWI ten-year arms embargo against Republic China and George Marshall's post-WWII arms embargo against Republic China 1946-1948. They forgot that in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China.
TPresident Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China
Earlier, President Hoover, who personally nipped the post-WWI communist uprisings in Germany and Hungary with the grains embargo, fed Lenin the ingenuity, i.e., the [worldwide communist revolution] road to Paris lay through Peking. They of course forgot that after the eruption of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, the Americans, biased towards Japan and against China, adopted a policy of "neutrality" (what Utley called by "unpositive neutrality") against the 'belligerent' countries, namely, Japan and China, which was free and unrestrained arms sale to Japan and de facto arms embargo against China. Note that the Japanese navy had a full blockade of China's coastline. Note that the blockade would choke China since China did not have an industrial base to produce the basic weapons while Japan's factories could roll out the warships and airplanes on a wholesale scale. Also note that in contrast with the Americans, the European powers, being constrained by the mediation role of the League of Nations, dared not openly sell arms to Japan. Through 1940-1941, prior to the U.S. revocation of the 1911 U.S.-Japan Commerce Treaty, the Americans were the biggest supplier of raw material, oil, aviation oil, and weapons, to the extent that some U.S. senator called by Scott making a claim that out of every one million Chinese killed by the Japanese, 544,000 Chinese were killed by the Americans. Thirty-one U.S. congressional members made a joint declaration to the effect that the U.S., not NAZI Germany, nor Italy, was the best ally of Japan.
The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
Not to mention that the Japanese navy had a full blockade of China's coastline. America, the 'stars' that engendered or heralded the rise of the [Japan] 'sun', long ago had the blueprint to make Japan into a stalwart against China and Russia, i.e., the source of the Yellow Peril and the source of the Half-Tartars [or the Russians], respectively, --whom the Americans could not assimilate according to George Kennan. William Christian Bullitt Jr. (1891-1967) disclosed that the Americans' national policy or strategic aim was to see the Russians and Japanese' holding a balance of power against each other in China rather than seeing either the Russians or the Japanese overpowering the other party in taking control of China. In making this geopolitical decision, you had victimized the 1 billion humble Chinese peasants. (Note President Wilson's doctrine that the intactness of China was vital to the white civilization -- in the sense that the nation of China should be managed delicately, that is, should not be allowed to grow too powerful to pose threat to the white civilization, nor should it be allowed to be hijacked by a non-U.S. power since China's immense human labor could be turned against the white civilization. The theme of China to the white civilization, morphing superficially into a ***hypocritical*** American national policy of engagement with Communist China for changing the Chinese communists' behavior, rested on the same underlying logic: "The China Exception: Russian Communism being wicked, the Chinese are good communists", which is an inherent fear of the Yellow Peril, i.e., billion Chinese would actually enjoy real democracy, go to college and develop their intelligence. Now, President Biden, a stooge of Communist China, explicitly abandoned the hypocritical American policy of engagement to change communist China to his imbecilic communist buddy and dictator Xi Jinping. Other than the stooge Bidens who ripped communist China's financial coffer (Tony Bobulinski FULL INTERVIEW Tucker Carlson), don't forget that President Roosevelt boasted of his family's ripping the China trade money in the 19th century, i.e., the opium trade; and President Hoover certainly got the first bin of gold from the Kai-luan coal mine in collusion with the British during the 1900-1901 boxers' incident-related invasion.)

A dictator whose daughter is in America, whose brother and sisters are naturalized citizens of Australia and Canada; a dictator who forgets monster Mao tse-tung persecuted his father; and a dictator who wants to live to 150 years old, serve the people and rip their body parts (中共全國文聯原黨組書記、副主席、原文化部副部長高占祥 (?-2022年12月9日)在北京病逝,終年87歲。中共全國政協常委、中國民主促進會中央委員會副主席朱永新,在12月11日的悼文中說,高占祥「身上的臟器換了好多,他戲稱許多零件都不是自己的了。」) Now, you, as the midwife who delivered China into the communist hands, are morally obligated to take China [and North Korea {and Vietnam}] out of communism. This time, you may feel your hands forced as North Korea, with its nuclear weapons, could become Communist China's cecal appendix in a repeat of history. (The Chicoms don't understand the urgency of Trump's trade war having the roots in nuclear North Korea, nor the domino effect on North Korea and Russia after the knock-out of communist China. Putin thought he would reap profits by sitting on the fence of the U.S.-China trade war, i.e., the Zheltorossiya dream - revitalized by Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin [, and India would not be satisfied with grabbing South Tibet, Bhutan, and Sikkim alone]. Previously, this webmaster thought that the Americans could be hoodwinked by the Chicoms who might just sign any agreement just for sake of getting a red carpet at the White House in lieu of a visit to Mar-a-Lago. With Trump's war with Communist China flaring up, this webmaster believed that China's dictator would continue to commit blunders and became the tomb digger for the Chinese communist regime. The thuggery communists, who would not allow the millions of the Hongkong people to have autonomy, could have caused the demise of the regime over the inevitable crackdown, not knowing that the communist ascension to power had its very roots in Churchill's collusion with Roosevelt in selling out the Republic of China for sake of retaining crown jewel Hongkong after hoodwinking Wellington Koo and Chiang Kai-shek that Britain would return Hongkong to China after Japan was to surrender so as not to damage the British wartime morale. --What happened was that Putin first jumped off the fence ahead of communist China in launching an invasion of Ukraine.)

President Trump understood the China situation and the China problem. Should the American politicians follow the footsteps of Anson Burlingame (1820-1870), Paul Samuel Reinsch (1869-1923) and Patrick Jay Hurley (1883-1963), i.e., three most prominent U.S. statemen who loved China and the Chinese people, then the Chinese people could have a chance of salvation from the communist tyranny. Note the historic recurrence and the repetition of similar events: Anson Burlingame, in opposition to the anti-Chinese discriminatory whirlwinds rampant in the U.S. in the 19th century, authored the Burlingame Treaty for China and died for China in 1870 in St. Petersburg while still on the Manchu China's mission to the U.S. and Europe; Paul Samuel Reinsch, who was disillusioned by President Wilson's betrayal of China over the division of WWI spoils at the Paris Peace Conference, quit the minister-to-China job to work for China and died for China in Shanghai in 1923; and Patrick Jay Hurley, who convinced President Roosevelt of the American moral blunders in selling out the Republic of China at Tehran and Yalta, personally travelled to Moscow and London for sake of averting and reverting China's fate of becoming a victim of WWII war spoils (i.e., the loss of Port Arthur and Hong Kong, etc.), but failed to make remedy to the secret Tehran and Yalta agreements in the aftermath of President Roosevelt's death in April 1945.
For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communuist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality; the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons; and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through Joseph Stalin, Kim Il Sung and Mao Tse-ting's hands during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction !
Donald Trump reveals he called Xi Jinping 'king'; Dreams of a Red Emperor: The relentless rise of Xi Jinping; Emperor Xi Meets Donald Trump Thought; Trump Praises Xi as China's 'President for Life' -- an imbecil leading China on a path of destruction !
More, refer to the Communist Platonic Club at wartime capital Chungking and The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the I.P.R. Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the O.S.S. Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper.

 

RED TERROR vs WHITE TERROR

(*** machine-translated Chinese language version: ***)

 
  Peasant Revolution: Shen Dingyi, Peng Pai & Mao Tse-tung
Hunan Land Revolution By Rascal-Proletariat
Split of the CCP From KMT Leftist Government
Chiang Kai-shek's Stepdown & Re-gaining Power
CCP Armed Rebellions
Qu Qiubai's Policy Of Perpetuating Armed Rebellions
KMT White Terror
Mt Jinggangshan - Mao Tse-tung's Guerilla Warfare
Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League (1930-1931): Phase I
Quelling Internal Enemies Before Resisting Foreign Invaders
Red Terror & Chinese Soviet Republic
Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League (1930-1931): Phase II
Zhang Guotao's Purge In Hubei-Henan-Anhui Borderline Soviet
Xia Xi's Purge In Western Hunan-Hubei Borderline Soviet
Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds
The 'Long March'
Purge In Shan-Bei [Northern Shenxi Province] Communist Base - 1935
Communist Instigation & Guangxi Province Trotskyists
Communist Infiltration Into Shanxi Prov
Xi'An Incident - Turning Point Of Modern History
Red Army Western Expedition
Purge Of Zhang Guotao Path
Purge of Trotskyists during 1937-1941
KMT-CCP Frictions & Confrontations
Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1945)
KMT, CCP vs Democratic Parties
Bloody Land Reform (1946-7)
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, White Terror vs Red Terror, Resistance Wars, & The Korean & Vietnam Wars

 
China and the Chinese lived in 'Red Terror' since Peng Pai and Mao Tse-tung launched the rascal-proletariat peasant movements in 1927. Peng Pai had at one time claimed that the communist law would be simply the execution of landlords once they were caught. Mao Tse-tung, directly responsible for the rascal movement in Hunan Province in 1927, would be the red-handed culprit in the Purge of the Anti-Bolshevik League during 1930-1931, the Purge of the Trotskyites during 1937-1941, and The Rectification Movement during 1942-1945. Simply said, the CCP never stopped its bloody terror campaigns since inception in history, and its claws could be seen in the most recent crackdown on the Falungong practitioners. Wen Yu, in his 1994 book "The Leftist Catastrophe of China" (Cosmos Books Ltd., ISBN 9622577164, 1994, HK), summarized the so-called 'leftist' catastrophe of the Chinese Communist Party from 1927 armed uprisings (mutinies) onward to the 1978 Xidan Democracy Wall. Gao Hua, a Nanking University professor whose father fled the persecution of the Cultural Revolution in August 1966, had presented the most comprehensive research into the communist red terror in the book "How Did the [Red] Sun Rise over Yan'an ? - A History of the Rectification Movement" (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, 2000 edition).
 
Dr. Sun Yat-sen, after the 26 January 1923 Sun-Joffe Joint Declaration, had fallen into a de facto Soviet agent, sowing the seeds of struggles and conflict between the KMT and the CCP as well as the disaster of the Chinese people in the 20th century. In 1927, the Nationalist Party (i.e., the Kuomintang or the KMT), both its Right-Wing and the Left-Wing, purged or severed with the communists consecutively. In April, Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Hanmin's Nanking Government, i.e., the right wing, first initiated the purge of the communists on the ground that the CCP had been pushing through the anti-imperialism agenda, intending to attack the foreign settlements to provoke a war between China and the foreign powers, organizing the armed workers' patrolling forces in Shanghai, acting as proxy of the USSR, and taking over control of the KMT government. In July, Wang Jingwei's Wuhan Government (i.e., the KMT leftists) announced the separation of the KMT and the CCP under the pressure of the Nanking's government as well as its internal opposition to the CCP's bloody land revolution in the Hunan-Hubei Provinces.
 
By late July of 1927, the CCP endorsed the armed rebellion which led to the August 1st Nanchang Mutiny. On August 7th, the two new Comintern representatives, who had come to replace Borodin and Roy, hosted the August 7th CCP's plenary session and officially declared the start of the armed rebellion and land revolution (which was earlier suppressed by Borodin and Wang Jingwei for sake of appeasing the Wuhan military officials). The CCP deprived senior leader Chen Duxiu of the party leadership and claimed that China's revolution was not at the stage of the Russian 1905 Revolution but the Russian 1917 Revolution. Mao Tse-tung, who was dispatched to the Jiangxi-Hunan border area for organizing the Autumn Harvest Uprising (Mutiny), echoed the Comintern's opinion that China had reached the stage of the Russian 1917 Revolution. Bloody uprisings and crackdown ensued, with the KMT and the CCP turning into sworn enemies till the CCP, with the full Soviet military and financial support, obtained full victory over the KMT in 1949.
 
Zhu Daonan, a CCP provincial leader from Shandong, wrote a book entitled "In The Torrents of The Grand Revolution" which was shot into movie "Da Lang Tao Sha" (i.e., Big Waves Washing the Sands). Zhu Daonan's book traced how he, with his Shandong natives (sworn brothers), left the Shandong Peninsula for southern China's revolutionary movements, witnessed the revocation of the British settlement in Hankow of Hubei Province, joined the Northern Expedition Army, underwent the KMT-CCP split in Wuhan of Hubei Province, joined Zhang Fakui's army for relocation to Nanchang of Jiangxi Province where the CCP staged the 'August 1st 1927 Nanchang Mutiny,' rerouted towards Guangzhou (Canton) where the CCP staged the 'Guangzhou Canton (Mutiny)' under the leadership of Zhang Tailei, and finally retreated through the land of Haifeng and Lufeng where they failed to locate CCP leader Peng Pai's red forces. Zhu Daonan described how the two camps, i.e., the CCP [including the Communist Youth League members] vs the KMT members, constantly killed each other during sleep at night or when going to the toilet room at daylight, inside of the army camp. Sadly, patriotic and hot-blooded youth became the victims of ideological struggles.
 
 
The Peasant Revolution: Shen Dingyi, Peng Pai & Mao Tse-tung
 
On the matter of peasants, Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) was not the only nor the first person who had heralded the peasants' movement. Per Harold Isaacs, "the peasants had also begun to stir and group themselves into organizations before the revived Kuomintang made its appearance in 1924. The modern Chinese peasant movement was cradled in Haifeng, in the East River districts of Kwangtung, by Peng Pai, one of the most appealing figures of the Chinese revolution." Peng Pai, similar to Mao, was born in a landlord's family. Peng Pai, originally a school teacher who lost his job due to leading his students on the May Day demonstration in 1921, joined the CCP and went back to the countryside where he organized the Haifeng Peasant Association. It was the Guangdong military leader Chen Jiongming who time and again sponsored Peng Pai, first with money to send Peng Pai to Japan for studies, then with the appointment as a county education official, and then with support for Peng Pai's communist activities in organizing the peasant associations that saw Peng Pai killing innumerable landlords and wealthy peasants in the coastal Haifeng and Lufeng area. Again, per Harold Isaacs, "thus begun, the organization spread rapidly to neighboring districts and the framework of a Kwangtung Provincial Peasant Association was already in existence before the middle of 1923... Peasant struggles against the landlords, against the magistrates, police, and soldiery, multiplied throughout the East River districts and ignited similar conflicts in the west and north of the province... Demands (for) reduction of land rent passed over almost immediately to demand for its total abolition. "
 
Per anthology "Seventy Year Wind & Cloud Records of the CCP" (Chinese Periodical Publication Inc, San Gabriel, Calif, 1992 edition), the first peasant movement leader should be ascribed to Shen Dingyi, a Shanghai CCP founder, who donated his family fortune to the revolution and later returned to his native town of the Yaqian-zhen Town, Xiaoshan-xian County, Zhejiang Province where he set up an elementary school and recruited a 68-year-old peasant called Li Chenghu for establishing a peasant association on September 27th of 1921. Eight villages in the Xiaoshan-Shaoxing area had imitated Yaqian in setting up the peasant associations within one month, which had a full set of the Yaqian peasant association declaration and guidelines transcribed. The government cracked down on the peasants' movement for its demands like the "reduction in land rents". Li Chenghu was arrested and tortured to death in prison on January 24th of 1922. The "New Youth" magazine and Shanghai newspapers had reports on this incident. (Shen Dingyi went on a four-person Dr. Sun Yat-sen Delegation tour of the U.S.S.R. with Chiang Kai-shek. After communist leader Qu Qiubai seduced his daughter-in-law in 1924, Shen took another turn by joining the West Hill faction and attended the senior KMT leaders for a meeting in front of Sun Yat-sen's altar in Peking. Expelled from the CCP as well as disliked by Chiang Kai-shek, Shen Dingyi was assassinated in August 1928 under some mysterious circumstances. See Keith Schoppa's "Blood Road: The Mystery of Shen Dingyi in Revolutionary China," Berkeley, 1995.)
 
Exploiting the land & peasant problems of China, Mao Tse-tung's Land Revolution (i.e., the Peasant Revolution or Agrarian Revolution), which was supposed to strive for the happiness of the masses of people, had inflicted only pains onto the Chinese peasants and enslaved the Chinese peasants into a caste of uneducated, docile and poverty-stricken people who had been deprived of both their land and their right to leave the land. This caste society was covered in another section of this website, where this webmaster discussed the deprivation of land with the formation of 'agricultural cooperatives' three years after the victory of the communist revolution.
 
Beginning from late 1924, Mao Tse-tung purported delved himself into the peasants' movement. Mao Tse-tung returned to his home-village, Shaoshan in February 1925, established a night school for peasants, organized peasant association, and set up the CCP Shaoshan Branch. Chen Yuansen stated that Mao Tse-tung, often depicted with a traditional Chinese oil-paper umbrella in the early portraits, might have used the umbrella as a secret society signal in his tour of the countryside where he organized peasants into over twenty so-called 'peasant associations,' a form of organization that was built upon the experiences of secret societies. Mao Tse-tung was said to have launched the movement of "stopping the landlords from exporting of the grains and forcing the landlords into disposal of the grains to the local peasants at the discounted price." When Hunan Governor-general Zhao Hengti cracked down on Mao's peasant associations, Mao Tse-tung, in October of 1925, fled to Canton where he worked under Wang Jingwei's KMT propaganda Ministry. (This episode about Mao Tse-tung's early activities in the peasant associations could be a made-up. This webmaster read through the related writings about Mao, and found that Mao had in fact launched the anti-imperialism branches in commemoration of the 30 May 30 1925 nationwide protest movements against the Japanese and British imperialists. More, Mao sought shelter in hometown Shaoshan as a result of falling out of favor among the communists in the Shanghai party headquarters, not a mission as ordered by the CCP Central. Further, Mao, before attending the 1921 communist party launch panel meeting in Shanghai, was busy making money, like operating a night school and some bookstore, and per Chen Xiaoya, could be implicated in the murder of his fellow New Citizen Society founder Peng Huang, a duo who received 20,000 to 30,000 silver dollars from Zhang Shizhao.)
 
In Canton, Mao Tse-tung wrote for the semi-monthly magazine "Revolution" an article entitled "An Analysis Of Various Classes In The Chinese Society" in which he first classified the Chinese people into different classes and raised the question as to friend versus foe during the class struggle.
 
 
Hunan Land Revolution By Rascal-Proletariat
 
After 20 March 1926 Zhongshanjian Warship Incident, Chiang Kai-shek forced the KMT leftist leader, Wang Jingwei, into an exile and re-organized the KMT executive committee after a compromise among Borodin, the CCP, the KMT leftists and the KMT rightists. Mao Tse-tung, being forced to abandon his propaganda ministry post, then worked as director or president of the "Peasant Movement Lecture and Practice School" and hosted the 6th Session for activists of the peasant movements on May 3rd of 1926. (Peng Pai was responsible for organizing five training sessions of activists prior to that.)
 
In the Hunan-Hubei provinces, the communists organized the massive worker and peasant movements. Per Chen Yuansen, the peasants' movements were in full motion by the time the Northern Expedition armies passed through the Xiangjiang River in June of 1926. The peasant associations grew by 7-8 folds when Tang Shengzhi supported the peasant movement as a result of the peasants' active role in helping the northern expedition armies. Other than Tang Shengzhi, Borodin and the communists tried to win over the support of military leaders by conferring the governorship of Jiangxi Province onto Zhu Peide and that of Anhui Province onto Li Zongren. Chen Yuansen further stated that by September of 1926, Mao Tse-tung's graduates were dispatched to Hunan Province where they demanded that the landlords reduce the land rents, etc., and that as a result of the landlords' resistance, the peasants began to organize their 'self-defense military forces.'
 
Meanwhile, the CCP launched the First Shanghai Workers' Uprising on October 23rd, to be followed by two more in early 1927, prior to Chiang Kai-shek's advancement on the Shanghai city. Kang Sheng [i.e., Zhao Rong], a CCP from the communist-controlled Shanghai University, led the student movement in Shanghai; and Zhou Enlai was dispatched to Shanghai in late 1926 for leading the workers' uprising. The Soviets had secret instructions for the communists to stage the Paris Commune kid of rebellion to take over Shanghai before the northern expedition army was to arrive, while at the same time, the Soviet military advisers found pretexts to delay the move of the northern expedition army. In year 1926, the communist-led strikes totaled 535 across China, with the participation of about 1 million workers. After Chiang Kai-shek launched the northern expeditions, the union activities were restricted in the home base of Canton where Li Jishen was the garrison commander. Borodin, after the move to Wuhan of Hubei Province, would organize over 200 unions among 300,000 workers. When the merchants in Wuhan threatened a strike, Borodin would then inhibit the out-of-control worker movement in Wuhan. Per Zhang Yufa, the Wuhan citizens, on January 4th, 1927, had charged at the British settlement in Hankou for a recovery of sovereignty under the orchestration of Liu Shaoqi. Two days later, on January 6th, the Jiujiang citizens, in Jiangxi Province, recovered the British settlement. The British, under the impact of the Chinese nationalist movements, had adopted the strategy of giving up Hankow and Kiukiang and preserving Shanghai. The Soviets had devised the strategy of dividing Britain and Japan, with instructions to attack the British interests while leaving the Japanese alone for the time being.
 
In November 1926, Mao Tse-tung was dispatched to Shanghai as director for the CCP's peasant movement committee. In Hunan Province, each "xiang" [shire] had a peasant association, which basically acted as an autonomous local government with the "self-defense forces." The Peasant Associations upheld a slogan stating that "Whoever possessed land must be a grand landlord, and whoever behaved gentry-like must be a bad-behavior oppressor." The owners with 50 Chinese acres of land were automatically classified as the land-concentration landlords or 'grand landlords.' Hu Qiuyuan biographical account stated that "struggling against the landlords" was a direct consequence of Borodin's inflammatory speeches; that reluctant peasants were coerced into "struggling against the landlords"; and that in southern Anhui Province, the peasants self-organized "red spear society" killed lots of radical communists. On April 13th, scholar-landlord Ye Dehui was killed by the communist activists for writing a satiric poem. Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that the 3rd Comintern had secret order that each county must execute a "grand landlord" for fermenting the "revolutionary climax". Upon hearing the death of Ye Dehui & Wang Baoxin, famous scholar Wang Guowei committed suicide in Peking on June 2nd, 1927, claiming to deposed Manchu emperor Puyi that no other person had committed suicide within 20 years. Before Wang Guowei's death, student Wei Juxian, with tears, had suggested escaping to the mountains of Shanxi Province. The bookworm Wang Guowei, saying that there were no books in the mountains, chose to die instead of the fate of being lynched by the communists. Wei Chu-hsien, a student of Wang Guo-wei, Liang Qi-chao, Chen Yin-ko and Li Chi at Tsing-Hwa University of the 1920s, had contribution to the excavation of the Liangzhu Culture in the 1930s. Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that in his native Huangpi county of Hubei Province, a landlord by the name of Li was paraded and killed in front of his family members. When one county was opposed to demolition of a Buddhist monastery, the Wuhan government dispatched Zhou Yanyong and the troops to the crackdown. Zhou Yanyong, a schoolmate of Hu Qiuyuan at the Wuhan University, later recalled how he was ordered to have soldiers fire on the peasants. (Zhou Yanyong and his pretty girlfriend, both communists, later transferred to Shanghai where Zhou Yanyong told Hu Qiuyuan that they had been trapped too deep into the CCP organization to leave it alive. Often visiting Hu Qiuyuan at Fudan University and sleeping in the dormitory for relaxation in 1928, Zhou Yanyong would disappear for good after one such visit.)
 
After Wang Jingwei, Borodin and the CCP rebuked the Hunan peasant movements as 'out of control,' Mao Tse-tung toured the Hunan countryside from January 4th to February 5th, 1927. After touring Hunan Province for 32 days as secretary for the CCP's peasant movement committee, Mao authored an article, praising the rascals as the revolutionary forerunners and encouraging the violent acts against the landlords, including "parading the landlords for mass persecution, penalizing the landlords by slaughtering their poultry and confiscating grains, beating the landlords, ransacking the landlords' residencies, digging up the landlords' ancestral tombs, and expelling the landlords."
 
Chen Duxiu and Peng Shuzhi were against the radical communist approaches to the land revolution. Qu Qiubai wrote an article to rebut Peng Shuzhi. With the backing of Mao Tse-tung, the KMT's Hunan provincial party secretariat passed the "Act of Punishing the Land-Concentrating Owners & Bad-Behavior Gentry." In March of 1927, Mao authored for "Soldier Magazine" a counter-attack article entitled "An Inspection Report On The Peasants' Movement In Hunan Province" in which Mao Tse-tung, per Chen Yuansen, had even instructed the rascal-turned peasant activists in "daring to stamp your feet and rolling your bodies on the ivory-decorated beds of the daughters and concubines of the landlords." (What a mean approach that had inevitably turned on the rascal-proletariat in the countryside !)
 
On April 13th, Mao's crony, 19-year-old Liu Zhixun, hosted a public sentencing session in the name of the peasant associations in Changsha city and executed scholar-landowner called Ye Dehui on the spot. Comintern representative Roy and KMT agriculture minister Tan Pingshan (i.e., an CCP member) passed through Changsha en route to Wuhan from Canton and eulogized Hunan's peasant movements, and various county-level special courts were set up to try "'tu hao li shen'" (i.e., the land-concentrating owners & bad-behavior gentry), leading to the peasants-organized lynching events with massive scale torturing and executions of the landlords. About 1000 peasant activists under Liu Zhixun would mobilize 2 million Hunan peasants for this land revolution.
 
 
Chiang Kai-shek Purging the Communists
 
In January 1927, Chiang Kai-shek went to Mt Lushan in Jiangxi Province for a reconciliation talk with various KMT commissars. In Feb, Chiang Kai-shek conceded to the communist-controlled leftwing Wuhan KMT gang in having the National Government sit at Wuchang and the KMT party headquarters sit at Hankou.
 
The Nationalist army, having taken over Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province on February 18th, campaigned against Songjiang-Shanghai beginning in March, with two corps of the 19th Corps and 26th Corps. Lu-jun (the Shandong Province army), led by Chu Yupu, Zhang Zongchang and Bi Shucheng, marched southward to assist Sun Chuanfang. Bi Shucheng, however, also tried to obtain peace by negotiating with the Nationalist Army. Li Baozhang, a division chief under Sun Chuanfang of the northern warlord lineage government, expressed his wish to defect to the nationalist government as well as resist the Lu-jun army [the Shandong Province army]. Chiang Kai-shek conferred the post of chief of the 18th Corps onto Li Baozhang. On March 14th, Yang Shuzhuang, Shanghai's navy commander under Sun Chuanfang, was conferred the post of Navy Commander-in-chief by Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist government as well. Sun Chuanfang's army retreated to Fengjing of today's Jinshan-Songjiang counties, and Wuxing and Yixing near Suzhou. On March 15th, the national revolutionary army laid siege of Liyang of Jiangsu Province. The next day, Bai Chongxi ordered an attack at Songjiang & Shanghai. Bai Chongxi, to counter Sun Chuanfang’s Russian armored army, would arm a freight train with cannons for an attack at the Songjiang town. On March 21st, Songjiang was sacked. Seagrave, in his "The Soong Dynasty," had skipped the fight with the Russian mercenaries in Songjiang as if it never happened, claiming that Chiang Kai-shek waited out the communist defeat during February 19th-20th Strike/Uprising at about 25 miles to the west of Shanghai without regard for the truth that the Nationalist army had merely taken over Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province on February 18th.
 
The Communist-led Worker Uprising In Shanghai
Meanwhile, the CCP, having failed the 2nd Uprising [more a strike] on February 19th-20th, had conducted the Third Shanghai Workers' Uprisings on March 20th. Altogether, 50000 workers were organized into the picket columns to be headed by Gu Shunzhang, with 2000 selected for the military training in the French Concession territory. Musket type rifles were smuggled into Shanghai and 300 shooters were equipped. The Communists intended to take over Shanghai two days ahead of the scheduled arrival of Chiang Kai-shek's troops, i.e., the Whampoa lineage army which was already infiltrated by the communists.
 
Just prior to the uprising, American mayor Fessenden [Fei-xin-dun] was fetched by the French for a meeting with Du Yuesheng, which was for sake of approving the transportation of 5000 guns to the gangster forces through the "international settlement" zone. Further, the French, who received about 150000 dollar monthly kickback from the gangster's 6.5 million opium and cocaine trade, already knew in advance what the true intent of Chiang Kai-shek was, per Seagrave. With Zhou Enlai in charge of leading the 3rd uprising, 5000 workers' patrol army under the communists took over the center and outlying areas of Shanghai in small contingents by March 21st, defeating 5000 strong remnant northern warlord lineage army which already reached a truce with Chiang Kai-shek's northern expedition army to transfer Shanghai peacefully. Zhou himself the 300 rebels in sacking the police bureau. Later, on March 27th, the communists established an interim Shanghai municipal government consisting of Wang[1] Shouhua, Yang Xingfo, Luo Yinong, Heh Luo, Zheng Shuxiu, Gu Shunzhang and Hou Shaoqiu, et al. (Gu Shunzhang received training in the U.S.S.R. after his exceptional performance during the 30 May 1925 movement in Shanghai.) The KMT elements who were nominally listed as Shanghai committee members did not attend the meetings, which led to communist secretary Chen Duxiu's decision to kick out the KMT members in late March. When Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Shanghai, he sent Hu Gongmian, a communist of Zhejiang native background, to seeing Chen Duxiu three times, with a suggestion to hold a top-level two-person meetings. Three times, Chen Duxiu declined the request since the communist secretary was in the zealous stage of solidifying the fruits of victory of the Shanghai Commune.)
 
The Nationalist Army 21st Division departed Wujiang for Suzhou, and took over the city by the afternoon. Meanwhile, Regiment Chief Hu Zongnan circumvented eastward to the Minhang area of Shanghai, crossed the Huangpu River, and attacked the Zhi-Lu (i.e., Zhili and Shandong) relief army and the White Russian mercenaries led by Bi Shucheng. After defeating the Russians, the nationalist army sacked Xinzhuang, Longhua and Shanghai's weapon depot. Yang Shuzhuang's navy attacked the Yangtze River hindside of Sun Chuanfang’s army and Lu-jun army. The revolutionary army pushed into Shanghai and dismantled Bi Shucheng's 8th Corps in the Zhabei area. On March 21st, the Nationalist Armies closed in to Shanghai after the communist insurgents, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, effectively occupied Shanghai via a third armed uprising.
 
The colonialist powers and imperialist nations, to defend Shanghai against the Northern Expedition Army, assembled an army of 23000 in Shanghai and dispatched over 90 warships towards Nanking. The Imperialist armies first dug the defense positions for impeding the revolutionary army, and then retreated into their domains after the revolutionary army mounted a protest. Xu Zhen stated that the CCP had tried to provoke the "international incident" by sending mobsters into the extraterritorial domains for pillage and arson. Mark Gayne, the future Soviet KGB spy with a Jewish alias name Kramer (Cramer) and who could be responsible for the assassination death of President Kennedy, was sent to the Shanghai Bund as part of the Soviet and Comintern 'jihad' to start the Shanghai Commune revolution. Gayne, after a hop to attending Pomona College [the same ostensibly no-name school that Comintern agent Chen Hansheng attended] in California, returned to Shanghai, and notoriously cohorted with the Japanese occupation army's news agency and spy agency staff before the eruption of the Pacific War, before taking a new Soviet assignment to go to the U.S., this time to work under the Soviet-controlled Amerasia magazine direct and later to be implicated in the assassination of president John Kennedy. (Gayne had a brother who, like Polish agent Asiaticus, was embedded with the communist New Fourth Corps, i.e., the most notorious civil war perpetrator which this webmaster termed the communist Tientsin-Pukow Railway guards for the Japanese invasion army.)
 
On the afternoon of March 22nd, Hu Zongnan assembled regiment/battalion officers and armed soldiers, rode on captured vehicles for a tour of the city, intruded onto the British/French territories, and drove by the Racing Course (i.e., today's People's Square of Shanghai) and through the Nanking Road. The British/French, daunted by the National Army's valor and the Shanghai citizens' fervor, dared not stop the parade. Chiang Kai-shek himself, departing from Jiujiang of Jiangxi Province, entered Shanghai's Gaochangmiao Dock on March 26th via Warship Chuqian-jian. Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Bai Chongxi disband the workers' armed forces; the CCP lodged a protest with the Wuhan government; and the KMT Wuhan government supported the workers as the policing force before Shanghai organized the KMT military police column. On March 28th, 1927, in Shanghai, the KMT supervisory committee members, like Wu Jingheng, Li Yuying, Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Renjie and Gu Yingfen, held a meeting and proposed a policy to have the CCP members purged from the KMT.
 
Chen Yongfa, apparently citing Zhang Yufa, pointed out that the CCP, by the time of Chiang Kai-shek's purge, had expanded to 58000 members nationwide, with 51% workers and 19% intellectuals. In Wuhan, Xu Xiangqian, lecturer at the Wuhan Central Military & Politics Academy (i.e., 2nd Whampoa Academy), officially enrolled in the CCP in March 1927. (Xu Xiangqian claimed that Chiang Kai-shek had visited the Wuhan Academy twice but failed to win over the hearts of the students. per ZLA, Tao Xisheng, while working as an editor in Shanghai's Commerce Publication House in early 1927, suddenly received a wire from Zhou Fohai who was secretary-in-chief & politics director of the Wuhan Central Military & Politics Academy, with the colonel-lecturer conferral letter bearing Chiang Kai-shek's signature.)
 
Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that slogans and posters began to surface in Wuhan in early March of 1927, calling for removal of Chiang Kai-shek. At the Wuhan University, Hu Qiuyuan and Yan Dazhu exited the Communist Youth League as well as the KMT Party as a result of resentment over the radical students who organized protests, parades, meetings and persecutions on campus. However, the KMT Party Apparatus, controlled by the CP and KMT leftists, continued to rely upon Hu Qiuyuan for authoring propaganda articles. Sometime in April of 1927, Qian Yishi invited Hu Qiuyuan in writing for the provincial representative meeting. "Chinese Students" magazine invited Hu Qiuyuan as editor-in-chief but exempted him from the routine communist meetings. After the Nationalist Army took over Nanking on March 25th, 1927, the Wuhan government issued an order in depriving Chiang Kai-shek of the post of commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition Army, per Xu Zhen.
 
The Eastern Flank of the National Revolutionary Army continued to push northward, and attacked Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province while the Central Flank sacked Nanking on March 24th. Sun Chuanfang fled across the Yangtze River to Yangzhou. On March 24th, 1927, the 6th & 2nd Corps of the Nationalist Army took over Nanking. Sun Chuanfang's army fled, and pillaging occurred in Nanking. Pearl Buck [Sai-zhen-zhu] had recalls about her ransacked residence in Nanking. Li Zongren memoirs stated that the soldiers from the communists-infiltrated 6th Corps and partial of the 1st Corps had attacked the British, American & Japanese interests in Nanking, injuring the British consul, killing deputy principal of Jinling University and principal of Cathay University. Zhang Yufa claimed that the Nanking citizens, under communist instigation, caused six dead and six wounded among the foreigners, which led to the Chinese casualty of dozens to thousands when the British-Americans bombarded Nanking as a revenge. The British and American warships fired cannon balls into the Nanking city from warships near the Xiaguan Wharf on the pretext of punishing the mobsters. Bombing led to a Chinese casualty of over 2000 people, i.e., the Nanking Bloody Incident. Seagrave, who had shifted focus to Chiang Kai-shek & gangsters for capsizing the Grand Revolution, had pointed out "that gangsters were invoked for cracking down on the unionists and workers; that leftists and communists hit back at the gangsters; Nationalist army entered the city; and that turmoil ensued in the city of Nanking, with few foreign consulate officials and priests killed, and one European woman attacked by three soldiers of unknown army units." Seagrave mistakenly cited the "American investigation" in pointing out that the northern lineage troops pillaged foreigners for instigating the international incident though the KMT rightists blamed the 1927 Nanking Bloody Incident on the communists. - Dorothy Borg and Leighton Stuart were adamant that it was the Chinese communists who perpetrated the crime of killing the Westerners in Nanking.
 
30 Million Guaranteed Loans To Chiang Kai-shek
Per Seagrave, on March 30th, in Hangzhou, the gangsters destroyed the offices of the unionists, with some killing; but, in Shanghai, the workers and communists were still hoping for a cooperation with Chiang Kai-shek. Seagrave of course had no idea about the violent communist activities against the class enemies throughout southern and central China. Chiang Kai-shek had expressed to Wang Jingwei quite some respect at the time the former opponent returned to China on April 1st. Merchants were said to have formed a consortium for loaning Chiang Kai-shek 3 million yuan for delivery on April 1st as a downpayment. Seven million followed. Then, another delegation promised to loan Chiang Kai-shek 30 million yuan currency for establishing a moderate government in Nanking. Zhang Yufa pointed out the Shanghai bankers offered Chiang Kai-shek 15 million and 30 million loans after the purge by citing some primitive documents, which were none other than books by like "Moscow & Chinese Communists" (Robert C. North, pp.97), "The Tragedy Of The Chinese Revolution" (Isaacs, p. 151-152), and "A History Of China" (Wolfram Eberhard, p. 315). Those were of course books written by the pro-communist Americans of the 20th century, not archives of neutral background. Arthur Young pointed out that the C$30 million, May 1, 1927, loan for the "extraordinary military expenses" was securitized, meaning that Chiang and Soong could not have obtained a loan at will without pledging the customs surtax. Hence the rumors of extortion were not founded. (The R.O.C.'s first systematic studies of the Chinese Communists' in and out would not come till some southern China's communist regional secretary, called by Guo Qian, was arrested by the government agents, defected to the government side in the early 1940s and then became a government agency's historian in Taiwan. The mystery surrounding the arrest and defection of Guo Qian had something to do with the rampant communist rebellion in southeastern Chinese provinces throughout the resistance war time period, especially the incessant communist armed insurgency in the Fujian Province mountains.)
 
Purging the Communists
Back on April 1st, Wang Jingwei returned to Shanghai from overseas at the invitation of Borodin, the KMT leftists and the CCP. Wang Jingwei had been asked by Chiang Kai-shek et al., not to go to Wuhan. When asked to adopt the same policy of purging the communists, Wang Jingwei said that it should be decided by the KMT full session's representatives. Historians concluded that Chiang Kai-shek had the determination for the coup d'etat as a result of winning over the Gui-xi [Guangxi Province] armies, which was less infiltrated by the communist agents. On April 2nd, another meeting was held in Shanghai, with Gui-xi [Guangxi Province] army leaders Li Zongren, Huang Shaohong and Chen Guofu participating. The KMT supervisory committee passed Wu Jingheng's purge proposal. On April 3rd, Li Zongren attended Chiang Kai-shek's meeting at Sun Yat-sen's former residency. Chiang Kai-shek was said to have obtained funds from the Shanghai business leaders in lieu of the Soviet aid. With the financial backing from Shanghai as well as the military support from the Gui-xi military faction, Chiang Kai-shek was determined for purging the communists.
 
Wang Jingwei met Hu Hanmin on April 3rd and promised to stay the decrees of the Wuhan KMT's 3rd Plenary of the Second National Congress. Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin agreed upon the date of April 15th for a new KMT Congress to be held. On April 5th, Wang Jingwei made a joint declaration with CCP leader Chen Duxiu and then left for Wuhan. Xu Zhen claimed that Wang Jingwei-Chen Duxiu's declaration contained the words like 'waging a campaign against the Nanking government.' Wu Jingheng, Li Yuying, and Cai Yuanpei went to see Hu Hanmin with the KMT supervisory committee's decision of purging the communists and invited Hu Hanmin for a meeting in Nanking. In Nanking, Hu Hanmin proposed the guidelines for purging the communists and gave half a dozen categories of 'bad apples' (including the communists). Hu Hanmin advocated a unification of the KMT slogans to counter the CCP's slogans. Hu Hanmin would later write numerous articles expounding Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles to counter the Marxism/Leninism and communism.
 
On April 6th, in Peking, 500 soldiers under Zhang Zuolin sacked the Russian embassy and arrested 60 communism activists including Li Dazhao and executed about 30 communists. Seagrave pointed out that twenty Chinese communists were arrested, including two daughters of Li Dazhao, with one such daughter hanged three years later in the same way as her father. Zhang Zuolin adopted a concerted effort for two purposes: clearing the threat of the communist insurgency in northern China as well as sending a message of cooperation to Chiang Kai-shek. In Shanghai, police of the International Settlement put up a cordon around the Russian consulate; and on April 11th, the British and Japanese searched the leftists and communists' hideouts, and handed over the suspects for execution by Chiang Kai-shek per Seagrave. Zhang Yufa claimed that Chiang Kai-shek was justified in purging the communists since the thousand pieces of documents confiscated from the Russian embassy in Peking had contained enough evidence as to the Russian attempt at planting communism in China. Similar evidence was collected during the April 7th search of the Russian organizations in Tianjin. Zhang Yufa cited MacNair's "China In Revolution" in pointing out that from February 28th to March 1st, search of the Russian ship Pamiat Lenina had yielded similar evidence.
 
Bai Chongxi of the Gui-xi Army closed down the Shanghai office of the National Army's Politics Department, and Li Zongren directed his forces to Nanking from Wuhu in preparation for the purge. On April 9th, Chiang Kai-shek announced the office of the Song-hu Martial Law Enforcement, with Bai Chongxi conferred the post of commander. Yang Hu was the garrison commander of Shanghai. On April 10th, Chiang Kai-shek made a public wire demanding the dismissal of the Wuhan KMT's politics department. On April 11th, Chiang secretly ordered that all provinces must purge the communists.
 
On April 12th, Chiang Kai-shek officially purged the communists. Per Li Dongfang, Bai Chongxi ordered that the 26th Corps disband the workers' armed band at 2:00 pm on April 12th. In Shanghai, on April 12th, Chiang Kai-shek's army, including the gangster forces, sacked the CCP-controlled workers' patrolling force headquarters and disarmed the workers. Seagrave, with only knowledge of the "green gangsters," claimed that the gangster-background army, upon the siren of Chiang Kai-shek's warship at 4 am, began the sweeping campaign against all communist strongholds and residencies, with an order to kill anyone carrying arms other than those wearing the arm-band of 'gong' [worker, i.e., the gangster-organized rivalry worker unions or the "gong jing hui" society members, which was a secret organization from the days of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution]. The Communist document claimed that Chiang Kai-shek first sent the rascals into the workers' patrolling force headquarters for disturbance and then dispatched the army against the workers on the pretext of maintaining peace. Seagrave wrote down a story of Chiang Kai-shek's army pretending to stand on the same side of the workers but allowing the gangsters to kill the workers once they laid down the weapons. Back on the night of the 11th, when communist leader Wang1 Shouhua entered Du Yuesheng's residency at an invitation, the gangsters killed the driver and bodyguard, and abducted Wang1 Shouhua to the western outskirts for a secret execution. Back on April 5th, gangster leader Du Yuesheng sent an invitation to CCP leader Wang1 Shouhua. (Li Dongfang made up a purported court martial on April 15th which sentenced Wang1 Shouhua to death. But, what’s Wang Shouhua doing in gangster’s house? Wang Shouhua, a ‘great’ communist, was a gangster himself and was executed for his first loyalty to the CCP and second loyalty to the gang.)
 
Seagrave further pointed out that Zhou Enlai fled to the "Shangwu [commercial] Publishing House" where 400 Reds fought against 1000 Greens till the noon, and that about 400-700 workers could have been killed within nine hours. Seagrave apparently erred in stating that Zhou Enlai had fled again after the publishing house was sacked, not to mention the exaggeration of 1000 Greens. On April 13th, when Zhou Enlai organized 10,000 workers' protests, Chiang Kai-shek's army cracked down on the Shanghai workers on the Baoshan-Lu Street, with over 100 people dead. Seagrave claimed that 300 dead filled up eight trucks during the crackdown. Zhou Enlai, doubtlessly caught by the KMT, would be released after Si Li, the brother of Si Lie [i.e., the 2nd Division Chief of the KMT 26th Corps responsible for the bloody crackdown on the communists on the Baoshan-lu Road], intervened by posting a public notice of "Wu Hao [Zhou Enlai] Severing Himself From the Communist Party."
 
Zhou Enlai, in his talk with Edgar Snow, stated that about 5000 people fell victims to Chiang Kai-shek's crackdown. Seagrave cited Snow's account in estimating that 5000 to 10000 people could have died in Shanghai since October 1926. Writer Han Suyin further blamed Du Yuesheng on selling 6000-8000 wives and daughters of victims to prostitution or coolie labor. - What a mess Seagrave and Han Suyin was creating. The first crackdown happened in Anqing of Anhui Province right after Chiang Kai-shek's warship passed through, en route to Shanghai, after Chen Lifu gave the greenlight. The purge was meticulously designed by Chen Lifu by having the left-wing KMT members set up the opposing unions, student associations and peasant societies for sake of inducing the secret-identity communist members into an open argument, fights and sabotage. In Shanghai, the "gong jing hui" members set up the opposing unions. Only after distinguishing the communists from the non-communists did the purge begin. The bloody crackdown in Shanghai happened after disarming the workers' armed forces, i.e., the second day, when Zhou Enlai organized a workers' strike in the attempt of wrestling back the weapons confiscated overnight. The communist demonstration column on the Baoshan-lu Road, as numerous investigative reports had proven, had included some dozens of the former northern army soldiers hired as mercenaries to create chaos. The communists, who did the same in the charge against Duan Qirui's regent government in Peking in March 1926, apparently misjudged the possible response of the government army. (CHEN JIERU's MEMOIRS stated that 5000 workers were killed or had disappeared while another 5000 were arrested. From this statement, we could tell that communist premier Zhou Enlai could have a hand in the publication or non-publication of two books, i.e., Chen Jieru's memoirs [which did not get published till after the death of Chen Jieru and Chiang Kai-shek] and an undercover communist writer Tang-ren (Yan Qingshu)'s book JINLING [Nanking] CHUNMENG [springtime dreams], which was a satirical novel about Chiang Kai-shek. See below for further expose of CHEN JIERU's MEMOIRS's mistake on the official launch of the Republican China's legal tender in the 1930s.)
 
Establishing The Nanking Government
Chiang Kai-shek further banned publication of the 'communist manifesto.' Purge extended to the cities like Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen [Amoy] and Guangzhou [Canton]. On the 15th, Chiang Kai-shek's KMT executive meeting failed to convene a meeting due to lack of the executive committee members. On the 17th, the Wuhan government and left-wing KMT Central revoked Chiang Kai-shek's party membership; however, in Nanking, the right-wing KMT executive meeting declared Hu Hanmin as the chairman of the National Government. On April 18th, Chiang Kai-shek made Nanking the capital of the National Government and ordered the purge of communists nationwide. A ceremony was held at Dingjiaqiao the former site of the Jiangsu provincial parliament. In the name of the KMT Central Politics Meeting, the Nanking government called upon Whang Jingwei & Tan Yankai to relocate to Nanking from Wuhan. Other than setting up the departments of the civil administration [Xie Wubi], diplomacy [Wu Chaoshu], justice [Wang Chonghui], finance [Gu Yingfen] and college board [Cai Yuanpei], the Nanking government stipulated a separate secretariat of which Niu Yongjian was put in charge. Chiang Kai-shek was proclaimed to be the commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, with Wu Zhihui acting as the political commissar. Four clauses for the "National Revolution" were put forward, calling for i) a close cooperation between the revolutionary army and the people; ii) an upright and honest government; iii) a policy of protecting the domestic enterprises; and iv) a policy of guaranteeing and promoting the interests of peasants and workers. Additionally, the Nanking government issues a secret most-wanted list of communists and leftist-Nationalists including Borodin, Chen Duxiu, Xu Qian, Deng Yanda & Wu Yuzhang, and et al. On the 21st, Chiang Kai-shek announced that the military committee officially relocated to Nanking from Canton. The KMT leftists, with their headquarters in Wuhan of Hubei Province and in the name of the KMT Central executory committee and military committee, proclaimed a campaign against Chiang Kai-shek on the 22nd.
 
CHEN JIERU's ACCOUNT: To counter Wuhan, Chiang Kai-shek conspired with Mme Kong Xiangxi in instigating the defection of her brother [i.e., KMT finance minister Song Ziwen]. Chen Jieru claimed that Mme Kong Xiangxi, i.e., Soong Ai-ling, arrived in Jiujiang for a 24-hour secret talk with Chiang Kai-shek on board a ship owned by the Bank of China. It was during this talk that Soong Ai-ling demanded that 1) Chiang Kai-shek marry Soong Mei-ling, 2) Kong Xiangxi (HH Kung) be offered the job as a prime minister equivalent, and 3) Song Ziwen (TV Soong) be offered the post of finance minister in exchange for the financial support from the Song & Kong families and the financiers of the Shanghai Bund. Hence, Chiang Kai-shek forcefully sent Chen Jieru to the U.S. on the pretense of a five-year separation. To force out Chen Jieru, Chiang Kai-shek purportedly displayed the 'love letters' between Soong Mei-ling & Chiang Kai-shek dated March 19th, 1927. Thereafter, the "blue jacket" agents mounted an arson attack at the finance ministry in Wuhan for Song Ziwen to exit the Wuhan government, using the fire incident as an excuse. Song Ziwen, after arriving in Nanking, began to run the mint factory around the clock for printing the paper currency [i.e., 'fa bi' or the legalized currency]. Zhang Jingjiang was awarded the post of chairman for Zhejiang Province. (Chen Jieru's recollections could be flawed here. The Chinese paper currency 'fa bi' would not go into circulation till after China had abandoned the Silver Standard in the 1930s.)
 
 
The Split of the CCP From the KMT Leftist Government
 
Having examined the land revolution in Hunan Province, one might derive an easy conclusion that it was the Mao communists' fault to have provoked the KMT in the first place. Partially right. We have to bear in mind that Sun Yat-sen's KMT was mostly a loose organization of people with different agenda and that Sun Yat-sen was the only person possessing the necessary charisma for holding his party members together. The 'Zhongshan Warship Incident' on March 20th of 1926 had already revealed the irreconcilable differences between the USSR/CCP and Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Right Wing. It was Stalin/Borodin's superstitious belief in a so-called stage of bourgeois revolution that had held the rift together for the time being. Harold Isaacs mentioned that "the (CCP) Central Committee in Shanghai and the Kwangtung (CCP) party vigorously opposed" Borodin's concessions to Chiang Kai-shek and that "in Moscow, the Opposition led by Trotsky had already begun to demand the liberation of the Chinese Communists from the strait jacket of the Kuomintang." Trotsky, entangled in a power struggle against Stalin since Lenin's death on January 21st, 1924, had proposed a more radical approach by suggesting that the Chinese communists exit from the KMT institution immediately. The dissension between Stalin and Trotsky would spell over to China and the world communism to yield to similarly bloody confrontations between their followers. Wang Jingwei's KMT Left-Wing, however, suffered a dilemma as far as their party orientation went. Unwarranted being the case as to the CCP's ultimate armed rebellion against the Wuhan KMT leftist government, the irreconcilable differences between the USSR/CCP and Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Right Wing would be the same matter that existed between the USSR/CCP and Wang Jingwei's KMT Left Wing. The KMT Left Wing would later split into the communism-sympathizers like Soong Qingling (i.e., Mme Sun Yat-sen) and the so-called 'gan-zu-pai' (the 're-organized KMT leftists'). When the communists first purged the political enemies in guerilla bases (i.e., rural enclave), it would be the Anti-Bolshevik League and the Re-organized KMT Leftists who would be exterminated. In the following, we will examine how the CCP split from and rebelled against the KMT Leftist Government of Wuhan.
 
 
The three month reign by the KMT generalissimo Wang Jingwei, from April to July of 1927, was a time period often shrouded in ambiguity. Prevalent writings often lumped together the purge of communists by Chiang Kai-shek's Right-wing KMT and Wang Jingwei's Left-wing KMT, i.e., "qing [purge] gong [communist]" versus "fen [split from] gong [communist]." Philosopher-turned Scholar Shan Shaojie, for example, had echoed Mao Tse-tung's generalization that the young communists of China had committed a grave 'subjectivist mistake of the Confucian-apprentice rank' prior to 1927 by paying attention to the mass movement, not the military movement. (See "Mao In Power (1949-1976)," Mirror Books, 2000, Carle Place, NY, ISBN 962-8744-31-3). The natural cause-effect, per Shan Shaojie, would be that the CCP central committee, during the August 7th emergency session in Wuhan, officially endorsed the policy of armed rebellion against the KMT's slaughter and massacre. (Xiang Zhongfa, a communist of worker background, attended the meeting.) Apparently left out here would be the context of August 1st, 1927 Nanchang Uprising that occurred before the August 7th meeting. Wen Yu, similarly, never reflected on the context of the so-called consecutive betrayals to the 'Grand Revolution' by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei, respectively.
 
Recent communist disclosures pointed that the Chinese Communists had colluded with Outer Mongolia in organizing a military force from 1925 to 1927, as well as instigated the mutinies in Sichuan Province after the provincial military leaders agreed to be re-organized under the southern government. The separation of the Chinese Communists from the Wuhan government was triggered by Stalin's order to organize a military force among the workers and peasants. So to say that Shan Shaojie was wrong in assuming the innocence of the Chinese Communists as far as the mass movement versus military movement was concerned.
 
After the Wuhan government issued the order to expel the communists, Mme Sun Yat-sen (Rosamond), together with Chen Youren, et al., left for Moscow in August, where they stayed for half a year before going to Germany in March of 1928. Then, Mme Sun Yat-sen returned to Moscow, where she got aquainted with Smedley, and in the name of returning for Sun Yat-sen's coffin-relocation to the Zhongshanling Mausoleum, returned for the state funeral in May of 1929, on which occasion Smedley purportedly acted as the madam's reporter or came to China to report on the coffin relocation. About this time, Pavel Mif, who was to be sent to China as a Comintern rep till April 1931, wrote a letter to Leo Karakhan who sent a copy to Kliment Voroshilov (i.e., Soviet military commissariat chair) in March 1928 in regards to the functions Mme Sun Yat-sen could play in the sabotage work, with suggestions to have a top-level Soviet probe the madam's opinion on the "third party" (likely the Soviet scheme to have Deng Yanda launch a Third Party), to have the madam organize the anti-imperialism league in China for sheltering the communists, to instigate the KMT leftists for cooperation with the Chinese Cmmunists, to ask the madam exert efforts to having the Nanking, Wuhan and Mukden governments restore diplomatic ties with the U.S.S.R. in the framework of the Soviet friendship societies, to counter the KMT propaganda like from Sun Ke, Hu Hanmin and Wu Chaoshu, to invite the madam back to the Soviet Union for indoctrination and work at the Profintern, and to invite Deng Yanda to Moscow for enhancing the two's cooperative work, etc.
 
"KMT-CCP Land Act" By Wuhan's KMT Left-wing Government

 
Wuhan Government Holding a Second "Oath of Northern Campaigns"

 
Xu Kexiang Purging Communists In Changsha on May 21st

 
Comintern Rep M.N. Roy Disclosed to Wang Jingwei a Secret Document from Stalin

 
Zhu Peide's Courteous Expulsion of Communists From Jiangxi Province

 
Tang Shengzhi's Eastern Campaign against Nanking

 
August 1st Nanchang Uprising
Wang Jingwei [Wang Ching-wei] Government in Wuhan, per Jiang Yongjing, did not have a real separation from the CCP till the outbreak of the 'August 1st Nanchang Uprising' in Jiangxi Province. However, by late July of 1927, Wang Jingwei already sensed an incoming uprising by the communists inside of the armies that the Wuhan government controlled, and Wang Jingwei ordered a real-sense purge of the communists that unfortunately came too late to stop the locomotive. On July 26th, Heh Long's 20th Corps arrived in Nanchang from Jiujiang after allowing Ye Ting's 24th division (subject to the 11th Corps) board the train for Nanchang earlier. On the same day, Wang Jingwei officially expelled Mao Tse-tung, Li Lishan, Zhou Enlai and Peng Pai, et al., from the KMT, and wired to the Russian advisers as to the truth of a rumor about the possible communist uprising. Wang Jingwei's most wanted list issued on August 8th, 1927 would include 197 communist members.
 
More available at Nanchang Mutiny. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

 
* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

* Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
Jeanne d'Arc of China:
Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

 

Chiang Kai-shek's Step-down & Re-gaining Power
 
On August 8th, 1927, Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Li Jishen, et al., proposed that Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government converge with the Nanking government after sharing a common ground on the matter of purging the communists. Wang Jingwei stated that Chiang Kai-shek must step down before the Wuhan government could come to Nanking. On August 8th, Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government passed resolution as to purge of the communists and issued a most wanted list which would include 197 communist members. On August 12th (13th?), Chiang Kai-shek agreed to stepping down for party unity's sake. (Li Zongren memoirs stated that Chiang Kai-shek's personal emissary, i.e., Chu Minyi, had shuttled between Wuhan and Nanking numerous times, with an understanding that Chiang must step down to appease Wuhan. However, the rumor flied that Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Heh Yingqin had pressured Chiang into a step-down. Writer Liu Feng adopted this rumor which Li Zongren, in his memoirs, had claimed to have disputed with Chiang Kai-shek few times whereas Chiang Kai-shek dissuaded it by refusing to pierce it publicly.) Before the step-down, Chiang Kai-shek visited Chen Jieru in her mother's house in Shanghai on August 1st, with a request that Chen Jieru go to America for five years so that he could marry with Soong Mei-ling. Per Chen Jieru, Chiang Kai-shek cursed himself by stating that he would be willing to be banished overseas should he fail to retrieve Chen Jieru within 10-20 years.
 
On September 16th, the National Commissar meeting, on basis of the August 22nd Jiujiang Meeting, was held in Nanking for expanding the 47 person military commission to 96 members. The Nanking and Wuhan governments hence merged together. However, Hu Qiuyuan pointed out that Wang Jingwei & Tang Shengzhi maintained the KMT Wuhan Politics Sub-committee for preserving their independence. Chen Jieru boarded ship President Jackson on August 19th. On the same day, Reuters reported that Chiang Kai-shek had agreed to step down for his dereliction (i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's Defeat At Xuzhou) in the continuous campaigns northward; that Chiang Kai-shek would depart for Germany soon; and that the British dispatched 150 marines to Nanking for self-protection. On September 19th, 1927, in San Francisco, Chen Jieru first read about Chiang Kai-shek's denial of existing marriage with her, and on September 24th, in New York, Chen Jieru read about Chiang Kai-shek's plan to go to Japan for obtaining the approval from Soong Mei-ling's mother so that he could marry with Soong Mei-ling. On September 28th, Chiang Kai-shek left for Japan.
 
On October 6th, Zhang Fakui gave a public wire against the KMT special commission, and On October 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of the politics committee separate from the Nanking's National Government. On October 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of politics committee separate from the Nanking's National Government. On November 1st, Jiang Dingwen assumed the post of 1st Division Chief and departed for north of the Yangtze from Hangzhou. On November 4th, the military committee ordered that the Fourth Route and the Fifth Route, headed by Cheng Qian and Zhu Peide, campaign against Tang Shengzhi in the west. Li Jishen in Guangdong and Huang Shaohong in Guangxi echoed the National Government in campaigns against Tang Shengzhi. When Tang's two generals, Heh Jian and Li Pingxian, refused to follow order, Tang Shengzhi declared a step-down on November 12th and fled to Japan thereafter. The KMT's Western Expedition army took over Wuchang of Hubei Province.
 
On November 10th, Chiang Kai-shek returned to Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek obtained the support of Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan in restoring his post as commander-in-chief. Li Zongren pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek had intentionally stepped down for sake of having Wang Jingwei exercise the control over Tang Shengzhi because Tang Shengzhi's "Eastern Campaign" held a slogan of getting rid of Chiang Kai-shek only. (Li Zongren memoirs stated that two generals under Tang Shengzhi, i.e., Liao Lei & Ye Qi, later disclosed that Tang had secret negotiations with Sun Chuanfang & Jiang Baili for a joint attack at Nanking from west and north. However, Sun Chuanfang launched an attack at Nanking without waiting for Tang Shengzhi in the attempt of "whoever first sacked the capital would be the king." Li Zongren's conclusion is that Chiang Kai-shek stepped down with a good prediction of ultimate return after Wang Jingwei & Tang Shengzhi was to have their internal strife.) On December 10th, the KMT 4th Plenary of the 2nd Congress restored Chiang Kai-shek's post. See the Second Northern Expedition for details.
 
In early 1928, Xia Zhishi, a veteran of the 1911 Xin Hai Revolution, visited Nanking area in the hope of reviving his political career. After losing power in 1920 in Sichuan Province, Xia Zhishi had established a middle school called Jinjiang Public School [the name of which his wife Dong Zhujun, later on March 15th, 1935, appropriated to found the now famous "Jinjiang Restaurant" in Shanghai]. From 1920 to 1923, Xia Zhishi indulged himself in gambling and tacked on opium which eventually led to the divorce between him and Dong Zhujun. Incidentally, in 1923, Dai Jitao had an unsuccessful suicide by jumping into the Yangtze River while on his way to Sichuan. [Dai Jitao committed suicide again in Canton prior to the communist takeover in 1949.] Xia Zhishi and Dai Jitao spent quite some time together for sharing the same kind of "downturns in political careers." Dai Jitao [Dai Chuan xian], i.e., Jiang Huiguo's birth-father, would become stepfather of Dong Zhujun's children. Dong Zhujun, owning to her husband's acquaintances, often received the warlord visitors including Yang Sen who had a notoriety of killing two concubines for their "extra-marital affairs." Later in 1949, Dong Zhujun was responsible for persuading Yang Hu into giving up Shanghai to the CCP, while Yang Hu, having enjoyed a few days as the top guest of the communist government, ultimately died in the hands of the communists for his complex relationship, multiple concubines and rebellious character.
 
 
The CCP Armed Rebellions
 
Borodin, being on the verge of total disaster, did not forget to ask Wang Jingwei stamp out a 'performance report' for him to bring back to the USSR. Chen Duxiu refused to go to Moscow in July. On July 23rd of 1927, two new Comintern representatives, 29-year-old Lominadze (a Georgian native of Stalin's) and 25-year-old Nuo-yi-man (Heinz Neumann? a German), arrived in Hankou of Hubei Province, with a mission and a direct order from Stalin and Bukharin who had finally realized that the U.S.S.R. had lost their case of an ally in the KMT. The two new guys would replace Borodin and Roy, deprive Chen Duxiu of the CCP leadership, blame all past errors and mistakes on Chen Duxiu's opportunism, and institute Qu Qiubai as the new CCP leader. (Qu Qiubai, a Jiangsu Province native, had visited the U.S.S.R. in 1920 as reporter for Peking's "Morning Post," later transcribed the song 'Internationale' into Chinese, and firmly supported the Comintern during the 'grand revolution.' Li Weihan memoirs stated that Qu Qiubai was selected for his adamant criticisms of Chen Duxiu/Peng Shuzhi and Dai Jitao perspectives.) After the meeting, Li Weihan, et al., repeatedly requested that Chen Duxiu go to Moscow; however, Chen refused to go and later on November 15th, 1929, Chen Duxiu, veteran secretary general for 5 CCP Sessions, was expelled from the CCP for splitting the party. Also going onto the Trotsky path would be senior CCP activist Gao Yuhan, i.e., party admission witness for both Li Kenong and Qian Xincun [Ah Ying]. Ah Ying, who fled to Wuhan of Hubei Province from Wuhu of Anhui Province, would soon embark on another escape journey to Shanghai after the communist-led Nanchang Uprising was smashed in Jiangxi Province.
 
The Comintern, back on July 14th, had passed resolutions demanding that
    1) the CCP exit the Wuhan KMT leftist government but retaining party membership inside the KMT,
    2) the CCP re-initiates the land revolution,
    3) the CCP fight the opportunists inside of the party, etc.
The Land revolution, which was earlier suppressed by Borodin and Wang Jingwei for appeasing the Wuhan KMT generals, would be on top of the CCP party agenda. The August 1st Nanchang Uprising would be the so-called 'First Shot' of the CCP armed rebellions.
 
On August 7th, 21 CCP members, including Qu Qiubai, Li Weihan and Deng Xixian [aka Deng Xiaoping], attended the meeting into which the Georgian and two Russians were brought inside one by one within three consecutive days for avoiding attraction by the outsiders. per WY, this meeting, having affirmed the new Comintern policies of land revolution and armed rebellions, also led to the start of the CCP extreme-leftist approaches, i.e., 1) continuous urban armed rebellions targeted at cities, 2) elevating the anti-bourgeois struggle to the same level as anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, 3) emphasis on the importance of the CCP leadership's worker descent background, and 4) start of using individual CCP leaders as scapegoats. During the one day meeting, Mao made a speech as to the importance of armed rebellion, and Mao declined the entry into politburo by emphasizing his departure for leadership of the autumn harvest uprising.
 
On August 8th, Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government passed resolution as to purge of the communists and issued a most wanted list which would include 197 communist members.
 
On August 9th, the CCP interim politburo decreed that Qu Qiubai, Su Zhaozheng and Li Weihan be the members of the standing committee of the CCP central committee at the suggestion of Lominadze and that the CCP central committee relocate to Shanghai. The August 7th Meeting, basically stating that China's revolution had reached the stage of the Russian 1917 Revolution rather than the 1905 Revolution, would propagate the new party guidelines across China for launching into a full motion of armed rebellions as well as movements among the workers, students and women. (The Interim CCP Central, on September 19th, decreed to discard the 'flag' of the Nationalists, and promulgated the launch of the "Chinese Soviets".)
 
The Autumn Harvest Uprising
In September of 1927, Mao Tse-tung (Mao Tse-tung), conferred the title of 'special commissar,' was dispatched to the Jiangxi-Hunan border for organizing Autumn Harvest Uprising, with an objective of attacking the Hunan provincial capital, Changsha. Mao Tse-tung had a short meeting with his wife Yang Kaihui who, together with his sons, went into hiding when Mao Tse-tung returned from Hubei after attending the CCP August 7th Meeting. Yang Kaihui accompanied Mao Tse-tung into Changsha on August 16th, and by the end of August 1927, Mao Tse-tung circumvented to Tonggu via Anyuan under the escort of Chen Zhi'an for leading the 'Autumn Harvest Uprising.' While on the road, Mao was at one time caught by two local gentry soldiers, and he somehow slipped away after bribing the captors with all his silver dollars. (This could be a made-up as new revelations show that Mao had betrayed the other Hunan communists to get released from captivity.)
 
Note Mao's autumn harvest uprising was not a pure peasants' rebellion, but a military action orchestrated under the leadership of 22-year-old Lu Deming, i.e., regiment chief for the Garrison Regiment of the Wuhan National Government. Lu Deming's Garrison Regiment was established in June 1927 under the sponsorship of Zhang Fakui, but at the suggestion of Ye Ting. Lu Deming, late for the August 1st Uprising, stationed his troops at Wuning of Jiangxi Province and then joined Mao in the autumn harvest uprising. Lu Deming, in the Xiushui area, converged with the workers and peasants into the so-called First Division of the Workers and Peasants Army (WPA), with 4 regiments organized. Mao, as "te pai yuan" (i.e., special commissar), took over the leadership and directed the First WPA Division of 5000 men against provincial capital Changsha on the lunar calendar Mid-Autumn Festival's day. Mao, however, was recorded to have declined Zhang Ziqing's offer of a pistol by emphasizing his political function, a coward who refused to fire a weapon at the frontline. In the Changsha city, 5000 workers had acted as internal support for the rebellion. Lu Deming died in action shortly thereafter, though. Mao, by late October 1927, led the remnants towards the Jinggangshan Mountain where he converged with the banditry of Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo. (Yang Kaihui was caught by Heh Jian in October 1930 and executed on November 14th of 1930 for her refusal to denounce her husband.)
 
The Wuhan Government, Nanking Government, & KMT Re-Organizers
On September 15th, 1927, the Wuhan Government, the Nanking Government, and the KMT re-organizers in Shanghai held a three-party conference for organizing the "purging communist special commission" and officially deprived the communists of their party membership inside the KMT. As a precondition for the Nanking & Wuhan KMT governments to reconcile, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down and left for Japan on September 28th. Mao, et al., however, would be restored membership in the KMT, without advance notice to the CCP, by the KMT censoring committee in June 1938 in the aftermath of the second cooperation between the KMT and the CCP.
 
Zhang Fakui, who had claimed to cooperate with the communists FOR EVER, would sever himself from the combined KMT government. On October 6th, Zhang Fakui gave a public wire against the KMT special commission, and On October 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of the politics committee separate from the Nanking's National Government. On November 1st, Jiang Dingwen assumed the post of 1st Division Chief and departed for north of the Yangtze from Hangzhou. On November 4th, the military committee ordered that the Fourth Route and Fifth Route, headed by Cheng Qian and Zhu Peide, campaign against Tang Shengzhi to the west. Li Jishen in Guangdong and Huang Shaohong in Guangxi echoed the Nanking National Government in campaigns against Tang Shengzhi. When Tang's two generals, Heh Jian and Li Pingxian, refused to follow order, Tang Shengzhi declared a step-down on November 12th and fled to Japan thereafter. The KMT's Western Expedition army took over Wuchang of Hubei Province. On November 10th, Chiang Kai-shek returned to Shanghai. On November 17th, 1927, in Canton, Zhang Fakui's Huang Qixiang army rebelled by announcing a slogan of 'Fighting the neo-Gui-xi Warlord.' Li Jishen and Wang Jingwei disagreed over the cause of Zhang Fakui's action. Meanwhile, Chiang Kai-shek obtained the support of Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan in restoring his post as commander-in-chief. On December 10th, the KMT 4th Plenary of the 2nd Congress restored Chiang Kai-shek's post.
 
The CCP Going Straight To "Socialist Revolution"
On November 9th, the CCP interim politburo held an expanded meeting in Shanghai, attended by a new Comintern rep called Mi-te-kai-wei-qi who was sent over to replace the Georgian. This meeting passed Lominadze's resolution stating that China, not possessing the conditions for a transitionary stage of the bourgeois revolution, had to go straight to the socialist revolution. Qu Qiubai authored articles including "What Kind Of Revolution Is China's Revolution," "On Armed Rebellions," and "Was China's Revolution At Distressed Stage?."
 
The CCP Politburo hence ordered general strikes or general uprisings in such major cities as Guangzhou, Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin and Changsha. This would yield the following actions: the peasant uprisings in Yixing and Wuxi of Jiangsu Province, Shanghai peasant uprisings in Jinshan-Fengxian counties, Wuhan City Uprising, and Shunzhi Uprising in northern China. Chen Yun, after the April 12th purge, returned to his hometown of Liantang of Qingpu county [in today's Shanghai], bordering the Dianshanhu lake. Using alias Chen Ming, Chen Yun tacked on the post of the CCP party representative for the "peasant revolutionary army of the Songjiang segment of the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway" in January 1928. After the aborted uprising, Chen Yun assumed the post of CCP party branch secretary for Qingpu county [of Jiangsu Province]. Per Tao Zhucheng, Wan Yijun, who put on drama "The Hatred Of the Koreans Over Loss Of Country." and acted as Korean assassin An Jung-geu [An Chongwen] during the 1919 May 4th student movement, died during the 1928 Yixing Uprising.
 
Rebellions near the outskirts of Shanghai, i.e., Fengxian-Jinshan counties, were led by early CCP leader called Liu Xiao. This webmaster's late grandma mentioned how one communist insurgent, while attempting to throw a grenade over the high-rise wall of a landlord's home, died in front of her home, with intestines flowing out of the belly as a result of the self-explosion of a grenade. The peasants burnt down the whole town during the uprising, and current township layout was completely rebuilt after the 1927 CCP arson. At the spot where this guy died, ghost was spotted, and township people used to offer some sacrificial food whenever their kids fell ill. (The local people touted Liu Xiao as a hero who might someday humbly paid a visit to the countryside to give them some favor or save them from hardship. Having traveled across the entire Hangzhou Bay area, this webmaster had observed over a dozen dilapidated so-called 'wan ren keng,' i.e., 10,000 people mass grave yards, with victims of innocent Chinese massacred by the Japanese invaders who landed on the muddy beach of Jinshanwei in 1937 to thwart the 3-month-long frontal Shanghai defense. In contrast with those dilapidated monuments, often in the shape of an electric pole, the CCP had erected a high-rise sword-shape revolutionary monument standing on a tall hill, something called the "people's hero monument" in remembrance of the martyrdom of the 1927 'nameless' insurgents.)
 
The Canton Uprising
In Guangzhou, Zhang Tailei, an early communism activist who followed Yang Mingzhai to the Russian Far East for reporting China's communism activity to the Comintern in Spring of 1921 and later attended the Comintern Third Congress in Moscow in June of 1921, led an uprising against Zhang Fakui by taking advantage of Zhang Fakui's campaign against Li Jishen (chief of the 4th Corps) and other contesters. The uprising, originally scheduled for December 13th, pulled ahead due to divulsion of the scheme. Before that, Xu Xiangqian had arrived in Guangzhou (Canton) from Shanghai in late September and was responsible for training the workers' armed forces.
 
More available at Canton Commune. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

 
* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

* Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
Jeanne d'Arc of China:
Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


Qu Qiubai's Policy Of Perpetuating Armed Rebellions
 
Rebellions, pronounced 'bao dong,' was also a word often ridiculed by Hongkongers in reference to the Red Guards' attempts at overthrowing British rule in HK during the 1960s. Communist fervor in the uprising could be seen in one scene recalled by Xu Xiangqian: Peng Pai's wife, by the name of Xu, at one time put down her sibling and demanded that she joined her husband in the siege of Huilai city. Xu Xiangqian himself had deliberately allowed his wife [Cheng Xunxuan] to be arrested, interrogated and executed by Zhang Guotao clique during the second wave of the Anti-Bolshevik League Purge. Xu Xiangqian, having barely returned from abortive Red Army Second Western Expedition, would be subject to further suspicion and persecution in Yan'an, with most of his Red Army Fourth Flank followers executed for implication with Zhang Guotao. One more example to show how communists were made of "special material" would be Xiang Ying's personal shooting death in May 1938 of his former wife [Zhang Liang] who, being arrested together with Qu Qiubai in 1935 and suspected of having betrayed Qu Qiubai, had just returned to Xiang Ying after a release from years of KMT prison life. Communist men and women simply had no regard for their own lives as well as the others.
 
From November 9th to 10th of 1927, Lominadze hosted an interim CCP politburo meeting in Shanghai, proposing "uninterrupted [i.e., perpetual] revolution" instead of "two-stage revolution" for application to the Chinese case. This meeting passed Lominadze's resolution stating that China, not possessing the conditions for a transitionary stage of bourgeois revolution, had to go straight to socialist revolution. Qu Qiubai authored articles including "What Kind Of Revolution Is China's Revolution," "On the Armed Rebellions," and "Was China's Revolution At Distressed Stage?."
 
In Wuhan, the CCP Hubei Province branch and the CCP Yangtze Area Bureau had already blamed Luo Yinong, et al., for missing the opportunity of uprising one month earlier, which was an attempt at taking advantage of Tang Shengzhi's entangles with and consequent defeat in the hands of Nanking Government. In Changsha, the CCP Hunan Province committee issued an order on November 24th for a general provincial uprising. On December 1st, a decision was made for the start of a strike on December 7th. On December 10th, railroad workers began to strike under the personal supervision of CCP provincial commissar. A dare-to-die column, consisting of 200 men, would be mobilized for attacking the electricity company, the provincial military council and the provincial capital garrison headquarters. On the same night, the uprising was quelled after Zhang Fakui sent over a division.
 
Wen Yu pointed out that the CCP's rebellion guidelines spelled out such clauses as burning and killing in Hunan-Hubei and Jiangsu provinces. In Hanchuan area of Hubei Province, the CCP leaders were instructed to burn villages, towns and cities; in Hunan areas, the CCP leaders were instructed to kill all KMT re-organizers (Wang Jingwei's faction), worker traitors, detectives, and reactionaries; and in Hubei extra-territories, the CCP leaders were instructed to attack foreigners.
 
Turn-Of-The-Year Uprisings By Zhu De & Chen Yi

 
Conversion With Mao Tse-tung On Mt Jinggangshan

 
Qu Qiubai's Continuing Li Lishan's Centralized Control Over the CCP

 
Uprisings On Hainan Island

 
Uprisings In Xiang-E-Xi [western Hunan-Hubei provinces]

 
Uprisings In E-Yu-Wan [Hubei-Henan-Anhui]

 
Weinan & Huaxian Uprising in Shaanxi Province

 
Canton Commune Remnants
In December 1927, after the failure of the Canton Commune, Xu Xiangqian caught up with the retreating rebels at Taiheyu, and then marched on towards the Huaxian county. They entered the Huaxian county capital after defeating local gentry-organized forces and stayed put for 3 days. Local forces had hide-and-seek warfare with the communists continuously. Xu Xiangqian stated that they had about 1440 persons left, with communists taking up 10-20% and KMT leftists taking up the rest. Further, only two, Xu Xiangqian and Wu Zhan, were from the Whampoa Academy First Session. Ye Yong, who was made into division chief, was graduated from the 3rd Session. The components of this army were mostly from the Whampoa 4th Session and Wuhan Academy. They named it the Red Army 4th Division, with Yuan Guoping acting as party commissar, and three regiments of the 10th, 11th and 12th were organized. The Red Army 4th Division's numbering or order of battle was supposedly based on the fact that Zhu De's Nanchang Uprising army was the 1st Division, another portion of the Nanchang Uprising army which remained at Hailufeng was the 2nd Division, and communist guerilla forces in Qiongya (Hainan Island) was the Red Army 3rd Division.
 
The Red Army 4th Division, having tried in vain to get in touch with Zhu De three times, decided to converge with the Red Army 2nd Division in the Hailufeng area. After crossing the Dongjiang River [East River], they captured county magistrate Qiu Guozhong at the Zijin county and executed him. Along the road, local gentry forces set up signs stating 'welcome entry and welcome exit.' By January 1st, 1928, they converged with Peng Pai's 2nd Division at the Haifeng county.
 
Peng Pai, a graduate of Waseda University, had undertaken three uprisings from 1924 to 1927. With the help of the Red Army 2nd Division, i.e., about 1000 soldiers who were led to the south by Dong Lang and Yan Changyi from the Nanchang Uprising, assisted Peng Pai in attacking Haifeng and Lufeng in October 1927. The CCP East River Bureau organized a 10,000 people welcome party for the 4th Division. At the meeting, Peng Pai claimed that the CCP's laws would be execution of landlords once they were caught.
 
Xu Xiangqian would remain in this area till January 1929 when last remnants of the Red Army 2nd & 4th Divisions were reduced to a dozen people and had to evacuate to Shanghai. This would not be Xu Xiangqian's last time of becoming "bald commander" as he would lose his Red Army during the Western Expedition for purpose of retrieving heavy weaponry that the Comintern had transported to Russian Alma Ata [A-la-mu-tu] on the border of the New Dominion Province, or actually with some equipment already moved to the Xinjiang-Gansu borderline but deliberately left in the dark by Mao Tse-tung whose objective was to borrow Ma Family cavalry to destroy political enemy Zhang Guotao's Red Army, albeit reaching a truce after the December 1936 Xi'an Incident. On the road to HK, Xu Xiangqian's team split into two halves, with the other half never making their way to HK. After arriving in Shanghai, Xu Xiangqian was in 1929 dispatched by communist Yang Yin to the Hubei-Henan-Anhui border areas for organizing the Red Army 4th Flank Base.
 
Pingjiang Uprising by Peng Dehuai & Zhang Yunyi (July 1928)

 
Bai'se Uprising by Deng Xiaoping (1929)

 
 
The KMT White Terror
 
On April 5th, 1927, the KMT supervisory [censoring] committee, on basis of April 2nd Wu Jingheng's purge proposal, ordered that the Nationalist armies monitor the communist activities in their respective domain. Li Zongren stated that the wavering armies were relocated away from Shanghai, including Chiang Kai-shek's crony armies while the Guangxi Province army, i.e., the only army that was immune from the communist infiltration, was deployed in the Shanghai and Nanking area for checking on the wavering armies as well as purging the communists. Huang Shaohong & Li Jishen immediately notified the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces with the purge decision. In Guangxi Province, per Li Zongren, a cousin by the name of Li Zhenfeng was executed as a communist together with the rest of "leftists" and communists. Li Zongren later blamed Guangxi Province for not following the "monitoring" guideline of the KMT supervisory committee decision and claimed that Guangxi Province had possessed more "leftists" and just a few communists. On October 14th, 1927, in Guangxi Province, 9 communists, including Xie Tiemin [i.e., Xie Hegeng's brother], were executed at Lize-men city gate of Guilin. In November 1927, Zhou Enlai organized the CCP "special task force" for dealing with traitors, security issue, and the KMT White Terror.
 
On September 15th, 1927, the Wuhan Government, the Nanking Government, and the KMT re-organizers, in Shanghai, held a three-party conference for organizing the "purging communist special commission" and officially deprived the communists of their party membership inside the KMT. On September 16th, the National Commissar meeting, on basis of the August 22nd Jiujiang Meeting, was held in Nanking for expanding the 47 person military commission to 96 members. The Nanking and Wuhan governments hence merged together. However, Hu Qiuyuan pointed out that Wang Jingwei & Tang Shengzhi maintained the KMT Wuhan Politics Sub-committee for preserving their independence. On October 6th, Zhang Fakui gave a public wire against the KMT "special commissar commission," and On October 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of the politics committee separate from Nanking's National Government. The communists under Zhang Fakui, who launched the August 1 Nanchang Mutiny, continued to instigate Zhang Fakui to stir up the muddy waters. After encouraging Zhang Fakui to take the army back to Canton, the communists launched the Canton Mutiny on which occasion the communist Whampoa cadets, including Tao Zhu, escaped prison after some clandestine manipulation to get the hundred plus captives transferred to the city from the Whampoa Island.
 
The Communists, who refused to repent over their deeds and belief, would be executed. Major communists caught and executed would include Chen Yannian [caught 6-26-1927], Zhao Shiyan [i.e., Li Peng's uncle-in-law, caught 7-2-1927], Chen Qiaonian [another son of Chen Duxiu, caught 2-17-1928], Xu Baihao [caught 2-17-1928], Peng Pai & Yang Yin [caught 8-24-1929].
 
Li Zongren gave the following observations about Chiang Kai-shek:


Li Zongren, having reflected on the 1949 loss of China to communists, stated that inherent weaknesses and corruption of Chiang Kai-shek regime was to be blamed. Li Zongren gave the following observations:
 
  • Provinces under Chiang Kai-shek's control fared much worse than those somewhat independent provinces like Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan;
  • Semi-independent provinces, like Hunan and Shandong where Heh Jian & Han Fuju governed for 8 years respectively, had been able to filter out the communist activities;
  • As an example of those provinces directly controlled by Chiang Kai-shek, e.g., affluent Hubei province [where Zhang Guotao & Xu Xiangqian's Red Army and Heh Long & Xiao Ke's Red Army rampaged on two ends], Chiang Kai-shek changed chair five times in seven years but none of the governors had been able to cleanse corruption, route out the Red Army or build infrastructure like decent highways;
  • Chiang Kai-shek also changed Anhui Prov chair six times in seven years by treating the offer of governorship as a personal favor to the cronies;
  • Communists managed to flourish in Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi & Henan provinces as a result of Chiang Kai-shek's usual approach of sowing dissesion among the KMT party apparatus, administration and military for sake of easy control;
  • Chiang Kai-shek resorted to assassinations for maintaining dictatorship, with victims including Yang Xingfu [Xingfo], Shi Liangcai [editor-in-chief of "Shen-bao Newspaper"], Yang Yongtai [Hunan Prov chair], Zhang Zongchang [former Zhi-Lu warlord], Sun Chuanfang [former commander of allied armies of five lower Yangtze provinces], Ji Hongchang, Tang Shaoyi, Li Gongpu [one of seven gentlemen], Wen Yiduo [professor of Southwestern United University], and Yang Jie [deputy principal of infantry university];
  • Chiang Kai-shek resorted to executions against adversaries and followers, including the death of Deng Yanda [3rd Party founder], Lai Shihuang [13th Corps Chief], Wang Tianpei [10th Corps Chief] as well as arrest of seven gentlemen and Prof Ma Yinchu, et al.; the drugs and opium;
  • Chiang Kai-shek, during the 1937-1945 resistance wars, often had his recruitment office forcefully draft peasants and send them to the mouth of the Japanese without proper training, medical supplies, foods or stipends;
  • Chiang Kai-shek deliberately withheld supplies to miscellaneous provincial armies, and in the case of Battle of Tengxian, had only supplied 250 guns to each corps of participating Sichuan Prov army;
  • Whampoa lineage generals and officers often disregarded law and order, occasionally committing atrocities such as regiment chief Heh Zhongming's burying alive 30 wounded soldiers in 1941;
  • A cycle of bribery and corruption had formed as a result of miscellaneous provincial armies' attempt at bribing the KMT Central for supplies and favor, which was best illustrated by Xu Yuanquan's bribing Heh Chengjun for access to Chiang Kai-shek's "president's attache office";
  • Chiang Kai-shek often bypassed the immediate military rankings for direct control of his cronies to the extent that he had called upon regiment chiefs to disrupt the military actions in the civil wars;
  • Chiang Kai-shek's cronies destroyed the faith of people in the Japanese-occupied territories for their unscrupulous appropriation, confiscation and seizures, including five 'zi'-suffixed categories of houses ['fang-zi], gold [jin-zi], vehicles [che-zi], women [nu-zi] and etc.
     
    Mr Xin Haonian's huanghuagang.org had carried an article rebutting Li Zongren's criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek the self-likened Chinese Bismark. Though we live in the 21st century now, historical events that had occurred in China during the first half of the 20th century were still in debates. Thanks to the Chi-com's imprisoning thousands of the high-level KMT officials and officers instead of butchering them as was the fate of millions of the KMT 'bandits', we could manage to read through the self-criticism format memoirs to derive some coherent historical accounts and restore the truth of history. Recent declassification of the Russian and Chinese communist archives as well as revelation of the American VENONA wiretap transcripts had shed new light on i) the Russian/Comintern conspiracies against China, and ii) American manipulation of Chinese politics, e.g., Stilwell's instigating General Bai Chongxi, Stuart's instigating Li Zongren, and McArthurs's instigating General Sun Liren. (More available at the Century-long American hypocrisy towards China.)
     
    The loss of China could not simply be explained by the faults of Chiang Kai-shek alone. This webmaster would add some notes to the "criticisms of Li Zongren's criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek" for sake of historical clarification. Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi, like Chiang Kai-shek, were absolutely wrong in assuming that the American aid would come to China once Chiang Kai-shek was to resign his presidency in Jan 1949. They never knew that the Comintern agents, like Currie, Acheson or closet communists like Marshall, had played the game to make sure that Chinese nationalist regime capsize in the interests of the Russians and the Chinese communists. Prevalent writings by the Chinese communists and their leftist HK proxies, for sake of stirring muddy the waters in the aftermath of the Russian archive declassification in 1990, had flooded the market with books about the American involvement in Chinese civil wars, i) fabricating the theory of American support of Chiang Kai-shek's war against the communists, and ii) exaggerating the non-existent American military supplies. (A simple way to filter through the commie junk books published in HK [and in Taipei] would be to look for a common style, i.e., scripting of paragraphs and pages of dialogues between the political figures as if some tape recorder was present.)

  • Note that Li Zongren unwittingly was used by the Soviet-hijacked U.S. State Department as the so-called 'democratic' force to replace Chiang Kai-shek.

     
    White Terror Conducted By Provincial Warlords

     
    "Revolutionary Literature"

     
    Collusion With British/French Police In International Settlements

     
    The CCP Recuperating From the KMT Purge

     
    Chiang Kai-shek's No Mercy Policy

     

     

     

     
    Cai Mengting Detecting the CCP Assassination Plot In Wuhan

     
    KMT Spy Agencies: "zhong tong" [CISB] vs "jun tong" [MISB]
    The Investigation Section of the KMT Social Organization Ministry, initially staffed by the KMT Central Party Academy's June 1928 graduates, was first set up in February 1928. After Chen Lifu assumed the post of secretary of the KMT Central Party Headquarters, Zhang Daofan [student returnee from France], Wu Dajun [student returnee from US], Ye Xiufeng [student returnee from US] and Xu Enceng [student returnee from US], consecutively within one year timeframe, took over the post of "investigation division chief." Chen swayed the actual power via the director post of KMT Central Organization Department, a post he succeeded from his brother in June 1931 because Chen Guofu was having tuberculosis. Chen Guofu exercised the control via his brother Chen Lifu for dozens of years except for an elapse of four years during WWII when Zhu Jiahua was put in charge of the Central Organization Department. Qian Zhuangfei [Qian Zhuangqiu, aka Qian-chao] infiltrated into Social Organization Ministry as a graduate of Xu Enceng's wireless training school. With referral by Hu Di, Li Kenong [Li Jiaxuan] got acquainted with Qian Zhuangfei and entered a training school of the KMT's wireless management bureau in December 1929. By July 1931, staff increased to around 50 persons. After Li Kenong, et al., were exposed over the Gu Shunzhang's betrayal, still one more heavyweight communist spy by the name of Li Zhifeng stayed on in the decoding and deciphering service of the KMT organization department.
     
    The Investigation Section of the KMT Social Organization Department was formed by the Nationalist party's district leaders, for example, representatives of the Shanghai Municipal Party Congress. In Shanghai, the Nationalist Party had a municipal party headquarters and numerous KMT party branches that were divided into districts, with the Special 2nd District committee members from the 1929 congress consisting of members from the French Settlement, such as Fan Zhengbo, Niu Changzhu, Cai Hongtian, Chen Jianai, Yi Naoren, Liu Jiwu, Wu Zhen, Zhu Minyi, Chen Dezheng. The notable figure from the Special 1st District included Wu Kaixian. Numerous figures here had uninterrupted contact with the communists. In the early 1930s, in order to strengthen the control over the Citizens' Association of the Second Special District, the Municipal Party Headquarters appointed Cai Hongtian as director, Wang Deyan, et al., as convener, and 23 people as the rectification committee members. During the Anti-Japanese Wars of January 28, 1932 and August 13, 1937, district supervisory committee members of the Kuomintang organizations actively participated in the Anti-Japanese Activities. Wang Pingnan, a former party supervisory committee member of the Second District as well as a lawyer, organized the Shanghai Volunteer Army of 2,500 fighters in Zhenru and assisted the 19th Route Army in beefing up defense in Jiading and Baoshan, and resisted the Japanese landing in Baoshan on March 1, 1932.
     
    The Resurrection Society, commonly known as the “Blue Shirts” for Liu Jianxu’s aborted attempt at standardizing the uniforms through a pamphlet in Peking in October 1932, was established in the wake of the 28 January 1932 Japanese invasion of Shanghai. Prior to the Shanghai invasion, Chiang Kai-shek, on the verge of stepdown due to radical students’ strikes at the government for the passivity over the Manchurian Incident (i.e., the Mukden Incident), had remarked to his Whampoa disciples three times that his best students had all died, which prompted Heh Zhonghan and Zeng Kuoqing into the launching the society in imitation of the Russian GRU [not German-Italian fascist organizations]. Liu Jianqun’s blue shirts suggestion never received the actual endorsement. At the core of the Resurrection Society was the secret "Endeavour Society." Dai Li's special division, the 4th division under the Resurrection Society, maintained the relative independence till it was re-organized under the "Investigation & Statistics Bureau" of the KMT Central Military Affairs Committee in 1932. In Chen Lifu's opinion, the Resurrection Society was put under his nominal control for facilitating the funding to a secret organization, and he did not get involved in its matter till he was sometime in 1935 asked to attend a meeting about audit reports on performance of both arms of the secret organizations of the Investigation & Statistics Bureau. (Wang Tianmu claimed to have already organized the Three People's Principles Chivalry League with Leng Xin, Xiao Sa, Ma Zhichao and Chen Zhiping inside of Hu Zongnan's army in Kaifeng in 1930. Wang, who was sent to Manchuria to check on the Japanese maneuver prior to the 18 September 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, reported back the serious situation in Manchuria. After the September 18th Incident, Wang Tianmu returned to Nanking, and was asked by Liu Jianqun and Teng Jie to take action of organizing a society, and after discussion with Dai Li, Wang Tianmu returned to Kaifeng to disband the chivalry league for building a new organization. Hence, in November 1931, a five-person preparatory committee headed by Kang Ze and Dai Li, et al., was formed under Chiang Kai-shek's auspice. In early March 1932, the Resurrection Society was launched under a nine-person central board of councilors and with a thirteen 'tai-bao' (soundex 'Gestapo') core staff, with Teng Jie as secretary, Kang Ze as propaganda division director, and Dai Li as special services division director.)
     
    On May 4th, 1935, the “Investigation & Statistics Bureau" was established under the KMT Central Military Affairs Committee for coordinating the espionage work between the Investigation Division of the KMT Social Organization Department and the Resurrection Society. Three divisions were created under the Investigation & Statistics Bureau, with Chen Lifu and Chen Zhuo acting as bureau chief and deputy, Xu Enceng in charge of the first division - the Investigation Division of the KMT Social Organization Department, Dai Li in charge of the second division – the Resurrection Society, and Ding Mocun in charge of the third division – the postal and communications censorship division. In the ensuing competition, Dai Li successfully wrestled over control over the third division.
     
    Later in August 1938, the KMT Central Committee established the "Central Investigation & Statistics Bureau," later abbreviated as "zhong tong" [the central statistics], which was to make its secret operations appear semi-transparent. Xu Enceng, after covering up his dereliction in hiring communist Qian Zhuangfei, would hold his post at the "investigation division" and the "zhong tong" for 15 years. Separately, the Investigation & Statistics Bureau under the Military Commission of the National Government, i.e., the KMT "jun tong" [military statistics], was established on basis of the special agents section of Dai Li's Resurrection Society. Chiang Kai-shek separated the two departments into i) Chen brothers' "zhong tong" and ii) Dai Li's "jun tong": "zhong tong" was built on top of the 1st Division of the Investigation & Statistics Bureau under the Military Commission, while "jun tong" was built on top of the special agents section.)
     
    Gao Hua stated that beginning from 1932, Chiang Kai-shek's government began to revise the old policy of "bodily extinction" as to the communists. In 1932, Li Shiqun, a member of the CCP special task forces [i.e., 'zhongyang te ke'], was caught by the government. Li Shiqun soon became an agent of the KMT's Investigation Section of the Social Organization Ministry.
     
    In February 1933, Jiang Qing was enlisted as a member of the CCP by her lover Yu Qiwei (aka Huang Jing), and in July of same year, Jiang Qing fled to Shanghai after Yu Qiwei was arrested. Yu Qiwei, after split-up with Jiang Qing, still visited the somewhat voluptuous mistress that led to Jiang Qing's elopement and adultery, and when Jiang Qing abandoned the actress career for big dreams in Yenan in the late 1930s, acted as guarantor to get the woman re-admitted to the communist party and played a role in faciliating the woman's marriage with monster Mao Tse-tung. Yu Qiwei later married with another woman and had two children, i.e., Yu Qiangsheng and Yu Zhensheng. Yu Zhengsheng was a widely exposed corrupt Chinese official, while Yu Qiangsheng, for his father's death in the hands of Mao Tse-tung and family members' being persecuted in the cultutal revolution, initiated a 1985 defection to the CIA that would lead to the arrest of Larry Wu-tai Chin, i.e., the top CCP mole inside of the U.S. and CIA since the 1940s. Jiang Qing, together with Zhang Chunqiao, were said to be KMT agents under the direct control of Dai Li. (Larry Wu-tai Chin, similar to communist spies Liu Zunqi and Fan Jiman, worked for the American OWI, i.e., Owen Lattimore and John King Fairbank's Office of War Information, which were not coincidences.)
     
    The KMT Changing Policy Of Bodily Extermination
    Wu Jimin attributed the KMT's policy change to the CCP Secretary Gu Shunzhang's surrender in April 1931. (Note that Xiang Zhongfa was subsequently arrested and executed two months later without the benefit from Gu Shunzhang's surrender. The communists claimed that the sidelined secretary Xiang Zhongfa, who was living with prostitute Yang Xiezhen, was asked to change residence in late May because Gu Shunzhang was closing in on him but was arrested by the French Concession police on June 22nd while renting a vehicle. Xiang Zhongfa was extradited to the Longhua garrison command on the 23rd, on which day he was purportedly executed under Chiang Kai-shek's order. Purportedly, Xiang Zhongfa betrayed his prostitute woman Yang Xiuzhen, plus woman Chen Congying (i.e., Ren Bishi's wife), plus CCP confidential secretary Zhang Ji'en and his wife Zhang Yuexia (who later became Bo-gu's wife after surrender of Zhang Ji'en) prior to death. And, purportedly Zhang Enlai was prewarned by female spy Huang Mulan of Xiang Zhongfa's arrest, who in turn received the tip from concession police detective Xue Gengshen, and that Zhou Enlai later spent a big sum of money to bribe the Longhua garrison contact to retrieve a copy of Xiang Zhongfa's confession to ascertain the matter. It was ascertained by Wen Xiang that it was possibly Zhou Enlai who tipped off Xiang Zhongfa to the Shanghai garrison command [rather than the government special agents] for arrest as well as arranged for the torture death of Xiang Zhongfa by the underground communist agents working in Yang Hu's Shanghai garrison command center. A former communist woman department head of the leftist-KMT Wuhan government of 1926, Huang Mulan, who married pro-communist lawyer Chen Zhigao and re-enrolled in the CCP in 1951, was arrested as part of the Pan Hannian clique in 1955 and was put to prison a second time in 1967 during the cultural revolution. Zhang Yuexia, a former peasant woman-converted assistant (i.e., 'arranged wife', fake or not) for Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu, born six children for Bo-gu in the next ten years, and became a cadre section head of the communist Central Organziatiuon Department in Yenan.)
     
    Gu Shunzhang left Shanghai on March 31st, 1931 for arranging the underground tunnel so that Zhang Guotao and Chen Changhao could enter the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet enclave. After seeing off Zhang Guotao and Chen Changhao boarding the bus for Macheng on April 8th, 1931, Gu Shunzhang indulged himself in joining the magician shows in Wuhan. Gu Shunzhang, aka Li-ming, was at one time Borodin's bodyguard and had a magician master name of "hua [change] guang [grand] qi [strange]." CCP traitor You Chongxin, sent to the downtown streets by Cai Mengting, recognized Gu Shunzhang from an advertising post and subsequently caught Gu on the street on April 24th, 1931. Gu Shunzhang immediately surrendered to the KMT authorities. Before Cai Mengting sent Gu Shunzhang to Nanking, Cai Mengting transmitted six telegraphs to Xu Enceng for personal decoding. Unfortunately, Xu Enceng went to Shanghai with the sister of his mistress while CCP top mole Qian Zhuangfei deciphered the wires and immediately notified Shanghai's CCP Central of Gu Shunzhang's betrayal. (Xu Enceng, a returnee of some U.S. college, was hired by the Chen brothers as a crony of the Wuxing native town of Zhejiang Province, while Qian Zhuangfei obtained the trust of Xu Enceng as a crony of the Huzhou native town of Zhejiang Province. Zhou Enlai personally made arrangement for Qian Zhuangfei, Li Kenong & Hu Di [Hu Beifeng] to be under the direct leadership of Chen Geng, i.e., the 2nd section chief of the CCP's special task division.)
     
    The KMT certainly did not execute all CCP members who refused to surrender. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 7th, 1937, the CCP reached an agreement with the KMT on the matter of resisting the Japanese invasion. Over 1000 CCP members were released from prisons. They would include Huang Yaomian and Hui Yuyu who invariably underwent the four stages of party-internal investigation before being restored the CCP party membership or assigned the jobs.
     
    Routing Out the Underground Communists & Comintern In Shanghai
    The Chinese communists often sought asylum in Tokyo when the government crackdown extended to the safe haven of Shanghai’s foreign leased territories. After Chiang Kai-shek purged the Chinese communists in 1927, the Chinese communists flocked to Tokyo for re-establishing the party relationship as well as using Japan as a safe passage for the Russian Far East. The Japanese government conducted two massive simultaneous roundups of the communists in 1928 and 1932, respectively. Back in Shanghai's East Asia Doubun (Common Language) Academy, Wang Xuewen, a student of Japanese socialist-communist Kawakami Hajime, took an economics lecturer post at the Doubun Academy, established a book-reading society and a social science research society together with Tanaka Tadao of Shanhai Nippo (Shanghai Daily), and recruited dozens of agents who were to play a significant role in the future Ozaki-Sorge spy ring. Under the Comintern auspice, the Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat (PPTUS), staffed by mostly the American Jews, was set up in 1927, with its main activities focused on China. Earl Russell Browder (1891-1973), i.e., later general secretary of the CPUSA, was in China in 1928 together with his mistress Kitty Harris, where Browder served as secretary of the RILU or Profintern's Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat, before returning to the United States in 1929 and becoming the CPUSA general secretary in 1930 till replacement by Eugene Dennis (Francis Xavier Waldron/Tim Ryan, 1905-1961, who had a hostage son T.T. Timofeev with Stalin per John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr) over the post-WWII CPUSA political path. It would be in March 1929 that the Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern (FEB) followed the lead of PPTUS to be “in full composition” in Shanghai, with a full house of notable agents such as Ignatiyi Rylskii (chief), Gerhart Eisler, George Hardy (in charge of the Profintern), and Alex Massy (in charge of the Communist Youth League, CYL or KIM)
     
    With Pavel Mif leaving China in April 1931, Polish communist Rylskii recovered from German communist Eisler Gerhart (Roberts) the leadership in February till recall in August-September. After the Noulens were arrested in June, assistant Charles Krumbein temporarily took over the OMS and PPTUS duty till Moscow sent over Arthur Ewert later in the year. Accompanied by Eugene Dennis (Paul Walsh), Ewert arrived in Shanghai under alias Harry Berger in November 1931 for a duty lasting close to three years. The likely reason that American Jews, i.e, what Lenin termed the useful idiots, were sent to Shanghai for sabotage by the Comintern could have something to do with the protection that the International Settlement offered in Shanghai. When Richard Sorge, the GRU resident agent (later known as NKVD codename "Ramsay" in Tokyo), radioed Moscow for bribe funds to secure the release of the Noulens, Russian Red Army intelligence service ("GRU of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation") redundantly had two agents, including Otto Braun, hand-carry the money to Shanghai. Shortly after Braun arrived in Shanghai in the autumn of 1932 and delivered the money, Sorge was recalled to Moscow in November 1932. Otto Braun, known as Li-de, stayed on in China and applied with the Soviet GRU for transfer to the Comintern so as to follow Bo-gu on the trip to the Jiangxi Soviet as a military adviser.
     
    In Shanghai, there were numerous Soviet apparatuses, among which the most active was the Soviet GRU. Ursula Ruth Kuczynski, daughter of Robert Rene and Berta Kuczynski and known as Mrs. Hamburg, came to Shanghai via Harbin with husband Rolf (Rudolf) in the autumn of 1930 under German communists' instructions that somebody in Shanghai would contact her down the road. Upon arrival in Shanghai, the Hamburgs were housed opposite to Zhang Shenchuan's Fuli Electric Company, a secret communist telegraph assembly shop and telegraph operator training school. Through Smedley's arrangement, Ursula connected with Sorge in November, and subsequently received Moscow's endorsement to work on Sorge's GRU team under alias Sonja, which lasted for two years till recall for Moscow in late 1932. Like Smedley, Ursula had an affair with Sorge. In December 1930, Ursula participated in salvaging the telegraph equipment at Fuli Electric Company after the settlement police raided the place, arrested the staff and trainees, and sealed off the property. Later in 1932, Ursula was directly involved in assisting communist SAD hit squad in the assassination of government agents on the list of five publicly-condemned traitors (i.e., former communists who either quitted for, surrendered to or defected to the government side). The Kuczynskis, like the Eislers, were family friends of the Thomas Manns and associates of Willi Münzenberg. Their son Jürgen Ruth Kuczynski later infiltrated into the American OSS, while Ruth Kuczynski, after Shanghai and Manchuria missions, conducted espionage in Britain during WWII.
     
    Ursula (Sonya), after return to Europe, operated the Soviets' European subversive mission in Switzerland under the code Red Orchestra till 1939 when she relocated to London, and after a fake divorce, married British communist Len Beurton to obtain the British residency, and then worked with Klaus Fuchs, who infiltrated into the Anglo-American joint atomic projects, to steal the atomic secrets for Stalin. In the U.S., while working on the Manhattan Project, Fuchs was transferred the GRU contact to the US, i.e., Harry Gold, who was put under the liaison of Hans Bethe and Edward Teller in Los Angeles, and for three years and starting from 1944, Fuchs passed on the important nuclear data such as the bomb's energy yields, etc., to the Soviets who used the stolen secrets to detonate a bomb at Semipalatinsk on August 29, 1949. Fuchs' arrest led to Harry Gold who in turn led to David Greenglass who in turn betrayed his sister Ethel's husband Julius Rosenberg who was responsible for converting David Greenglass and his wife Ruth whereas his sister Ethel joined the Young Communist League (CYL) as early as 1936, with the Ethel and Julius Rosenberg couple reporting direct to senior CPUSA leaders Bernard Schuster and Earl Browder and responsible for spawning a separate line of high-tech Soviet spies, i.e., Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, et al., whose contribution to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bombs' project was no less than Fuchs'. The Soviets had other spy rings, such as Ted Hall (Theodore Hall) and Saville Sax (Teodor Kholl and Savil Sachs). Still more atomic spies included John Caincross, Melita Norowwood, Clarence Hiskey, Oscar Seborer, at al.
     
    The Chinese Leftist Writer Alliance

     
     
    Mt Jinggangshan & Mt Donggu - Mao Tse-tung's Guerilla Warfare, the A-B League Purge
     
    Mao Tse-tung, per http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/3/10/1/51936.html, re-routed towards Jiangxi Province at the suggestion to Song Renqiong by CCP Jiangxi Provincial Secretary Wang[1] Zekai. On September 19th, 1927, Mao Tse-tung's 'autumn harvest' uprising remnants, totaling about 1600 men, led by division chief Yu Sadu, regiment chief Su Xianjun and Commander Lu Deming, were still debating whether they should attack the major cities like Liuyang, Pingjiang and Changsha. Mao Tse-tung proposed a retreat to the south to have a conversion with Heh Long & Ye Ting's Nanchang Uprising remnants in Guangdong Province. On September 20th, the autumn harvest uprising remnants, i.e., mutineers from the Wuhan Government's Garrison Regiment, departed for Pingxiang from Wenjiashi. On September 23rd, the communists suffered a loss and dispersion of 700 persons, including the death of Lu Deming, in the hands of two government regiments commanded by Zhu Shigui. On September 25th, the autumn harvest uprising remnants, less than 1000 men, took over the Lianhua-xian county, driving off the local gentry forces without a fight. Around noon, Song Renqiong, previously a worker-peasant army leader in Liuyang, caught up with Mao Tse-tung, bearing with Wang[1] Zekai's letter stating that the autumn harvest uprising remnants could go to Ninggang of Jiangxi Province for seeking shelter.
     
    On the way to Mt Jinggangshan, Mao Tse-tung encountered the peasant forces led by Heh Zizhen's family and in a few days took over Heh Zizhen [age 18?] as his woman without slight regard for his wife Yang Kaihui. (Wasn't true that Soong Dynasty's big bandits in "The Water Margins" invariably grabbed some women as so-called "the madam for bearing down the citadel"? Later, 43 year old Zhu De successively took in 17 something Kang Keqing in a similar fashion, after another young girl-wife was caught and executed by the local militia force.) Also on the road, Mao Tse-tung tactically won over the banditry led by Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo. In October 1927, at Sanwan of the Yongxin-xian County, Mao Tse-tung re-organized his army by instituting the CCP party branches at the level of a company after reflecting on the CCP's old approach of instituting the CCP party branches at the level of a regiment within Ye Ting's so-called Iron Army. Mao Tse-tung standardized the oath ceremony for enrolling the soldiers as the CCP members. (per GH, Mao Tse-tung renamed the party commissar into 'political commissioner' in 1929 and re-designated the company-level 'political commissioner' into 'political instructor' in 1931.)
     
    In March-April 1928, Mao Tse-tung (i.e., Mao Tse-tung) personally led two regiments of the Worker-Peasant Army [WPA] off Mt Jinggangshan for aiding Zhu De in Hunan Province. Zhu De's army had successfully relocated to Jiangxi Province from the coastal area of Guangdong, where they attempted to launch an enclave and built a beachhead for receiving the Soviet weapon drop-off. On Mt Jinggangshan of Jiangxi Province, the CCP boasted of 1000 men under Mao, 600 men under Yuan & Wang (banditry), 2000 men directly under Zhu De, and 8000 men under the various Hunan divisions and regiments that converged with Zhu De's army along the road to Mt. Jinggangshan. On May 4th, Mao & Zhu declared the formation of the Red Army 4th Corps, with three divisions of the 10th, 11th and 12th or eight regiments, later to be reorganized into 6 regiments of the 31st (Zhang Ziqing, formerly Mao's autumn harvest remnants), 28th (Wang Erzhuo, formerly Zhu De & Chen Yi division), 32nd (formerly Yuan & Wang banditry), 29th (Hu Shaohai, formerly Yizhang WPA division), and 30th and 33rd (two regiments based on the peasants coming from Hunan Province but later asked to go back to Hunan for lessening the economic burden on Mt Jinggangshan). Also in May 1928, Mao Tse-tung held the First Meeting of the "CCP Representatives In the Jiangxi-Hunan Border Area" at Maoping of the Ninggang County and made himself into a leader of both the Red Army and the regional CCP committee. http://www.humanrights-china.org/meetingchina/Meeti2002114164646.htm stated that "after the 1928 Conference [second Maoping Conference] emphatic efforts to enlist the support of the peasantry were made, and eight rules were added to the three disciplines.
     
    In June of 1928, the CCP held its 6th Congress in Moscow and elected Mao Tse-tung as one of the commissars in absentia as appreciation of Mao Tse-tung's success in establishing a communist military base in Jiangxi Province. Xiang Zhongfa, a communist of worker's background, was made into "general secretary" at the Moscow meeting. Zhou Enlai, in Moscow, was said to have worked very close with Xiang Zhongfa. Wang Ming [Chen Shaoyu] acted as an interpreter at the time. However, Qu Qiubai lost his brother Qu Jingbai in a mysterious disappearance in Moscow as a result of his conflicts with the Comintern and Wang Ming's faction, per Wu Jimin. Twenty-one top communists attended the meeting, such as Su Zhaozheng, Cai Hesen, Li Lisan and Xiang Ying, et al., included among with the rest. Stalin personally came to the 6th CCP Congress meeting, with instruction to have the Chinese communists organize an army of 100 people, namely, Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky's Cheka equivalent organization, that came to be known as the Special Committee under trio Xiang Zhongfa, Gu Shunzhang and Zhou Enlai, that Zhou Enlai purportedly already established back in Shanghai as 'zhongyang te ke' (special task force of the CCP Central).
     
    On June 4th, the CCP Central Committee wrote to Zhu De & Mao Tse-tung from Shanghai, criticizing the lack of workers in the Red Army as well as the assignment of local Soviet leadership by the army rather than an election from the communist enclave. The CCP Hunan Provincial commissars, including Yang Kaiming and Du Xiujing, continued to criticize Mao Tse-tung's dual leadership of both the army and the party. (Yang Kaiming, who knew that Mao had abandoned wife Yang Kaihui, a cousin, and took in Heh Zizhen, was determined to get rid of the rascal.) The CCP Central Committee also advised that Zhu De & Mao Tse-tung should revoke the commissar system and establish the politics department within the Red Army in the attempt of alleviating Mao Tse-tung's direct control.
     
    In August 1928, Zhu De was ordered to attack Hunan Province in accordance with the CCP Hunan Provincial Bureau's instructions. Zhu De's campaign failed, while the CCP's regional leadership in the Jiangxi-Hunan Border Area collapsed as a result of the vacuum left by the Red Army's departure. The CCP's regional leadership was re-established when the Red Army returned in Sept.
     
    On February 25th, 1929, the CCP Hunan Province commissar Yang Kemin accused Mao Tse-tung of making the CCP into a "peasant party." Yang Keming claimed that Mao's CCP was composed of a large portion of secret society members from the Hong-hui [Qing-hong-bang gangster] Society as well as was organized in a form of patriarchy of the families and clans. Yang Keming's dispute with Mao partly derived from Mao's abandoning his wife Yang Kaihui for the new woman Heh Zizhen. In 1929, Mao Tse-tung and Zhu De had a dispute in regards to military leadership to be under the frontline commissar committee of the Red Army 4th Corps or to be under the CCP military commission. Mao Tse-tung, at one time, left the Red Army Fourth Corps for a post as a regional CCP leader. Feng Zhijun, in "Mao Tse-tung & Liu Shaoqi" (Huangfu International Publishing House, HK, April 1998 Edition), stated that Mao Tse-tung had fared nothing in particular by hiding on Mt Jinggangshan till Zhu De's arrival and that it was Zhu De & Chen Yi who had proposed a breakout to western Fujian Province & southwestern Jiangxi Province for establishing the CCP's Soviet enclave in Jiangxi. Feng Zhijun added that Mao Tse-tung, in 1929, had continued his Autumn Harvest "leftist venturism" by proposing the takeover of Jiangxi Province within one year.
     
    The CCP records claimed that Mao Tse-tung was first "repressed" by Li Lishan's "leftist opportunism" in July 1929. However, alternative blame on Li Lishan's "Leftist Venturist" Path was for the time period of June - September 1930, during which time Li Lishan assumed the leadership by taking advantage of Zhou Enlai's departure for Moscow in March 1930. Li Lishan purportedly filled in the vacant central committee commissar seat left by Cai Hesen. By late June of 1929, the Red Army had sacked Longyan of Fujian Province for the 3rd time, and a so-called Red Army Fourth Corps' 7th party representative meeting was held. There was a so-called CCP Central's "February Letter" that was cited for revoking Mao Tse-tung's post of frontline secretary for the 4th corps. (Zhou Enlai, secretly travelling through German in April 1930, arrived in Moscow for clarifying the paths of communist revolution as a result of disputes with the Soviet reps at the Shanghai FEB office. Zhou Enlai was a backup commissar of the Comintern executory committee. From June 25th to July 13th, 1930, Zhou Enlai was invited to attending the 16th Soviet party congress.)
     
    In July, Chen Yi personally traveled to Shanghai to report the dispute to the CCP Central Committee. Three months later, the CCP Central ordered that the Red Army Fourth Corps relocate to the Guangdong-Guangxi provinces in the south for establishing a base. Liu Liang wrote that Mao Tse-tung, though deeply sick owning to diarrhea, demanded that soldiers shouldered him to Longyan by "a stretch on two poles" [i.e., the wooden litter]. Mao returned to Shanghang after Zhu De refused to listen to him. While Chen Yi was visiting Mao at Longyan, the two argued about the southern campaign. Chen Yi claimed that he, having just returned from the CCP Central's meeting in Shanghai, would for sure follow the resolution to take the red army to fighting in Guangdong Province. Chen Yi, for his hitting the tables, would cause Mao's face pale all of a sudden. Mao finally said he would refuse to go south. In September 1929, Zhou Enlai, from the CCP headquarters in Shanghai, drafted a so-called "September Letter" and supported Mao Tse-tung, i.e., former CCP secretary of the frontline commissar committee, in recovering leadership over the Red Army 4th Corps. In the Dongjiang [Eastern River] area of Guangdong, the Red Army Fourth Corps lost one regiment after being attacked by three divisions from the 19th Route Army, i.e., Guangdong provincial army. Once Chen Yi returned to Jiangxi from his second trip to Shanghai, both Chen Yi and Zhu De followed the CCP Central Committee's instructions in retrieving Mao as leader of the Red Army Fourth Corps. (Mao, however, had never forgiven anybody who had offended him in history, with Chen Yi to fall a victim in the cultural revolution of the 1960s.)
     
    By the Gutian Meeting of 1929, Mao Tse-tung had established his absolute authority over the Jiangxi Soviet territories. Mao Tse-tung's Red Army Fourth Corps at one time penetrated southward to Guangdong Province, returned to western Fujian Province in November 1929, and arrived in Gutian of the Shanghang county in December 1929. Lai Chuanzhu's memoirs pointed out that the Red Army Fourth Corps possessed 4 echelons by that time and Mao intended to launch the Gutian Meeting for rectifying the thoughts of soldiers and officers, especially those of the 4th Echelon which was comprised of turncoat armies from the KMT 8th Corps and 3rd Corps. (http://www.humanrights-china.org/meetingchina/Meeti2002114164646.htm stated that "part of Chu Pei-teh's min-t'uan [gentry-organized militia] mutinied and joined the Red Army. They were led to the Communist camp by a Kuomintang commander, Lo P'ing-hui [Luo Binghui], ... who was disillusioned about the Kuomintang and wanted to join the Red Army.")
     
    A dozen days later, the KMT government launched a 3-province combined siege of the Red Army. Mao ordered that the 1st, 3rd and 4th echelons relocate to Jiangxi while he himself commanded the 2nd echelon in Longyan of Fujian Province to attract the government forces and then made a sudden leap towards Jiangxi Province. Luo Ronghuan was commissar for the 2nd echelon. While conducting the 'mobile warfare,' Mao still instructed that his soldiers study the Gutian Meeting guidelines and the CCP members take party principles' classes. The Gutian Meeting was said to have endorsed the Red Army's discipline song 'Three Major Disciplines and Eight Attentions."
     
    Beginning from 1930, Mao Tse-tung's unchallenged leadership over the Jiangxi Soviet territories began to wane as a result of the CCP Central Committee's shifting the seat of rule towards Jiangxi from Shanghai as well as the continuing influx of the CCP returnees from Moscow. The CCP records claimed that Mao Tse-tung was, for a second time, "repressed" by Li Lishan's "leftist opportunism" in June 1930. Back on April 3rd, 1930, Li Lishan ordered that the Red Army Fourth Corps abandon the base in the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi provinces for the Yangtze River area for sake of conquering the major cities [i.e., Nanchang, Jiujiang and Wuhan]. Mao dissuaded Zhu by claiming that the government possessed ten divisions in Wuhan while the CCP might only possess 200 underground agents and 150 union members there. When Mao Tse-tung and Zhu De refused to follow Li Lishan, the CCP Central issued a so-called June 15th, 1930 letter rebuking Mao and Zhu as "opportunists" with the peasant mindsets. Li Lishan's "Leftist Venturist" Path would be the draft "New Revolutionary Climax & Victory In One Or Several Provinces" during the June 11th, 1930 CCP Politburo meeting. To deflate the CCP Central, Mao Tse-tung authorized a fake attack at Nanchang. The Red Army 4th Corps crossed the Ganjiang River, took over Gao'an, and dispatched Luo Binghui's platoon to the Niuhang Train Station to fake an attack at the city. Thereafter, Mao Tse-tung ordered an attack of Liuyang and Changsha of Hunan Province to the west instead. At Wenjiashi, near Liuyang, the Red Army claimed to have destroyed a KMT brigade. At Yonghe of Liuyang, the 4th Corps converged with the Red Army 3rd Corps-Conglomerate into the so-called Red Army First Front [i.e., the Red Army Central Front] which boasted of 30000 soldiers in total. On two occasions of attacking Changsha, Mao, who was already with Heh Zizhen, did not bother with fetching wife Yang Kaihui and chhildren from the countryside hiding, with wife Yang Kaihui arrested by Hunan chair Heh Jian for execution for refusal to recant her Red bandit husband. (http://www.humanrights-china.org/meetingchina/Meeti2002114164646.htm stated that "Early in 1929 several groups of partisans under Li Wen-lung and Li Shao-tsu were reorganized into the Third Red Army, commanded by Wang Kung-lu, and with Ch'en Yi as political commissar.")
     
    In Moscow, on June 12th, 1930, Stalin met with Qu Qiubai, Zhou Enlai, Deng Zhongxia and Su Zhaozheng, et al., and instructed that China's revolution was a "bourgeoisie democratic revolution," not a "socialist revolution," nor a "perpetuating revolution". While Stalin claimed that China's revolution was at its low tide, Li Lishan's cronies countered Stalin by claiming it was in high tide which Stalin likened to merely some high waves in a low tide. Bukharin met 21 CCP leaders on the 14th & 15th in regards to the CCP opportunism. The next day, the CCP 6th Session was held in Moscow, lasting till July 11th. Bukharin and Qu Qiubai made speeches on the 19th & 20th, for the CCP members to discuss, and Zhou Enlai, as secretary-in-general of the meeting, made a speech on the 27th in regards to distinction between the "bourgeoisie democratic revolution" and "socialist revolution." On June 30th, Zhou Enlai claimed that Chiang Kai-shek's White Terror had caused a death of 310,000 to 340,000 communists and revolutionaries, imprisonment of 4,600 people, and a reduction of unions to 81 from 734. While Zhang Guotao and Qu Qiubai were arguing against each other, Bukharin rebuked them both, claiming that the workers should replace intellectuals as leadership of the CCP. Wang Ruofei was criticized for defending Chen Duxiu during the meeting. Liu Bocheng and Xiang Zhongfa made speeches on the Red Army, peasants, and workers, respectively. On July 19th, the CCP held the First Plenary of the 6th Session and the second day, declared a politburo consisting of Xiang Zhongfa, Zhou Enlai, Su Zhaozheng, Cai Hesen and Xiang Ying. Xiang Zhongfa, a worker-rascal, was appointed to the highest post as a result of Moscow's insistence on the worker leadership.
     
    In late July, Peng Dehuai sacked the Changsha city at one time, and in early August, Li Lishan advocated the continuous rebellions and uprisings in the major cities like Wuhan, Nanking & Shanghai.
     
    The Battle Of Huangyangjie On Mt Jinggangshan

     
    Death Of Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo

     
    Li Lishan "Leftist Venturist" Path (June - September 1930)

     
    Loss Of Mt Jinggangshan Base

     

     
     
    Purge of the Anti-Bolshevik League: Phase I
     
    Through Salisbury's "New Long March," in 1984, this webmaster first gained some insight into the Purge of the Anti-Bolshevik League (i.e., the AB League). However, the general impression at the time was that Mao Tse-tung merely removed the Jiangxi communists with his Hunan communists. Gao Hua's "How Did The [Red] Sun Rise Over Yan'an ? - A History Of The Rectification Movement" did a splendid job of tracing all communist terror to the initiator, i.e., Mao Tse-tung. Gao Hua pointed out that Mao Tse-tung was the culprit for initiating the Purge of the AB League; that Xiang Ying (i.e., secretary for the CCP Central Bureau) had tried very hard in correcting Mao Tse-tung's wrongdoing; that the CCP Central Committee toppled Xiang Ying's decision and collaborated with Mao Tse-tung in pushing the Purge of the AB League into Phase II; and that the CCP Central Committee had stopped cooperation with Mao Tse-tung as a result of the need for correcting the worsening situation due to the purge. (Mao Tse-tung, on Mt Lushan and in 1959, attacked Peng Dehuai by invoking the death of his senior son in Korea in November 1950, and exclaimed a famous comment: "Wasn't it true that whoever manufactured the first prototype of pottery figurine [terra cotta soldiers, i.e., launching the Korean Relief War] would be doomed in losing his lineage?" -- Mao was the real prototype creator of all terrors.)
     
    Li Wenlin Asserting Control Over Southwestern Jiangxi Province
     
    More available at Anti-Bolshevik_League.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    Futian Mutiny
    On December 10th, at the Red Army 20th Corps headquarters in Donggu, Li Shaojiu instructed that Corps Chief Liu Tiechao and commissar Zeng Bingchun sort out the AB League members. 174th Regiment Commissar Liu Di, a native of Li Shaojiu, was suspected to be an AB League member. However, Liu Di slipped away by pretending to be obedient to Li Shaojiu using the Changsha dialect. On December 12th, Liu Di colluded with battalion chief Zhang Xing of the detached battalion in raiding Li Shaojiu and the corps headquarters. Liu Di arrested Li Shaojiu and Liu Tiechao, and freed hostage Xie Hanchang. Commissar Zeng Bingchun slipped home. Li Shaojiu later escaped during arrest. Thereafter, Liu Di led the detached battalion to Futian and surrounded the provincial Soviet government, where their comrades were being imprisoned and tortured. Liu Di set free 70 AB League members including Duan Liangbi and Li Kaifang. Gu Bo and his wife, Zeng Shan, and Chen Zhengren's wife escaped. Xie Hanchang and Liu Di then relocated the Red Army 20th Corps to the Yongxin-Lianhua-Anfu areas, to the west of the Ganjiang River, and established a Jiangxi Soviet Government. Duan Liangbi was ordered to carry gold to Shanghai's CCP Central Committee for arbitration of the Purge of the AB League and Futian Incident.
     
    To counter Mao Tse-tung, Xie Hanchang and Liu Di obtained the support of the CCP regional secretary Wang Huai [i.e., secretary in the west of the Ganjiang River] as well as fabricated Mao's letter to sow dissension for winning over generals under Mao Tse-tung. Peng Dehuai, commander for the Red Army 3rd Corps-Conglomerate, personally expressed loyalty to Mao. With the backing of Peng, Mao, on December 20th, insisted that the Southwestern Jiangxi Province CY/CY organizations were full of AB League members; that should those guys not belong to the AB League members, why couldn't they patiently wait for the truth to come out; and that the Futian rebellion proved that the AB League conspiracy was real. Further, Mao authored a 16-line double sentence campaign poem against the Futian rebels. The AB League Purge was followed by Xiang Ying's four month rectification when Xiang Ying assumed the post of deputy secretary for the CCP central politburo in lieu of Mao Tse-tung's general frontline commissar and general frontline secretary.
     
    In the summer of 1931, Jiang Dingwen, leading the 9th Division, penetrated into Ningdu, i.e., the heartland area of the Soviet enclave. En route, Jiang Dingwen spotted numerous pits of the corpses from the communist victims and discovered the horrors of the Red Army AB-League [Anti-Bolshevik League] purge. In Ningdu, Jiang Dingwen personally climbed up the Cuiweifeng [green twilight] peak, a solid plateau surrounded by the cliffs on all sides, where two to three thousand locals held out against the Red Army for some years till possibly dying of starvation years later. With no time to rescue the locals, Jiang Dingwen ordered to send some supplies to the locals and left. The communists did not evacuate from the Ruijin-Ningdu area till after the 1934 long march. Jiang Dingwen was a Jiang-surnamed general related to the Chiang Kai-shek's clan.
     
    The Re-organized KMT Leftists ('gan-zu-pai')

     
     
    Quelling Internal Enemies Before Resisting Foreign Invaders
     
    Chiang Kai-shek strictly enforced the policy of 'quelling internal enemies before expelling external invaders.' On September 18th, 1931, with three relief divisions from Korea military garrison, Japanese Kwantung Army which stationed in Manchuria provoked the 'Liutiaogou Incident' and attacked Chinese armies inside of army camps in Shenyang city. On September 18th, 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army blew up railway tracks at Liutiaohu and then accused Chinese troops of sabotage. The Japanese Kwantung Army used the blast as the signal for charge. Populace across the country rose up in protests. In Shanghai, Dong Zhujun and her daughter fought against the extra-territory police which cracked down on the protesters. Shortly afterward, Dong Zhujun participated in publishing a short-lived magazine called "Drama & Music" with Zheng Shamei & Xie Yunxin (aka Zhang Min).
     
    Xie Hegeng, a junior brother of communist martyr Xie Tiemin, left for Peking to attend China University in May 1930 and subsequently joined underground communist organizations. Xie Hegeng joined the Alliance of Chinese Social Scientists in March 1931 and the Grand Alliance for Countering Imperialism thereafter, with both organizations being communist fronts set up under the Comintern's instructiuons. In December 1932, the League (Alliance) for Protecting the Civil Rights of China was established in Shanghai, with Yang Xingfo, Soong Qingling, Lu Xun and Cai Yuanpei in charge. Yang Xingfo was the vice chairman, and was assassinated six months later in June 1933. Agnes Smedley and John Fairbank participated in the launch of the Peking branch of the league. After Hu Shi was dismissed over Yang Xingfo's fabricating accusation in regards to political prisoners' treatment in prisons, Cai Yuanpei and Lin Yutang, et al, exited the league. Soong Qingling, i.e., Mme Sun Yat-sen, after returning to China for Sun Yat-sen's coffin relocation in 1929, left China again and just returned in 1931, by which time she was already under the leadership of Pavel Mif who hosted the 5th (1927), 6th (1928) congresses of the Communist Party of China and was in China in 1927, and from December 1930 to April 1931. (Mif purportedly returned to the Soviet Union in August, which meant that his tenure in China could be beyond April.)
     
    Dai Li was authorized to form the Fuxing [Resurrection] Society on basis of the "secret investigation team" under the military commission. In 1932, Chiang Kai-shek, for making a public cover for secret agent operation, conferred Dai Li the post of second section chief inside of Chen Lifu's Investigation & Statistics Bureau under the Military Commission. Later, in March 1938, the Investigation & Statistics Bureau, i.e., KMT "jun tong" or MISB, was established under the Military Commission of the National Government on basis of special agents section of Dai Li's Resurrection Society.
     
    In the autumn of 1932, Xie Hegeng was asked by Xuan Xiafu to go to the Cha-ha-er Province for assisting Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang's Northwestern Army, i.e., the communists' hijacking the Chahar Allied Army to convert to the communist Red Army. Xie Zichang's Shenxi communist gang flocked to Chahar for the action. Xuan Xiafu held the post of 5th division chief under Ji Hongchang's 2nd corps. In Dec, with 10 yuan fund from Du Keming, Xie Hegeng, as representative of Peking students, arrived at the camp of the Northwestern Army and assisted in establishing the Cha-ha-er Populace Anti-Japanese Allied Army. In February 1933, Xie Hegeng was accepted into the CCP as a member. Having developed into over 100,000 people, Ji Hongchang's army pushed against Duolun, and by July, Ji Hongchang drove the Japanese and collaborators out of the Cha-ha-er Province. By late July, Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang established at Zhangjiakou (Kalgan) a committee for recovering the four provinces of the Northeast. However, radical communists from the North China bureau instructed the Chahar allied army to convert to the communist Red Army and launch an enclave as well as invade the Peking-Tientsin area.
     
    Chiang Kai-shek, seeing that communists had dominated the Anti-Japanese Alliance Army, mobilized 16 divisions against Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang. Surrounded by Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese on all sides, Feng Yuxiang resigned his post, while Ji Hongchang fought on for a while before stealthily seeking asylum in Tianjin's settlement (extraterritoriality) in January 1934. In March of 1934, Ji Hongchang traveled to Shanghai where Xuan Xiafu officially presided over the ceremony for Ji Hongchang to join the CCP. On April 24th, Ji Hongchang established the "Great Anti-Fascism Alliance of Chinese People" in Tianjin, with Feng Yuxiang, Li Jishen, Fang Zhenwu and Ren Yingqi echoing support elsewhere in the country. Chiang Kai-shek's agents injured Ji Hongchang in an assassination on November 9th, and colluded with the French police in extraditing Ji Hongchang for execution in Peking on November 24th. Ji Hongchang, originally destined for Nanking, was re-routed to Peking after Ji Hongchang's cronies destroyed a segment of railroad tracks for rescuing Ji Hongchang.
     
    More available at Chinese Communists & Feng Yuxiang's Chahar Allied Army - 1933 [Modified : Tuesday, 23-Oct-2007 01:06:37 EDT]; Chinese Communists & Feng Yuxiang's Chahar Allied Army - 1933: The Final Demise [Modified : Monday, 10-Oct-2011 14:14:51 EDT]. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    After the abortion of the Northwestern Army campaign, Xie Hegeng was dispatched to Southwestern China by the CCP in the autumn of 1934 for instigating Bai Chongxi's rebellion against Chiang Kai-shek. Xuan Xiafu was dispatched to the south at the same time as an assistant.
     
    In Beiping (Peking, Beijing), He Yingqin ordered that Zheng Jiemin assassinate Zhang Jingyao for preventing the former warlord general's possible collusion with the Japanese. Zhang Jingyao was shot to death on May 7th of 1932 by an assassin called Bai Shixiong. On June 18th of 1933, Yang Xingfo was assassinated by Dai Li's agents. Shen Zui was responsible for spying on Yang. The League (Alliance) for Protecting the Civil Rights of China, which was launched by Mme Sun Yat-sen for sake of rescuing the Noulens, became a communist tool after Hu Shi, Cai Yuanpei and Lin Yutang, et al, were either expelled from or exited the league. On November 14th of 1934, Shi Liangcai, "Shen Bao," was assassinated by Dai Li's agents on the Hangzhou-Shanghai Highway.
     
     
    The Red Terror & the Chinese Soviet Republic
     
    The CCP made Shanghai its party headquarters for a reason: Shanghai's extraterritoriality provided a safe haven for communism activities. However, British and French police often colluded with KMT authorities in extraditing the CCP activists. After Chiang Kai-shek's purge of communists, Shanghai fell into the claws of so-called 'White Terror.' In November 1927, the CCP Central, under Zhou Enlai, organized special task forces [i.e., 'zhongyang te ke'] for executing traitors and providing security as a show of 'Red Terror.' (Zheng Yi, in "Seventy Years Of Espionage Between KMT & CCP," pointed out that the CCP Central established a "special agent department" in Wuhan in late May 1927 to deal with Chiang Kai-shek's 4-12-1927 betrayal; after failure of 8-1-1927 Nanchang Uprising, the CCP Central moved to Shanghai in September 1927; and that Zhou Enlai arrived in Shanghai in November 1927 and established the CCP Central's special work committee that oversaw the special task force division. Zhou Enlai's cover was antique shop "songpo [pine slope] zai [shop]" owner Wu-hao. Within two years, the CCP Central's special work committee, other than setting up over a dozen businesses, would infiltrate into police bureaus of international settlements, Shanghai garrison command center, Shanghai municipal government, court houses, embassies and news agencies.)
     
    The CCP special task forces originally had three sections, with Hong Yangsheng's 1st Section in charge of meeting, leasing, guarantee and postmortem arrangements for communist martyrs. When Luo Yinong died in April 1928, Hong Yangsheng collected the body. Section 2, under Chen Geng, was in charge of espionage and information collection, while Section 3 was code-named 'action section' which Gu Shunzhang, Tan Yubao & Wang Zhuyou had supervised, consecutively. The most famous of "red terrors" would be those orchestrated by Zhou Enlai, as in the case of shooting death of traitor Bai Xin and the killing of traitor Gu Shunzhang's whole family. Later, section 4 was added for telegraph service.
     
    KMT "white terror," by the means of bodily extinction, was prevalent in the aftermath of Chiang Kai-shek betrayal to the Grand Revolution. Kang Sheng [i.e., Zhao Rong], later equivalent of China's Beria during the Purge of Trotskyites & Yan'an Rectification Movement (1937-1945), was rumored to have surrendered to KMT after being caught by KMT in 1930. (In June 1938, Kang Sheng executed someone called Zhang Xing for accusation as to Kang Sheng's enrolment in Trotskyite organization after capture by KMT, and in 1969, Kang Sheng also ordered that Lu Futan be executed during the cultural revolution for disclosure that Kang Sheng was caught by KMT in 1930. Lu Futan, a 1931 CCP interim politburo member who surrendered to KMT, disclosed that Kang Sheng had betrayed the CCP members while under arrest in 1930.)
     
    The CCP special task forces, per GH, could have originated from Kang Sheng's "dog hitting column" during the 1927 uprisings. When Chen Yun transferred to the CCP Consolidated Unions in 1932, Kang Sheng [aka Zhao Rong and original name being Zhang Yun] became the direct supervisor of the special task force till he left for Moscow in July 1933. During the interval, Kang Sheng's special task force, nicknamed "hong dui" (i.e., red terror column") had assassinated Shi Jimei (aka Ma Shaowu), an agent of KMT's Investigation Section of the Social Organization Ministry (i.e., "zhong tong" against KMT "jun tong"). Kang Sheng's team, comprising of Wang Shiying, Xiang Yunian, Kuang Hui'an and Li Shiying, had also assassinated lots of communist-turned pro-KMT folks.
     
    The Assassination Of Bai Xin
    On August 24th, 1928, the British settlement police broke into the Jingyuanli Lane of the Xinzhalu Road and arrested such CCP members as Peng Pai, Yang Yin, Yan Changyi, Xing Shizhen and Bai Xin while those communists were convening a military meeting under the CCP's Jiangsu Province commissar committee. Two days later, Peng Pai was extradited to the KMT authority. Chen Geng, under Zhou Enlai's order, immediately dispatched Yang Dengying (i.e., a top CCP mole inside the KMT in Shanghai) for checking out the cause of this arrest. On the same day of Peng Pai's arrest, the CCP discovered that Bai Xin was the traitor.
     
    The CCP agents failed to rescue Peng Pai from the government's execution transportation as a result of the ambush setup missing the schedule, or alternatively the government transport changed path. The communists instructed Yang Dengying in checking out the whereabouts and itineraries of Bai Xin and finally shot him dead. Both Kuang Jixun and Xiang Yunian were members of the hitters in this action.
     
    Wang Ming's Ascension To Power Within the CCP

     

     

     
    The Extermination Of Gu Shunzhang's Family
    When Gu Shunzhang was captured by the government agents and consequently surrendered in April 1931, the CCP Central special task force underwent a re-organization, with Chen Yun, Kang Sheng and Pan Hannian, et al., to lead a "CCP Central Special Task Committee" overseeing the activities of the special task force. Gu Shunzhang was a veteran CCP member who led the workers' uprising with Zhou Enlai in 1927, while Kang Sheng [i.e., Zhao Rong] enrolled in the CCP in 1925 and later participated in the 1927 uprisings.
     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     
    More available at Murder Of Gu Shunzhang's Family. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates. It was ascertained by Wen Xiang that Zhou Enlai, who orchestrated the killing of Gu Shunzhang's family as well as dozens of people related to Gu Shunzhang, ordered the killing of all government inspectors who were involved in the digging-up and investigation of the victims related to the extermination of Gu Shunzhang's family, as well as the underground communist agents who were involved in the torturing death of communist party secretary Xiang Zhongfa.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    Wang Ming's Line Of Control Over Soviet Territories

     
    The CCP Central Overturning Xiang Ying's Mediation over the Futian Mutiny
    Though far away from Jiangxi Province's Soviet Republic, the CCP Central in Shanghai directly involved itself in the adjudication of "Futian Mutiny," i.e., a CCP internal strife arising from over-implication in the Anti-Bolshevik League Purge. On February 13th 1931, the CCP Central Committee in Shanghai discussed "Futian Mutiny." Gao Hua stated that the CCP Central Committee might have first learnt of this mutiny from messenger Liu Zuowu who was asked to bring gold to Shanghai by Duan Liangbi. Duan Liangbi personally made a trip to Shanghai in Feb-Mar 1931 to report to Bo-gu on the "Purge of AB League Incident" and "Futian Mutiny Incident." On February 13th, Zhou Enlai reshuffled Jiangxi Soviet Central Bureau into Xiang Ying, Ren Bishi, Mao Tse-tung and Wang Jiaxiang. Ren Bishi was made into director for the CCP Central Bureau's organization department. On February 20th, Zhou Enlai, Ren Bishi and Wang Jiaxiang concluded that "Futian Mutiny" was a reactionary act conducted by AB League members and decreed that Ren Bishi lead a CCP Central Committee delegation to Jiangxi, hence overthrowing Xiang Ying's reconciliation decision.
     
    On March 4th 1931, Ren Bishi, Wang Jiaxiang and Gu Zuolin, as so-called "troika," left for Jiangxi Soviet consecutively, with major task of cleansing the policies of the CCP 3rd Plenary of 6th Session as enforced by Xiang Ying. Gao Hua speculated that Zhou Enlai might have drafted March 28th Resolution in regards to "Futian Mutiny." Ren Bishi, Wang Jiaxiang and Gu Zuolin entered southern Jiangxi via western Fujian Province in April. On April 17th, Ren Bishi hosted at Qingtang of Ningdu an "expanded meeting of Jiangxi Soviet Central Bureau," overthrew Xiang Ying's March 18th speech in regards to Futian Mutiny, established a trial committee headed by Zhou Yili, executed Liu Di immediately, tried and executed Southwestern Jiangxi leaders (i.e., Xie Hanchang, Li Baifang, Jin Wanbang, Zhou Mian and Ye Yunzhong, et al.), and restored Mao Tse-tung's post of frontline general secretary over Red Army First Flank in May by depriving Xiang Ying of the interim posts for both the Red Army and the CCP.
     
    Further, when Red Army 20th Corps under Zeng Bingchun and Xiao Dapeng (i.e., successor to Liu Tiechao) returned to Yudu county from west of Ganjiang River in July 1931, the whole corps were disarmed, and army officers from corps chief to platoon deputy chief were all executed as AB League members. As to local communist leaders of Southwestern Jiangxi, over 90% were classified as AB League members under extortion via 100 different kinds of cruel tortures.
     
    On August 3rd, 1931, the CCP Soviet Central Bureau was established with Zhou Enlai, Xiang Ying, Mao Tse-tung, Ren Bishi, Gu Zuolin, Deng Fa & Zhu De on board. Ren Bishi's delegation spent honeymoon time period with Mao Tse-tung. On August 30th, the CCP Central in Shanghai remarked that Jiangxi Soviet was still in the path of Li Lishan's "reconciling-ism," "rightist opportunism" and "rich peasant path." Zhou Enlai, however, advised against 'simplification' and 'over-implication' on August 30th 1931 after he listened to the report by Ouyang Qin who was dispatched back to Shanghai by Ren Bishi. Ren Bishi hence read out Zhou Enlai's letter during the First Congress of Representatives of Soviet Territories held in Yeping of Ruijin during November 1st-5th 1931, an incident which made Mao hate Zhou for life. Feng Zhijun pointed out that "troika" also accused Mao Tse-tung of following "rightist opportunism," "rich peasant path," "guerilla-ism" and "narrow-minded empiricism." Xiang Ying was asked to replace Mao Tse-tung as interim secretary of the CCP Soviet Central Bureau.
     
    On November 7th [Nov 1st? per Liu Liang], 1931, the CCP held the so-called Gan-nan [southern Jiangxi] Meeting, i.e., the First National Congress of Representatives of the "Chinese Soviet Republic of Workers and Peasants," with Mao Tse-tung elected chairman for both the executive committee and people's committee of the Soviet republic. Zhang Guotao and Xiang Ying assumed vice chair posts. Mao Tse-tung's being elected to the chairmanship was credited to Xiang Zhongfa's adjudication. The CCP called upon overthrow of the KMT government as well as armed defending of the USSR, i.e., the defend-USSR movement that ensued from the 1929 War of the Chinese Eastern Railway and culminmated in Mme Sun Yat-sen's convention the Anti-War [and Defend-USSR] Conference of the Far East in September 1933 in the Japanese concession territory of Shanghai. At the meeting, Mao Tse-tung was heavily criticized as following "rich peasant path" and "narrow-minded empiricism" per Liu Liang. On November 27th, Red Army 3rd Corps-Conglomerate sacked Huichang.
     
    On December 5th 1931, Ren Bishi proposed a correction of so-called "purge-centrism." It would be in mid-Dec that Zhou Enlai, passing through western Fujian territories while en route to Jiangxi from Shanghai, discovered the truth of another bloody purge movement, i.e., the "Purge of Socialist Democratic Party." Zhou Enlai thus began the immediate brake on the AB League Purge.
     
    In January 1932, 24-year-old secretary general Bo-gu of the CCP's Interim Central Politburo came to Ruijin from Shanghai. Bo-gu, i.e., Qin Bangxian, advocated for "Bolshevization" of party and army as well as proletarianization of people inside Soviet Republic. Liu Liang stated that Mao Tse-tung was asked to have a vacation at a monastery on Mt Donghuashan. In early 1932, Peng Dehuai lead Red Army First Flank [Red Army First Front or Central Front] for four futile attacks at high-walled Ganzhou. When Red Army failed to sack Ganzhou, Zhou Enlai of the CCP Central dispatched Xiang Ying for fetching Mao Tse-tung from Mt Donghuashan as an adviser. When Mao Tse-tung called off the campaign against Ganzhou, Bo-gu was recorded to have deprived Mao Tse-tung of his posts for over-stepping his duties.
     
    Purge of the Socialist Democratic Party - Western Fujian Province,
    Purge of the Socialist Democratic Party (SDP), which first started in early 1931, had led to 6352 victims and two similar mutinies termed Kengkou Mutiny on May 27th and Fu Bocui Rebellion. (Fu Bocui was a finance minister of western Fujian Province Soviet who severed himself with the CCP in an armed confrontation.) Purge of SDP went into peak around March. After the purge, communist members had dwindled to 5000 from 8000 in Western Fujian Province.
     
    More available at Purge of Socialist Democratic Party & Kengkou Mutiny. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    Kengkou Mutiny - Western Fujian Province,
    Fu Bocui controlled his hometown Gujiao area. In October 1930, Fu Bocui was accused of possessing "third party viewpoints." In February 1931, Deng Fa revoked Fu Bocui's CCP membership and dispatched Red Army against him. On March 6th, Western Fujian Soviet Government issued Notice No. 23, accusing Fu Bocui of being a leader of Socialist Democrats. On May 27th, a mutiny termed Kengkou Mutiny ensued when communist column chief Li Zhen of Hangwu-xian County arrested Luo Souchun (i.e., secretary for Western Fujian Soviet Government) for implicating about 200 communists in the Socialist Democrat Party. Li Zhen set free Heh Dengnan (CCP district secretary of Hangwu county) and Chen Jingyue (i.e., commissar for the 3rd armed column of Hangwu county), lay a siege of county Soviet government, and dispatched soldiers to Baisha to have his remnant 3rd district members released by means of a handwritten note from Luo Souchun. On May 29th, Deng Fa dispatched Red Army 12th Corps against Hangwu (today's Shanghang county) and executed majority of 3rd district communist members. On June 1st, per GH, 2nd district members of Hangwu also rebelled against Deng Fa. Similarly, rebellions had occurred in Yongding county where the CCP leaders like Xie Xianqiu, Lu Zhaoxi and Zeng Muchun were executed for refusing the purge order. Deng Fa, Zhang Dingzai (chairman for Western Fujian Soviet) and Lin Yizhu cracked down on all of them.
     
    More available at Purge of Socialist Democratic Party & Kengkou Mutiny. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    Chinese Communist Party Selling Out Widows
    During days of underground operations in Shanghai, Zhou Enlai gave Zhang Wenqiu to Richard Sorge [Zuo-e-ge] for sex, while Richard Sorge transferred the woman to his German assistant [Wu Zhaogao in Chinese spelling] later. Zhang Wenqiu was a widow whose two daughters later married Mao Tse-tung's two sons.
     
    The CCP notoriety also included another story involving a widow. In 1936, in Xi'an of Shenxi Province, CCP underground agent Liu Ding established a so-called "Zhang Xueliang Dental Care Center" with invitation of Xia Ming, i.e., the widow of CCP cadre Deng Zhongxia, as dental assistant to a German dentist, a usual CCP dirty game in giving their widows to the European communist or sympathizers for sex as a way of retention of their service. Also well-known case was peasant woman Xiao Yuehua's immediate allocation to Otto Braun on sexual demand. (The latest well-known example would be Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk's being offered numerous Chinese women by the CCP leadership throughout the 1960-80s.)
     
    During the resistance war time period, communist cadres had a 'change of wife' movement in Yan'an after the influx of young educated females. Widows, unfortunately, fell out of favor. In the late 1940s, communists instructed a female college student [Shen Chong] in seducing an American GI for sake of launching the nationwide anti-American student protests. (See Jin Zhong's recollections at http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/3/11/7/54717.html.) After the Japanese surrender, the communists deliberately dispatched a female communist to the reception of Robert Shapiro, which naturally turned into a husband-wife relationship thereafter.
     
    The Communist Establishing the Soviet Banking System
    Similar to the Japanese manipulation of the Republic of China's Foreign Exchange System during WWII, the Chinese communists modified its old policies of abducting the wealthy landlords for ransom by printing the "Soviet paper money" or fabricating the Nationalist government currency. http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/11/25/76272.html cited the CCP Southwestern Jiangxi Province special commissar Liu Shiqi's letter dated October 1930 in pointing out that the CCP had been able to print tens of thousands of 'yuan' worthy of the Soviet paper money via "The Donggu Bank" on a daily basis. The Communist had established the Soviet Banking System to solve its fiscal difficulties as a result of i) depletion of the wealthy landlords, ii) the government's economic blockade. By forcing people in the Soviet territories into redeeming the government "fa [legalized] bi [currency]" into the Soviet money, the communists reaped tremendous wealth for purchasing goods and commodities from the government-controlled areas.
     
    By the time Japan invaded Manchuria on September 18th, 1931, the Soviet territories expanded across 21 counties in the western Fujian and southern Jiangxi provinces. The Donggu Bank was expanded into the "National Bank of the Soviet Republic of China." Separate rulings and laws were stipulated for arresting and executing whoever contradicted the Soviet currency policies. Song Ziming, at http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/11/25/76272.html, cited the "Red China Newspaper" in listing multiple names of persons who were executed by the Soviet government from 1931 to 1934.
     
     
    Purge of the Anti-Bolshevik League 1930-1931: Phase II
     
    On January 15th, 1931, at Xiaobu of Ningdu, the CCP "Central Bureau for the Soviet Territories" was established, with Xiang Ying assuming the post of deputy secretary for the CCP central politburo in lieu of Mao Tse-tung's general frontline commissar and general frontline secretary. Xiang Ying also assumed the post of chairman for the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, with Zhu De and Mao Tse-tung as deputy chairmen. Xiang Ying hence began four-month-long rectification in regards to the Purge of the Anti-Bolshevik League. Xiang Ying's entry into the Soviet territory and ascension to power was a result of Stalin's instructions when Zhou Enlai attended the executive meeting of the Third Comintern in Moscow in 1930 and met Stalin in July 1930. On August 22nd, 1930, Zhou Enlai emphasized the need of building a strong Red Army as well as strengthening the CCP's control over the Red Army. On October 31st, the three-member standing committee of the CCP politburo, comprising of Xiang Zhongfa, Zhou Enlai and Xu Xigeng, made a resolution that Xiang Ying and Zhou Enlai be dispatched to Jiangxi Province for leading the army, administration and party in the Soviet territories. Purportedly, Xiang Zhongfa overruled the proposal to send Zhang Guotang to the Jiangxi Soviet, which averted Mao Tse-tung's fate of being shadowed by Zhang Guotao. Zhou Enlai was to become secretary of the CCP Jiangxi Central Bureau while Zhang Guotao secretary of the E-Yu-Wan Soviet bureau secretary. A continuing influx of the CCP returnees from Moscow, including Huang Huoqing and Zhang Aiping, et al., were dispatched to Jiangxi, and returnees like Liu Bocheng, Ye Jianying, Fu Zhong and Li Zhuoran, were ordered to translate the Soviet Red Army's documents and manuals into Chinese. Wu Defeng was made into chief of the transportation bureau for delivering returnees to Jiangxi, and chief of the telegraph service between the Comintern in Moscow and the Comintern Far East Bureau in Shanghai. (The Comintern Far East Bureau in Shanghai was headed by a German called Luo-bo-te [Robert?] who in early 1930 accused Li Lishan of trying to pull the U.S.S.R. into China's civil war. Note almost 100% of the Soviet Red Army advisors sent to China were German Jews. The telegraph service between the CCP Central Committee in Shanghai and the CCP in Soviet Jiangxi was established via a HK relay by autumn of 1931.)
     
    Xiang Ying's Mediation of the Futian Mutiny
    Xiang Ying, a CCP veteran who first enrolled in the party in Wuhan in 1921 and later participated in the CCP 6th Congress in Moscow in 1928, departed Shanghai in late November and arrived in Jiangxi by late 1930. On January 16th, 1931, Xiang Ying issued the Soviet Central Bureau Notice No. 2, revoking the party membership from Duan Liangbi, Li Baifang, Xie Hanchang, Liu Di and Jin Wanbang and calling for reconciliation with the Southwestern Jiangxi Province provincial commissariat and the Red Army 20th Corps. On February 4th, Xiang Ying wrote letters to invite Wang Huai and Ye Yunzhong, et al., (i.e., the Southwestern Jiangxi Province CCP branch to the west of the Ganjiang River) for a resolution meeting. On February 19th, Xiang Ying issued the Soviet Central Bureau Notice No. 11, acknowledging a possible mistake in the Purge of the A.B. League and pardoned all people except for five persons (i.e., Duan Liangbi, Li Baifang, Xie Hanchang, Liu Di and Jin Wanbang). Xiang Ying fetched the Red Army 20th Corps political commissar Zeng Bingchun from his exile at home and dispatched him across the Ganjiang River for persuading the Red Army 20th Corps into a return.
     
    In April of 1931, Li Baifang, Xie Hanchang, Liu Di and Wang Huai, et al., followed Xiang Ying's call and returned to Ningdu for a meeting. The Red Army 20th Corps crossed the river, too. However, a new round of bloody killing awaited them.
     
    Back on February 13th, 1931, the CCP Central Committee in Shanghai discussed the "Futian Mutiny," and on February 20th, Zhou Enlai, Ren Bishi and Wang Jiaxiang concluded that the "Futian Mutiny" was a reactionary act conducted by the AB League members and decreed that Ren Bishi lead a CCP Central Committee delegation to Jiangxi, hence overthrowing Xiang Ying's reconciliation decision. (Gao Hua cited Zhou Enlai's March 27th speech in speculating that the Comintern Far East Bureau might have changed to the same viewpoint in regards to the "Futian Mutiny" as the CCP in March.) On March 4th, 1931, Ren Bishi, Wang Jiaxiang and Gu Zuolin left for Jiangxi consecutively. Gao Hua speculated that Zhou Enlai might have drafted the March 28th Resolution in regards to the "Futian Mutiny."
     
    Ren Bishi Adjudicating the 'Futian Mutiny' As Reactionary
    Ren Bishi, Wang Jiaxiang and Gu Zuolin entered southern Jiangxi via western Fujian Province in April. On April 17th, Ren Bishi hosted at Qingtang of Ningdu an expanded meeting of the Jiangxi Soviet Central Bureau, overthrew Xiang Ying's March 18th speech in regards to the Futian Mutiny, established a trial committee headed by Zhou Yili, executed Liu Di immediately, tried and executed the Southwestern Jiangxi leaders (i.e., Xie Hanchang, Li Baifang, Jin Wanbang, Zhou Mian and Ye Yunzhong, et al.), and restored Mao Tse-tung’s post of the frontline general secretary over the Red Army First Flank in May.
     
    The Red Army 20th Corps, while fighting to the west of the Ganjiang River, had cooperated with the Red Army 7th Corps which relocated from Deng Xiaoping's Guangxi Zuo-jiang [Left River] & You-jiang [Right River] communist base. Further, when the Red Army 20th Corps under Zeng Bingchun and Xiao Dapeng (i.e., successor to Liu Tiechao) returned to the Yudu county from west of the Ganjiang River in July 1931, the whole corps were disarmed, with army officers from the corps chief to platoon deputy chief, numbering 700-800, all executed as the AB League members except for possibly two survivors. The Red Army 20th Corps ceased its code numbering (i.e., number in the order of battle), and its soldiers were interspersed among the Red Army 4th Corps and Red Army 3rd Corps-Conglomerate. As to the local communist leaders of Southwestern Jiangxi, over 90% were classified as the AB League members under extortion via 100 different kinds of cruel tortures.
     
    Zhou Enlai Correcting the Purge
    Zhou Enlai would not realize the seriousness of the purge till he arrived in western Fujian Province in December 1931. While en route to Yongding from Changting, on December 18th, Zhou wrote an urgent letter to the CCP Central Committee in Shanghai, and on January 7th, Zhou hosted the CCP Jiangxi Soviet meeting, calling for correction of the "guideline mistake" in the purge. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Zhou Enlai had executed a few communist cadres for appeasing the angry people who were persecuted during the purge movement.
     
    In January 1932, 24-year-old secretary general Bo-gu (Qin Bangxian) of the CCP's Interim Central Politburo came to Ruijin from Shanghai. Bo-gu requested with Li-de [Otto Braun] for going to the Jiangxi Soviet together, with Li-de [Otto Braun] claiming that the Soviet GRU did not officially transfer him to be under the Comintern command, something to the effect that the role was not a Soviet Red Army military adviser but a personal adviser to Bo-gu. Liu Liang stated that Mao Tse-tung was asked to have a vacation at a monastery on Mt Donghuashan. Deng Fa was rebuked in January 1931 and was recalled to Ruijin of Jiangxi as director for the "political safeguarding bureau" (i.e., OGPU) of the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1932. Zhou Enlai dispatched Li Kenong to Fujian in March 1932 for correcting the purge. Ren Bishi was downgraded to deputy secretary while Zhou Enlai himself assumed the post of secretary for the CCP Soviet Central Bureau. As for Mao's cronies, Zhou issued an order of punishment of 6 month party retention on January 25th, 1932. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Zhou Enlai would come to respect Mao Tse-tung after Peng Dehuai failed to sack the Ganzhou city in four separate attacks in early 1932. In early 1932, Peng Dehuai lead the Red Army First Flank [Red Army First Front or Central Front] for four futile attacks at high-walled Ganzhou. When the Red Army failed to sack Ganzhou, Zhou Enlai of the CCP Central dispatched Xiang Ying for fetching Mao Tse-tung from Mt Donghuashan as an adviser. When Mao Tse-tung called off the campaign against Ganzhou, Bo-gu was recorded to have deprived Mao Tse-tung of his posts for over-stepping his duties.
     
    However, the "political safeguarding bureau" (i.e., OGPU) still went ahead in executing Li Wenlin, Zeng Bingchun and Wang Huai, et al., as 'AB League culprits' on May 30th, 1932, to be followed by execution of 200 more reactionaries. Gao Hua pointed out that the CCP began to utilize the "political safeguarding bureau" (i.e., OGPU) as its apparatus for purging reactionaries in lieu of various military and administrative organs. However, in June 1932, a so-called Worker-Peasant Drama Society Incident occurred, and on August 13th, Deng Yingchao, i.e., Zhou Enlai's wife, accused Zhang Aiping, Wei Gongzhi and Zuo Quan, et al. of propagating Chen Duxiu & Trotsky thoughts for simply mentioning the slogan of "socialist revolution."
     
    Li Rui, i.e., Mao's personal secretary, had once commented that the CCP had killed about 100,000 own party members from the Futian Mutiny to the Anti-Rightists Movement. During 1930-1931 alone, possibly 70,000 were executed as AB League members, 20,000 executed as KMT re-organizers [i.e., "gai zu pai], and at minimum 6,352 executed as Social Democrats from 1931 to 1932.
     
     
    Purge In the Hubei-Henan-Anhui [E-Yu-Wan] Communist Base
     
     
    Purge In the Western Hunan-Hubei [Xiang-E-Xi] Communist Base
     
    The First Wave Purge
    The Second Wave Purge, i.e., "Purge While In The Line Of Fire"
    The Third Wave Purge & The Death Of Duan Dechang & Wang Bing-nan
    The Fourth Wave Purge

     
     
    Campaigns Against the Communist Strongholds
     
    Ningdu Rebellion By the Northwestern Army
    Fourth Encirclement Campaign
    Relocation Of Hubei-Henan-Anhui Borderline Soviet
    Ambush Battles At Huangpi
    KMT Routing the CCP Underground Network In Shanghai
    Fifth Encirclement Campaign
    Interruptions By Anti-Japanese Allied Army & Mutiny of 19th Route Army
    the CCP's Political Movement Against Luo Ming
    Drain Of Resources Inside Of Jiangxi Soviet
     
     
    The Red Army's Long March (Oct 1934 - October 1936)
     
    Three Preliminary Breakouts
    Xiangjiang River Crossing (Nov 25th to December 3rd)
    7000 Communist Prisoners of War
    Wu-jiang River Crossing
    Zunyi Meeting (Jan 1935)
    Crossing Chi-shui [Red Water] River Four Times
    Planned Conversion Of 1st & 4th Front Armies
    Crossing Jinsha [gold sand] River
    Luding-qiao Iron Chain Bridge
    Climbing Great Snow Mountain
    Lianghekou Meeting
    Zhang Guotao's Challenging Zunyi Meeting Decisions
    Luhua Meeting & Maoergai Meeting
    Shawo Meeting & Grasslands of Qinghai
    Split of Mao Tse-tung's Red Army From Zhang Guotao's
    Zhang Guotao's Defeat At Baizhangguan Pass
    Conversion of Red Army 2nd & 4th Fronts
    Ningxia-Yinchuan Campaign
    Official Completion Of The Long March
    Who Authorized First Western Expedition?
    Re-organizing Red Army Western Route
     
     
    Purge In the Shan-Bei [Northern Shenxi Province] Communist Base - 1935
     
    In northern Shenxi Province, the CCP propaganda stated that the October 1935 arrival of Mao Tse-tung's Central Red Army saved the lives of Liu Zhidan & Gao Gang [Shenxi-Gansu faction] who were imprisoned by Zhu Lizhi & Guo Hongtao [northern Shenxi faction]. This happened just months ahead of the arrival of Mao's Central Front Red Army. That is, not related to Mao Tse-tung who, still fleeing on the long march, had just read about the Shenxi Red Army on the newspapers.
     
    Liu Zhidan was accused of being a rightist and consecutively a reactionary. Inside of the Red Army 26th Corps, all officers above the battalion level were arrested, cadres from the CCP Northwestern Military Commission, county level CCP secretaries, and county level secretaries from the Shan-Gan [Shenxi & Gansu] Soviet government were arrested. This was about Liu Zhidan's Shenxi-Gansu gang. There was also a writing by Meng Boqian in the book CHINA'S NIGHTMARE, in which there was a passage called I ONCE FOUGHT FOR MAO'S EMPIRE UNDER THE HEAVEN, talking about the rounding-up of hundreds of officers of the Shenxi Red Army officers and cadres, i.e., the northern Shenxi gang, for execution. The northern Shenxi gang was under the helm of Xie Zichang, someone who was more closely related to the Northern Communist Political Subbureau and involved in the hijacking of the 1933 Chahar Allied Army for conversion to the Red Army. Meng Boqian claimed that when Xu Haidong's Red Army arrived in Shenxi, Nie Hongjun, who was sent to Shenxi to assist Zhu Lizhi by the remnant communist party bureau [which relocated to Tientsin from Shanghai], began to purge the Shenxi gang by first inducing the Shenxi communists with a claim that Nie Hongjun himself was a good friend of Zhang Mutao's, ending in the arrest of whoever Shenxi communists confessed acquaintance with Zhang Mutao. Meng Boqian talked about Xie Zichang's finding out about the mass arrest through cousin Huang Ziwen, and then rallying the people to have Wayaobu surrounded to force Nie Hongjun and Xu Haidong into releasing the communist captives who were not buried alive yet. Huang Ziwen later disconnected with the communists and reconnected with the communists after the eruption of the resistance war but died of some mysterious circumstances. Nie Hongjun was the culprit Red Army division commissar who murdered American missionaries John and Betty Stam.
     
    Chen Yongfa pointed out that Xu Haidong's Red Army 25th Corps, which first arrived in Shenxi from the E-Yu-Wan enclave, assisted the "northern Shenxi faction" in purging the "Shenxi-Gansu faction" in the name of purging the reactionaries. Chen yongfa's story was similar to the communist propaganda, which blamed the initial purge on the internecine fighting between Liu Zhidan's Shenxi-Gansu gang and Xie Zichang's northern Shenxi gang, as if Xie Zichang's gang borrowing a knife from Xu Haidong's Red Army to kill the Shenxi-Gansu gang.
     
    Xie Zichang's northern Shenxi gang, which participated in the Chahar Allied Army mutiny at Kalgan and always reported direct to the communist bureau in Tientsin, had uninterrupted connection with Zhang Mutao et al. Liu Zhidan's Shenxi-Gansu gang had acted as the county constabulary forces under General Yang Hucheng's protection. Both the Shenxi communist gangs apparently deviated from the radical communist approach of land reform and landlord liquidation, with Huang Ziwen resorting to having himself taken hostage in order for the Red Army to demand ransoms with his landlord parents. In light of Meng Boqian's recital, which might have some errors due to his aging memory while living in Hong Kong, it was not Xie Zichang's internal purge against the Liu Zhidan's gang. The communist propaganda said that Xie Zichang died of wounds from a battle. Meng Boqian stated that Xie Zichang, who caught illness and was taking rest in an uncle's home, came out of hiding to force Nie Hongjun and Xu Haidong into releasing the arrested communists at Wayaobu, but mysteriously disappeared thereafter. (Chen Yongfa/Yung-fa Chen, who wrote a history of the CCP, was a second generation Taiwan scholar, with the line of logic following Zhang Yufa's research of the Chinese communist history, which was predicated on a series of writings by the turn-coat communist Southern Bureau leader Guo Qian. That is, the communist turncoat Guo Qian was the grand master who exposed the Chinese Communists' heinous past. In mainland China, Liu Suola, some woman related to Liu Zhidan, was said to be purportedly rewriting some book on Liu Zhidan. Liu Zhidan, similar to Huang Ziwen, had returned to the Shenxi hometown after joining the communist revolution in southern China. Liu Zhidan was recorded to have an interesting dialogue with Xi Zhongxun, i.e., retarded, stupid and sinister communist party leader Xi Jinping's father, about the mutiny work. The two "brothers," what we call by "nan-xiong (elder brother in trouble) nan-di (younger brother in trouble)," talked about their seventy aborted mutinies that they conducted among the northwestern warlord armies. Over seventy mutinies, just like the Nanchang Mutiny and the Canton Commune Mutiny, that was what the bad joke of the communist revolution did to the great Sinitic civilization of 5000 years. Any book that is to be written, without tracing the history of Zhang Mutao or referencing Meng Boqian's book, would be a futile attempt.)
     
    Chen Yongfa wrongly stated that Liu Zhidan was executed by the "northern Shenxi faction" prior to Mao Tse-tung's arrival. However, the historical facts pointed to Liu Zhidan's later death in the hands of the Mao-controlled Red Army 25th Corps during the campaign across the East Yellow River Bend. The Anti-CCP writings, which often cited the original song of "tai [grand] yang [sun] hong [red]" as a eulogy of Liu Zhidan, came up with a conspiracy theory stating that Liu Zhidan was deliberately sent across the East Yellow River Bend for secret execution. The song's music derived from the missionaries' hallelujah kind "Psalms of Praise" lyrics.
     
    According to Meng Boqian who fled the communist territory in 1938, in the communist Red Army area, a massive purge movement against the Zhang Mutao faction was in progress, with the portraits or strawman figures of Zhang hanging used as a target for the shooting practice. Meng Boqian, an officer under Liu Zhidan, who fled to Hongkong after the communist revolution, pointed out in his book I ONCE FOUGHT FOR MAO'S EMPIRE that Liu Zhidan was not harmed by Mao Tse-tung at the beginning because Meng still commanded two detachments of the Shenxi guerrilla forces in the Mt. Qinling Ridge area, south of Xi'an. Mao repeatedly ordered the Shenxi guerrillas to return north for reorganization.
     
    Again, the October 1935 arrival of Mao Tse-tung's Central Red Army was cited as liberation of those persecuted CCP members, such as Xi Zhongxun (i.e., Xi Jingping's father), who was shedding tears at the time of almost being buried alive --a prevalent communist way of killing for saving bullets. Meng Boqian's writings also mentioned that Liu Zhidan, while under arrest, shed tears as well. Chen Yongfa stated that Mao Tse-tung, after releasing the "Shenxi-Gansu faction," did nothing against the "northern Shenxi faction" as a result of possible liaison and amicableness between the "northern Shenxi faction" and the Moscow returnees. Prof Chen was insightful in pointing out the Moscow link. Jung Chang, citing Otto Braun repeatedly [including the telegraph set story during the long march], claimed that it was Mao who sent the special commissars to Shenxi to "soften" the hold on power of the local communist leaders. The truth was that the northern Communist bureau, as well as the defunct Shanghai bureau, flocked to Shenxi as a last enclave of the Chinese Communist military revolution months ahead of Mao's making the decision to go to Shenxi. The purge of Liu Zhidan was part of an internal Chinese Communist feuds dating to the Wars of the Central Plains of 1930 and the Chahar Allied Army of 1933.
     
     
    The Communist Instigation, Trotskyites & Purge of Trotskyites Outside of the Communist Domain
     
    Xie Hegeng was dispatched to Southwestern China by the CCP in the autumn of 1934 for instigating Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren's rebellion against Chiang Kai-shek, i.e., Li Zongren's so-called "June 1st Movement" [which was predicated on KMT veteran leader Hu Hanmin's death on May 12th and Chiang kai-shek's demand that Canton warlord Chen Jitang submit to the KMT Central]. This movement against Chiang Kai-shek, a communist buzz word, actually relieved the Central Army's pressure on the Red Army since Hu Zongnan's army was for one time withdrawn from the Sichuan basin for a planned shipment to southern China at a critical time when the Red Army attacked Songpan area for tearing open a path to continuously flee northward. Xie Hegeng was selected for the task for his father's connection with Bai Chongxi's uncle. For the secrecy's sake, Xie Hegeng was ordered to have the vertical contacts with several communist leaders, only, including Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Li Kenong and Xuan Xiafu. Xuan Xiafu, who planned to continue his work inside of the Northwestern Armies [i.e., the armies controlled by Sun Dianying & Sun Liangcheng], was ordered to go to southern China to assist Xie Hegeng. Xuan Xiafu obtained a recommendation letter from Ji Hongchang for the southwestern China gig.
     
    Xuan Xiafu, a Whampoa Military Academy dropout, was a heavy-weight communist saboteur who was involved in numerous mutiny and rebellion of provincial armies. Later in the late 1930s, while Xua Xiafu was pretentiously working under the communist Eighth Route Army's Xi'an representative office, he was abducted by the government's secret agents, executed and buried in a well. What happened was that Dai Li's agents enjoyed free action in the Xi'an administrative zone which fell under Hu Zongnan's control. Dai Li and Hu Zongnan claimed to be Chiang Kai-shek's two dogs.
     
    After the dissipation of the "June 1st Movement" as a result of the Cantonese ally's disintegration, the communists, who surrounded another KMT veteran Li Jishen, continued the scheme in engendering more unrest. Li Jishen and Hu Egong travelled to Guangxi for liaison with Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi on July 27th, with resolutions to establish an independent government in August. Separately, Wen Zhaoyuan, i.e., former 19th Route Army brigade commander, was authorized to rebuild an army in Guangxi, with communist elements involved in deliberately murdering an ethnic-Japanese drugstore owner at the Guangxi coast for provoking a Sino-Japanese war. The Guangxi rebellion was triggered by Chiang Kai-shek's demand on July 25th that the Guangxi warlord leaders vacate the province for jobs in the central government and Zhejiang provincial government. While Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi reached a compromise with the central governments in September, the communists, together with Hu Egong and Wang Gongdu, et al., were against it. By November, the Guangxi faction was also colluding with Zhang Xueliang for the pending Xi'an coup, with undercover communist Liu Zhongrong shuttling between the Guangxi clique and Xi'an. Liu Zhongrong, also a heavyweight communist agent, took advantage of the Xi'an mission to travel to the communist camp in northern Shenxi for consulting with the communists during the Xi'an coup.
     
    Prior to the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War on July 7th, 1937, the communists, through Liu Zhongrong and Wang Gongdu's arrangement, sent Guangxi native communist Zhang Yunyi back to Guangxi as a communist representative. Wang Gongdu and Zhang Yunyi worked out a joint political charter of the communists and the Guangxi clique, which was basically to pressure Chiang Kai-shek into launching a war against Japan, that actually erupted on July 7th, days later. The nature of Wang Gongdu's work with Zhang Yunyi was anti-Chiang Kai-shek, which became an outdated theme after the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War, with Stalin sending back Wang Ming and Kang Sheng to implement the united front strategy, namely, full Soviet and communists' support for Chiang Kai-shek in the war against Japan. However, the Guangxi warlords, i.e., Li Zongren and Huang Xuchu, before leaving the Guangxi homebase for the front, reached a consensus to eliminate Wang Gongdu for his deep-rooted control of political organizations, and hence adopted the communist scheme of using the Trotskyists as pretext to arrest the gang, i.e., dozens of Guangxi political work corps. Executed in August of 1937 would be a batch of five persons, among others, Wang Gongdu, Xie Cangsheng, Ou Weiwen, Wei Gan, Tao Baoyuan and Cui Zhenwu, with some real communists included. The Guangxi Trotskyist gang would not be pardoned and re-assigned jobs till months later.
     
    Notable among the dubious-identity communists killed in northwestern China as Trotskyists would be Zhang Mutao, et al. With Hu Zongnan's acquiesce, there were other incidents of secret-identity communists being arrested and executed under different arrangements, with the Chinese communists unable to raise protest for the sensitivity of infiltration and subversion. In addition to Xuan Xiafu's assassination, someone called by Hu Baoyi, who was at one time in the early 1920s among the sworn brothers of Hu Zongnan, Dai Li (Tai Li), Wang Yaqiao, et al., then entangled in the provincial warlords' wars of the 1920s, was assassinated at a train shop. Another person would be an ambiguous identity communist party's founding meeting participant of June-July of 1921 and Nanchang Mutiny/Canton Commune Mutiny participant of 1927, as well as a former political indoctrination department lecturer in Hu Zongnan's Whampoa Academy 7th Branch, by the name of Zhu Xinfan (Chu Ch'i-hua 28 December 1907-1945, real name Zhu Yalin, a.k.a. Zhu Qihua, alias Zhu Xin1fan2, and pen name Liu Ning/Li Ang), who was burnt to death in a closed temple after a long duration house arrest through 1941-1945, a setup by Hu Zongnan's security officer Zhu Ji and under the direct order of Chiang Kai-shek. Zhu Pengpeng, i.e., Zhu Qihua's son who was imprisoned by the communists for decades over his father's 'reactionary' background, claimed that some top communist disclosed that Zhu Qihua reported to Zhou Enlai direct, with his father being ordered to leave behind three children and depart for Xi'an on a last train by some mysterious communist (more likely mentor Shao Lizi than an explicit identity communist) during the height of the 1937 Battle of Shanghai.
     
    During 1941-1943, Zhu Qihua appeared to be a prolific writer who was allowed to write and publish numerous articles and books during his years of house arrest. The so-called "Latter Three Distinguished" spies of Xiang Xianghui, Chen Zhongjing and Shen Jian [in contrast with three former communist spies of Li Kenong, Qia Zhuangfei and Hu Di], who infiltrated into Hu Zongnan's headquarters in 1938, might not be involved in the scheme as the communists had different assignments for their spies. Likely, the communists or radical faction communists under Wang Ming and Kang Sheng borrowed the knife of government agents to kill what the communists believed to be a Trotstkyist, who was redundantly listed with his pen name among the communists' top-ten must-kill Trotstkyists or Trotskyites, the same way as they did to Zhang Mutao, as a result of Zhu Qihua's deviating from the communist ideology to have published numerous books and articles criticizing the communist passivity in the resistance war against Japan. The murder setup was to make it appear to be a fire accident likely due to the sensitivity that Zhu Qihua's brother, i.e., Japan student-returnee Zhu Shaoxian, was working in Chiang Kai-shek's attache office. After the surrender of the Japanese, Zhu Qihua's wife was told that her husband had left for a Manchuria assignment, which again showed the secrecy surrounding this incident.
     

     
    "The June 1st Movement"
     
    Murdering an Ethnic-Japanese Drugstore Owner
     
    The Communist Infiltration into Southwestern China
     
    "The Guangxi Province Trotskyists"
     
    More available at Communist_Instigation_in_Southwest_China.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    The Communist Infiltration Into Shanxi Province
     
    The Red Army invaded Shanxi Province in the name of an "eastern campaign against the Japanese" on February 21st, 1936, withdrew from Shanxi on May 3rd, and issued the May 5th Promulgation as well as the August 25th open letter to the KMT. Yan Xishan, to counter the communist forces, had requested for Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Central Army to come into Shanxi Province. Thereafter, Yan Xishan would collude with the communists in getting rid of Chiang Kai-shek's forces. The Communists ended up to be a winner in the final.
     
    Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Mao Tse-tung, to solve the financial bankruptcy, personally led a campaign against Shanxi Province by crossing the Yellow River in the spring of 1936 [Feb 20th]. Xu Xiangqian, however, hinted at an internal CCP documentation about the Suiyuan-Mongolia linkage. This was corroborated by the order sent to the communists in Manchuria, where part of the communist-controlled Northeastern Volunteer Fighter Army Corps was steered to the west, across the heartland of Manchuria, for an aborted linking-up with the Red Army coming east from Shenxi. (Years earlier, Feng Zhanhai, with officers such as Haan Shengtao, et al., successfully fought across the heartland of Manchuria to penetrate to the Pine Desert area of Jehol, where they later took part in the defense of Chahar and Jehol provinces against the Japanese Kwantung Army. Haan Shengtao was a Chinese general who fought the full 15-year resistance war against Japan, and survived the waves of the Chinese communists' execution of the former government army generals and officers to live to the age of 90.)
     
    The Red Army defeated Zhou Yuanjian's Shanxi Province army at the Guanshangcun Village after crossing the river. The Red Army looted Yan Xishan's Shanxi Province money that was equivalent to 550000 yuan "fa [legalized] bi [currency]." Later, the communists gave some Western sympathizers, such as Rewi Alley, the blood-soaked "fa [legalized] bi [currency]" for washing money in the non-communist-controlled area. In addition, 7000-8000 new recruits were brought back to Shenxi from Shanxi when the CCP retreated in face of the KMT Central Army relief to Yan Xishan. Chen Cheng's KMT Central Army relief to Yan Xishan entered Shanxi Province on March 25th, 1936. Hu Zongnan sent one regiment to Chen Cheng for driving the communists out of Shanxi. Chiang Kai-shek also dispatched the crack troops of Tang Enbo, Guan Linzheng, and Shang Zhen to Shanxi Province as well, with an exaggerated number of 150,000 in total.
     
    The Red Army withdrew from Shanxi on May 3rd, and issued the May 5th Promulgation calling for "truce for peace, and concerted resistance war against Japan." http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/3/11/5/54576.html pointed out that Yan Xishan might have reached a deal with the communists in ridding of the KMT Central Army by means of a persuasion to have the communist forces retreat back to Shenxi Province. Yan Xishan might have agreed to the CCP's launching a "secret office" in Taiyuan on the matter of further cooperation. The Communist records pointed out that Wang Shiying, who relocated the CCP Central Interim Bureau to Tianjin from Shanghai in 1935, later worked under Liu Shaoqi's CCP Northern Bureau and helped establish a Red Army Taiyuan Office by colluding with Shanxi Province's Governor Yan Xishan.
     
    On September 18th, 1936, Yan Xishan, on the 5th anniversary of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, organized a 10,000 people gathering in Taiyuan and announced the establishment of the "Allied Society Of Sacrifice For Sake Of Rescuing The Nation." Top communist cadre Bo Yibo was invited by Yan Xishan from Peking for developing the "allied society." In late Oct, Bo Yibo assumed the post as "standing secretary" of the "allied society" as well as secretary of Yan Xishan's Taiyuan Office For Pacifying & Quelling the Communist Banditry. Hence, the communist organizations went into prosperity under a legal cover. Bo Yibo, who was a relative of Yan Xishan's family members, first worked to have Yan Xishan distance himself from Zhang Mutao, a senior communist who was expelled from the communist party over the Chahar Allied Army Incident.
     
    For further details on the communist activity in Shanxi Province, please refer to the "duel column" and "Shanxi Province new army" organized by the "Allied Society Of Sacrifice For Sake Of Rescuing The Nation" and the CCP after the July 7th, 1937 outbreak of resistance war. After the outbreak of the 1937 resistance war, the communists instigated Yan Xishan into launching a New Army as a parallel to the former provincial army which was referred to as the 'Old Army.' Later, in 1939, the communists conducted a mutiny to instigate the New Army and the duel army into defecting to the communist camp. Refer to THE ENEMY FROM WITHIN for details.
     
     
    The Xi'An Incident - the Turning Point Of Modern History
     
    On December 4th, 1936, Chiang Kai-shek personally went to Xi'an [i.e., Sian] of Shenxi Province to give lectures to General Zhang Xueliang and General Yang Hucheng on the matter of quelling the communist rebellion. Chiang Kai-shek, who flew to Luoyang from his November 17th visit to Yan Xishan in Taiyuan, was deliberately invited over to Xi'an by Zhang Xueliang as part of a setup. Zhang Xueliang, i.e., deputy commander-in-chief of the nationalist army, went to Luoyang of Henan Province on December 3rd for petitioning the release of the so-called seven patriotic gentlemen of Shanghai (i.e., Shen Junlu et al.). There was no doubt about a clear communist conspiracy in light of the fact that senior CCP leader Xu Xiangqian revealed on page 357 of "History In Retrospect" that the CCP Central had ordered in Nov/Dec 1936 that the Western Route Red Army stay put in the Western Corridor [west of the Western Yellow River Bend] as a result of Zhang Xueliang's promise that he would turn around the tide within a matter of "one to two months," i.e., launching the Xi'an Coup of December 12th, 1936.
     
    General Zhang Xueliang and General Yang Hucheng, whose Northeastern Army and Northwestern Armies had been infiltrated with the communist agents, staged a coup to have Chiang Kai-shek abducted on December 12th, 1936, on which day Chiang Kai-shek personally sat in at the Huaqingchi Pond of Lintong for lecturing the Northeastern Army officers. This was the so-called Xi'an Incident which would force Chiang Kai-shek into stopping the civil war against the communists for a second alliance [i.e., the Second United Front].
     
    The Northeastern Army vs the Red Army
    The Northeastern Army, after retreating from Manchuria in 1931, had been dispatched to northwestern China mostly, with Yu Xuezhong's 51st Corps stationed in Gansu Province and Yu himself acting as chairman for Gansu; Miao Chengliu's 57th Corps stationed at the Xifengkou Pass; Wan Fulin's 53rd Corps retained in Northern China; Wang Yizhe's 67th Corps stationed in the Pingliang area of Gansu Province; and Heh Zhuguo's cavalry corps stationed in the Guyuan area of Gansu Province [in today's Ningxia]. Zhou Fucheng's 129th division was reassigned to the 67th Corps from the 53rd Corps for fighting the communist forces which converged around the Wayaobu (Wayaobao) area of Shenxi.
     
    In late 1935, the Northeastern Army suffered a setback when the communists defeated, at the Ziluozhen Town, two divisions of Heh Zhuguo's cavalry corps, i.e., Niu Yuanfeng's 109th Division and Heh Lizhong's 110th Div. Yao Liyuan pointed out that when Niu Yuanfeng's 109th Division and Heh Lizhong's 110th Div, numbering 24,000 men, were surrounded by the communists. The communists played the ancient tactic of "singing to Xiang Yu's army the native songs of the Chu-guo Principality." The Communist forces moved the Northeastern Army soldiers to tears by singing the song "My home was on the bank of the Sungari [Songhuajiang] River in Manchuria." Without fighting any significant shots, the northeastern army was disarmed by the communist army. Niu Yuanfeng, Heh Lizhong, tactician Pei Huancai, and six out of eight regiment commanders all committed suicide when the soldiers refused to raise their weapons. Gao Fuyuan, the only regimental commander caught alive, was released by the communists for carrying a letter from Mao Tse-tung to Zhang Xueliang. (Communist records pointed out that they captured and executed Niu Yuanfeng, which was against the united front policy.)
     
    Before the siege, Mao Tse-tung had written at least three letters of "surrender," with two letters sent to Chiang Kai-shek while the Red Army was at Zunyi in Guizhou Province and in Sichuan during the long march, respectively. Yao Lifu cited Peng Zhaoxian in stating that Tan Zhen learned from Chiang Kai-shek that Mao Tse-tung had dispatched a Hunan native to Nanking for sending the 'surrender' letter. The second letter was sent to Hu Zongnan by Xu Xiangqian while the two camps were fighting each other in Songpan of Sichuan Province. Note that Hu Zongnan's army, which suffered a high death toll due to the severe winter weather, successfully beat back the Red Army and caused the Red Army to take the route of the grasslands for escaping towards the northwest. Provincial Chair for Shenxi Province, Shao Lizi, who later defected to the CCP to be a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Committee, received a letter from Mao Tse-tung right after the Red Army relocated to Shenxi Province; Shao Lizi dared not submit the letter to Chiang for fear of possible implication with the communists since Chiang had already declined Mao's requests twice; and Shao later sighed to Peng Zhaoxian that Chiang Kai-shek had basically forfeited a good opportunity of "closing it when the situation was favorable" (i.e., "jian hao jiu shou"). What this episode was about actually related to the secret talks between Chiang Kai-shek and Stalin, which was disrupted by Zhang Xueliang's Xi'an coup. Chiang Kai-shek and Stalin, in regards to the Chinese communists, had a difference of approach as to a whole-basket or half-basket solution, which was conditioned on Mao Tse-tung and the top communist leadership's being exiled to Moscow in exchange for a Sino-Russian alliance-nature agreement. Mao's 3rd letter stated that he would be willing to go overseas to assure Chiang that his Red Army was willing to be re-organized under the KMT leadership for sake of fighting the Japanese aggression. The conclusion is that it was always the CCP's top agenda to make Chiang Kai-shek stop the war against the communists and that Chiang Kai-shek's tough stance towards the communists might have doomed China's future. (In another word, without Chiang Kai-shek, China would have been communized as early as 1926-1927.)
     
    Communist Infiltration Into the Northwestern Army
    Communist infiltration into the Northwestern Army could be seen in the communist identity of General Yang Hucheng's wife, i.e., Xie Baozhen. It was said that Xia Baozhen married with Yang Hucheng in January 1928 under the communist auspice. Previously serving under Yang Hucheng would be under-cover communist Zhang Hanmin [i.e., brigade chief of the 3rd Policing Brigade of the 17th Route Army] who was ambushed and executed by the Red Army. Among Yang Hucheng's advisers would be communist agent Wang Bingnann. The communist seeds laid in the works of Liu Zhidan's CCP Shenxi Province special commissar committee.
     
    In November 1935, Wang [1] Feng, a CCP cadre who had served under Liu Zhidan's CCP Shenxi Province special commissar committee, was ordered by Jia Tuofu to go to the Fuxian county from Wayaobu (Wayaobao) for seeing Yang Shangkun. Yang Shangkun, busy dispersing booty from the Battle of the Ziluozhen Town, told him that Mao Tse-tung and Zhou En-lai wanted to see him. Mao Tse-tung ordered that Wang[1] Feng go inside of Yang Hucheng's Northwestern Army [i.e., the 17th Route Army] for instigation, with instructions that the CCP should change the policy of eliminating the landlords and adopt the new approach of uniting the open-minded gentry, middle-class, regional factions, intellectuals, national bourgeoisie, and warlords for sake of re-establishing a united front. Wang[1] Feng informed Mao Tse-tung that inside of the 17th Route Army, the CCP Shenxi Province special commissar committee still possessed numerous underground agents as well as communist sympathizers (i.e., Du Bincheng). Mao Tse-tung wrote a letter with attention to Yang Hucheng, Du Bincheng and Deng Baoshan. Thereafter, Wang[1] Feng sneaked out of the Soviet territory by passing through the Lanyichun Village which was under the jurisdiction of the 'Guan-zhong [west of Xi'an] sub-bureau of the CCP Shenxi Province special commissar committee."
     
    Near the Changwu county, Wang[1] Feng was stopped by two plaincoats; however, Wang[1] Feng, using the letter attentioned to Yang Hucheng, coerced the two guys into delivering him into the hands of county magistrate Dang Bohu, a communist sympathizer as well as a crony of Yang Hucheng. Wang[1] Feng was escorted to Xi'an for seeing Yang Hucheng. For the first week, Yang Hucheng instructed that two officials, Wu Huairen and Zhang Yizhong, to make arrangement for Wang[1] Feng to stay in a custodial facility. Wang[1] Feng stated that Zhang Yizhong was an old acquaintance who had participated in the CCP's Wei-Hua Uprising under the leadership of Liu Zhidan, and that Zhang Yizhong had inquired into the status of Liu Zhidan at one time. Yang Hucheng, when seeing Wang[1] Feng, rebuked the CCP's Red Army Fourth Front and Xu Haidong's Red Army 25th Corps for breaking promise and trust on the matter of 1) attacking Sun Weiru's army of the 17th Route Army in the Hanzhong & Tianshui area; and 2) ambushing the 3rd Policing Brigade of the 17th Route Army and executing brigade chief Zhang Hanmin (an undercover communist). Yang stated that he had shielded Zhang Hanmin numerous times even though Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Lifu, et al., had once and again warned him that Zhang was a communist agent. Wang[1] Feng argued that i) the Red Army Fourth Front had attacked Sun Weiru's army for distracting Hu Zongnan's 1st Division away from the west bank of the Jialingjiang River, and ii) the Red Army 25th Corps, with an original plan for re-organization in the Shenxi-Henan area after a fatigued breakout from the Hubei-Henan-Anhui enclave, had to engage themselves with the 17th Route Army's Liu Yanbiao brigade and Zhang Hanmin's brigade. Wang[1] Feng added that Xu Haidong's Red Army 25th Corps could not get in touch with the CCP Central for validating Zhang Hanmin's true communist identity; however, the execution, in Wang[1] Feng's words, could help Yang Hucheng in fending off Chiang Kai-shek's accusation of Yang's harboring communists. Thereafter, Yang Hucheng instructed that his secretary Wang Juren continue talks with Wang[1] Feng. (What this discussion referred to would be remnants of Zhang Guotao's Red Army Fourth Front intruding into the Hanzhong area under the acquiesce of Yang Hucheng and pillaging northern Sichuan, southern Shenxi and eastern Gansu, where the Red Army created numerous pits of 10,000 corpses and expanded the headcount to 100,000 including a female Red Army contingent.)
     
    With the help of Zhang Yizhong, Wang[1] Feng got to meet Du Bincheng. Du Bincheng promised to help Wang[1] Feng in meeting corps chief Deng Baoshan who was in the Sanyuan area. Zhang Yizhong and security bureau chief Pang Zhijie informed Wang[1] Feng that Yang Hucheng had a secret order of protecting Wang[1] Feng's safety as well as killing him in case Chiang Kai-shek's agents laid hands on him. After one month's stay, Yang Hucheng instructed that Pang Zhijie escort Wang[1] Feng and Wang Shijie (i.e., Yang Hucheng's senior military tactician and personal rep) back to the CCP territories via the Chunhua town which was guarded by 2nd special regiment chief Yan Kuiyao, an undercover communist. Company chief Lei Zhanru, also a CCP, escorted them back to the Lanyicun Village. Wang[1] Feng's memoirs pointed out that Wang Shijie and Pang Zhijie were all underground CCP agents. Chen Yongfa pointed out the CCP and Yang Hucheng had basically reached a non-aggression pact.
     
    Zhang Xueliang's Collusion With the CCP
    The Communists claimed that they evacuated to Yan'an from Wayaobu (Wayaobao) for winning over the Northeastern Army since Zhang Xueliang had to conduct some superficial campaigns for appeasing Chiang Kai-shek. The fact was that the Northeastern Army's Wang Yizhe cavalry corps held the territory of Fushi (Yan'an) till after the December 1936 Xi'an Incident.
     
    The Northeastern Army officers and soldiers, being indignant over the Japanese occupation of their homeland, often antagonized Chiang Kai-shek over the policy of "quelling the communist insurgency before countering the Japanese invasion." In December 1935, Zhang Xueliang dispatched a secret emissary to Shanghai for meeting with Li Du, i.e., a former general in charge of Manchuria's "People's Righteous & Brave Volunteer Fighters." (Li Du was validated to be a CCP underground agent in some recent revelation, and could have been converted after return to China from exile in the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the defeat of the volunteer army at the turn of 1932-1933.) Zhang Xueliang wanted Li Du, a former Northeastern Army officer, to connect him with the CCP leadership for a possible united front against Japan. Hence, Dong Jianwu, a "Red" priest at the St. Peter's Church as well as an underground CCP, under authorization of Mme Sun Yat-sen, made a trip to Xi'an from Shanghai in the name of a "Northwestern Economic Special Commissar" under H.H. Kung (Kong Xiangxi)' Finance Ministry. Dong Jianwu and Song Ziwen were said to be classmates at the St John's University in Shanghai in the early years. Confusing accounts from the CCP sources also claimed that Song Ziwen intended to dispatch a messenger to the communist territory in Yan'an for talks. Hence, Liu Ding and Dong Jianwu, who did not know each other's communist identity, had traveled to the Northwest together. In the city of Xi'an, multiple organizations were at work, including "jiu guo hui" [society for rescuing China] by the so-called seven gentlemen, the "Third Party" [i.e., Deng Yanda's party], and the "united student associations."
     
    Per Francis Pike, who likely sourced to Jung Chang, Zhang Xueliang in late 1935 went to Shanghai to meet the "Russian agents" who were courting the Young Marshal; and Zhang Xueliang was encouraged by Stalin to meet a CCP agent in January 1936. Jung Chang does not know Stalin hated Zhang Xueliang so much for the 1929 Chinese Eastern Railway War that in August 1936 he personally struck down Zhang Xueliang's communist party membership. Likely the exaggerated and misnomer 'Russian agent' here was nobody else other than Li Du who returned to China in 1933 via a detour through the Soviet Union after his Manchuria volunteer army was defeated by the Japanese. --Indeed Pike, a brilliant historian, fell under Jung Chang's peudo-history in making this absurd claim in addition to making another pseudo-citation of Artur Khristyanovich Artuzov's being purged by Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov for a purported draft telegram to Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-Liang) as to killing Chiang Kai-shek. (Two batches of commuinist returnee-emissaries, Lin Yuying, and subsequently Pan Hannian, failed to deliver a working code book, and it would be Liu Changsheng's return in June 1936 that fully restored the Shenxi communists' wireless link with Georgi Dimitrov, that produced the July 2nd report informing Stalin of the ongoing communist conspiracy with Zhang Xueliang in regards to organization of a Northwestern National Defense Government, i.e., the pending Xi'an Coup.)
     
    Dong Jianwu, failing to secure a car for entering northern Shenxi in the snowy winter, requested with Zhang Xueliang for assistance. Zhang Xueliang ordered that a plane fly Dong Jianwu & Zhang Zhihua to Fushi [Yan'an] county where a company of cavalry troops escorted them onward to the CCP's Wayaobu (Wayaobao) domain. Zhang Zhihua, ironically, was another special emissary dispatched by KMT's Zeng Yangfu as a companion of Dong Jianwu. Dong Jianwu arrived at the post of CCP border commander Li Jinglin on February 27th, 1936, and did not depart Wayaobu (Wayaobao) till March 5th, 1936. After that, Zhang Xueliang personally went to Luochuan for meeting with CCP spy master Li Kenong, apparently encouraged by the KMT Central's initiatives in contacting the CCP. Luochuan was guarded by General Wang Yizhe's 67th Corps. Chen Yongfa pointed out that General Wang Yizhe's 67th Corps and Red Army reached a non-aggression pact in March 1936. Again, it shows how the KMT lacked both strategy and tactics in dealing with the communists, and Zhang Xueliang's slipping into the CCP traps could be construed as having been triggered by Chiang Kai-shek cronies in the first place. http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/3/12/25/57309.html carried an article stating Zhang Xueliang's possible enrolment in the CCP as well as another CCP mole [Song Lih] by the side of Zhang Xueliang.
     
    Once Dong Jianwu returned to Shanghai, he was asked by Mme Sun Yat-sen to meet with a "Mr. Zhou" using a hotel as a liaison place. The madame asked to use a hotel as the liaison place because she was fed up with Smedley's bringing communists Kan Zunmin and Rao Shushi to her concession territory apartment to have possibly aroused suspicion from the settlement police. This "Mr. Zhou" would be CCP special task force member Kan Zunmin who was offered sanctuary by Rewi Alley and Agnes Smedley. Agnes Smedley, who often took the communist agents to Mme Sun Yat-sen's home in the foreigners' apartments in Shanghai concession territory, was later reported by the madam to Wang Ming in Moscow for violation of security and confidentiality measures. Rewi Alley, a well-known homosexual who had adopted some Chinese boy or sons, was a faithful follower of the communist cause, and in addition to harboring the telegraph transmitter, was actively engaged in the money laundering, i.e., washing blood off the money that was sent over from the Red Army. Wu Tianyao, in "Liu Ding & Xi'an Incident," stated that in March 1936, Smedley asked Liu Ding to meet a friend in a hotel, i.e., "Red" priest Dong Jianwu. Liu Ding, whom Dong Jianwu was already acquainted with before, accepted the task. Hence, Li Du wired to Zhang Xueliang with a message that "the friend you had sought for had been located." Zhang Xueliang, though himself already in touch with CCP spy master Li Kenong, still dispatched Zhao Yi for fetching Kan Zunmin who now adopted the alias Liu Ding. In this month, Mme Sun Yat-sen arranged the safe passage for George Hatem to go to Yenan.
     
    On March 20th, Liu Ding, with medicine that Smedley had asked for relay to the CCP, was assigned temporary residence inside of the home of Shenxi Province opium banning bureau chief. The second day, Liu Ding met with Zhang Xueliang who wanted him to forward to the CCP several questions, including: "Why did the Red Army hit his Northeastern Army so hard?" and "Why did the CCP call him a collaborator with the Japanese when he resisted the Soviet Russian's attempt at grabbing China's Eastern Railroad during the 1929 War of the Chinese Eastern Railway?" Zhang Xueliang and Liu Ding then went to Luochuan together, stayed there for one dozen days, and had dinner and lunch together on daily basis. Zhang Xueliang wrongly guessed that Liu Ding [Kan Zunmin] could be renowned Moscow returnee Wang Jiaxiang. Zhang Xueliang never realized that Stalin never forgave him for the 1929 War of the Chinese Eastern Railway, a reason that Stalin later in August instructed the CCP in declining Zhang Xueliang's application for membership in the Chinese Communist Party, an order the Chinese communists muddled along. Stalin was not in the know about the communist conspiracy with Zhang Xueliang till Liu Changsheng's code book reestablished the wireless link with Georgi Dimitrov in June 1936. Though, Mao Tse-tung and the communists, in likely April 1936, already approved Zhang's application, with the new useful idiot assigned an alias Comrade Li Yi (a name in a communist archived document dated August 9th, 1936), an episode corroborated by communist Lü Zhengcao and furthermore verified by Song Lih with Ye Jianying.
     
    On the afternoon of April 9th, 1936, Zhang Xueliang, Liu Ding, Wang Yizhe, and bodyguard chief Sun Mingjiu, riding on his private plane (Flying Palace) piloted by Texan pilot Royal Leonard, flew to Fushi [Yan'an] where they held a secret meeting with Zhou Enlai & Li Kenong inside a Catholic church under the foot of Yan'an Bao-ta [treasured pagoda]. Meeting lasted through the night to 4:00 am the next day. Zhang Xueliang gave the CCP a new color map of China as a gift, while the CCP promised to i) help train Northeastern Army officers, ii) establish a joint army for resisting the Japanese invasion, iii) organize a "Northwestern National Defense Government," and vi) ally with U.S.S.R. for military assistance. (See Wu Tianyao's "Liu Ding & Xi'an Incident".) Liu Ding then made a trip to Red Army at Wayaobu (Wayaobao) where he was given a suitcase of Shanxi Province money for currency exchange into Chiang Kai-shek's "fa bi" (i.e., legalized currency). (Red Army looted Yan Xishan's Shanxi Province money when they initiated an eastern campaign across the East Yellow River Bend earlier. Chen Yongfa stated money looted was equivalent to 550000 yuan "fa bi". In addition, 7000-8000 new recruits were brought back to Shenxi from Shanxi when the CCP retreated in face of KMT Central Army relief to Yan Xishan.)
     
    Liu Ding and Li Kenong prepared two sets of telegraph codes for future liaison. When Liu Ding returned to Fushi [Yan'an], regiment chief Zhao of Northeastern Army trucked him over to Wang Yizhe's corps headquarters in Luochuan the next day. Liu Ding handed Zhang Xueliang a letter written by Zhou Enlai on April 22nd, which was to have Zhang Xueliang retain Liu Ding as an aid by his side. Days later, Zhang Xueliang personally flew the plane back to Xi'an. Royal Leonard (1905-1962), who wrote I Flew For China in 1942, was not Zhang Xueliang's only pilot. Lyon 'Bud' Lyon (1908-1973) came to China earlier than Leonard, accepted an invitation from Frank Cole, i.e., chief mechanic for Marshal Chang Hsueh-Liang, to assemble two planes at the Lunghwa aerodrome and then started flying for the Young Marshal, and furthermore, after the Xi'an Incident, continued the work at CNAC (China National Aviation Corp), stayed with the marshal's woman in Hongkong till the Japanese invasion in late 1941, and brought back to the U.S. Zhang Xueliang's archives that came to be known as The Papers of Hyland Bud Lyon that the communists stealthily purchased from Bonhams for US$482,500 to cover up the treacheries. The evidence showed that the proposed Northwestern National Defense Government of Lanzhou was called the Democratic Republic of China. The conspirators carried aliases of 'Li' for Zhang Xueliang's gang and 'Zhao' for the communist gang, with Zhang Xueliang coded by Li Yi, Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) by Zhao Dong and Zhou Enlai by Zhao Lai, carrying the patented sarcastic Zhao-surnamed landlord's name in Lu Xun's satirical novel Kong Yiji, a surname that came be equivalent to the identity of the communists and their cronies. (The alias sheet was likely made two months later, i.e., in June, after Wang Yizhe also joined the communists but before Stalin struck down Zhang's communist membership in August.)
     
    In Xi'an, Liu Ding revived two "rescuing to-be-lost county [China]" societies and supported magazine "Culture Weekly" by having a Shanghai leftist writer Wu Baoru take charge. Chen Yinan, at http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/3/10/13/52803.html, provided a comprehensive review of the intricacy of Xi'an Incident by pointing out that it was Stalin & Communist International which had forced the CCP, KMT Leftists (i.e., Soong Qingling) and Zhang Xueliang/Yang Hucheng into releasing Chiang Kai-shek; that Zhang Xueliang paid a secret visit to Zhou Enlai in Yan'an on April 9th, 1936 and applied for the CCP membership with Liu Ding (CCP rep stationed inside of Zhang Xueliang's army) on June 30th; that two months later 67th Corps Chief Song Yizhe also applied for CCP membership; and that Zhang Xueliang secretly delivered to the Red Army 10,000 sets of winter uniforms, more than 10,000 pairs of shoes, lots of grains, and 100000 yuan worthy of currency. Later in October, Zhang Xueliang gave the CCP 670000 yuan "fa [legalized] bi [currency]," per Chen Yongfa. Comintern records from U.S.S.R. disclosed that Stalin had rejected Zhang Xueliang's request for communist membership over the 1929 War of China Eastern Railroad. Chen Yongfa pointed out that Comintern's August 15th instructions emphasized to the CCP the unreliability of warlord Zhang Xueliang. (Mme Sun Yat-sen in November 1936 separately gave 50,000 U.S. dollars to Mao Tse-tung's communists, and would launch the China Defense League in June 1938 and the China Welfare Foundation in December 1945 for funneling money to the communist cause. This money, which was from Moscow, was sent to Yenan through Pan Hannian's relay, a secret operation divulged to T.V. Soong by Zhou Enlai during the Xi'an coup and something the madame complained to what she thought to be the communist boss in Moscow, i.e., Wang Ming.)
     
    Communists, in May of 1936, announced a cease-fire in accordance with Comintern's strategy of a united front against imperialism. Mao Tse-tung authored a letter to the nationalist "soldier brothers" for a united front against the Japanese. Around this time, Mao Tse-tung's long time unofficial wife, Heh Zizhen, gave birth to a daughter called Li Min. Heh Zizhen had gone through few abortions during the one-year-long Long March. Also in May 1936, Edgar Snow slipped into communist territory, with a purported recommendation letter from Mme Sun Yat-sen, for interviewing Mao Tse-tung.
     
    There ensued a so-called Guangdong-Guangxi Incident in June-July of 1936. Chiang Kai-shek pacified the rebellion by means of military buildup as well as financial assistance. Chen Yongfa stated that Zhang Xueliang had become cautious about cooperation with the CCP after seeing the dissipation of Guangdong-Guangxi Incident. According to Georgi Dimitrov's report to Stalin on July 2nd, the communist Red Armies concentrated in the area of northern Gansu, eastern Ningxia and northwestern Shenxi at the time (i.e., June 1936). In Georgi Dimitro's July 2nd report to Stalin, it was claimed that the KMT Central Army had 73 regiments, Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army 65 regiments, Yang Hucheng's Northwestern Army 69 regiments plus 21 auxiliary regiments, Ma Hongkui's Ningxia Army 21 regiments, Ma Bufang and Ma Jiyuan's Qinghai Army 15 regiments, Shenxi provincial army 10 regiments, and Gansu provincial army 12 regiments, plus Deng Baoshan's Gansu Army etc., totalling 286 regiments; that in order to establish a Northwestern National Defense Government with the capital city at Lanzhou, Soviet monthly funding of 3 million U.S. dollars was needed to cover the military stipends for 200,000 combined army troops of the Red Army and the Northeastern Army, etc., with the Northeastern Army alone getting 2 million U.S. dollars equivalent from Nanking; that donations from nationwide and overseas were not enough for making the target of 3 million U.S. dollars; and that Soviet heavy military pieces like planes and artillery pieces, plus shells, weapons like rifles and anti-air guns, plus munitions, and military logistic equipment like pontoon bridges, etc., were badly sought for.
     
    In early July, Zhang Xueliang, prior to his departure for Nanking's KMT 2nd Plenary of the 5th Congress, ordered that Liu Ding fly to the CCP immediately to report on his Nanking trip. The second day, Liu Ding flew to Fushi [Yan'an] and then walked to Ansai where communist leaders had gathered together in the hope that Zhang Xueliang or Wang Yizhe could have also come. Wu Tianyao's "Liu Ding & Xi'an Incident" stated that Mao Tse-tung instructed Liu Ding that Zhang Xueliang should tolerate Chiang Kai-shek instead of falling out against him. Liu Ding then traced Zhang Xueliang's footsteps by going to Nanking and Shanghai area, consecutively. Back in Xi'an, Liu Ding established a so-called Zhang Xueliang Dental Care Center with invitation of German dentist Herbert Wen-qi (? Smedley's referral) and dental assistant Xia Ming (CCP member as well as the widow of CCP cadre Deng Zhongxia). (Here is a usual CCP dirty game in giving their widows to European communist or sympathizers for sex as a way of retention of service, and another well-known example would be Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk's being offered numerous Chinese women by the CCP throughout 1960-80s.) The Dental Care Center was used as the CCP liaison center, a medicine supply transition center (which shipped Smedley and Alley's Shanghai goodies over to the CCP), and a CCP radio amplifier center [under CCP agent Tu Zuochao's operations]. Besides, Liu Ding bought a limousine for transporting high-ranking CCP officials (Pan Hannian, Deng Fa, and Ye Jianying, et al.) and international sympathizers (Edgar Snow, Agnes Smedley, and George Hatem). Liu Ding told Edgar Snow that should Snow write about him and blow up his cover, then they would not be "good friends" any more.





    In the autumn of 1936, Northeastern Army participated in a Chiang Kai-shek campaign against the communists, with Wang Yizhe's 67th Corps and Liu Duoquan's 105th Division acting as the thrusting forces. Tang Junyao, chief of 2nd brigade under 105th Div, chased the communists to Panlongzhen Town, 50 kilometers distance to the north of Fushi [Yan'an]. Tang Junyao was further ordered to march to Guyuan where Tang recovered Qiying & Maqibao (Maqibu) and rescued Ma Hongbin's cavalry regiment from the communist encirclement. About this time, on Aug 5th, 1936, the Red Army 4th Front and the Red Army 2nd Front mounted the Campaign of Mingzhou-Taozhou-Xigu. Two months later, on October 22nd, 1936, the Red Army 2nd Front converged with the Red Army 1st Front at Jiangtaibao, to the northeast of Huining. Zhang Xueliang, in early October of 1936, divulged to the CCP the so-called Chiang Kai-shek's "Tongwei Campaign," which made the communists pull up the "Campaign of Ningxia & Western Gansu" on October 10th, 1936. Mao Tse-tung, who feared Zhang Guotao's military strength, devised a way to doom the Red Army 4th Front in sending it on the He-xi [west of the western Yellow River Bend] Corridor Campaign.
     
    The Secret KMT-CCP Direct Contacts In Multiple Channels
    Throughout 1935-1936, emissaries for peace or ceasefire talks shuttled between the KMT and CCP in secrecy. Chiang Kai-shek's KMT was also in talks with the USSR. In early 1935, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched the "Yan Huiqing cultural delegation" to the USSR, and later, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched Deng Wenyi as military attaché to Moscow. In autumn of 1935, Deng Wenyi returned to China and briefed Chiang on Stalin's support in the fight against Japan. In the winter of 1935, Deng Wenyi, after return to Moscow, was authorized to contact the CCP's Comintern rep Wang Ming in Moscow. After several talks between Deng Wenyi and Wang Ming, the CCP Comintern delegation sent Pan Hannian back to China for working on the bilateral party talks. Before departing Moscow, Pan Hannian met with Deng Wenyi. Pan Hannian, once back in China, loitered in the Shanghai-Nanking area before delivering the telegraph codes to Yenan and got involved with the nationalist government during the Xi'an Coup, over which Pan Hannian was distrusted by Mao Tse-tung.
     
     
    More available at Plots & Conspiracies Behind Xi'an Coup. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    The Riddle Deepens
    Zhang Ling'ao memoirs pointed out that Zhang Chong, i.e., the youngest KMT executive commissar elected in 1935 at age 31, had been sent on an inspection trip to Italy, Germany & U.S.S.R. in the spring of 1934. After return to China, Zhang Chong first proposed the possibility of allying with U.S.S.R. against Japan by joining an anti-fascist front. (In early 1935, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched "Yan Huiqing cultural delegation" to USSR. In Aug, the CCP, with Moscow input, published so-called August 1st Proclamation in regards to establishing a united anti-Japan front. In autumn of 1935, Deng Wenyi, i.e., KMT military attaché to Moscow, returned to China. In the winter of 1935, Deng Wenyi, after return to Moscow, was authorized to contact the CCP's Comintern rep Wang Ming in Moscow.) Zhang Ling'ao further stated that in December 1935, Chen Lifu, with Chiang Kai-shek approval, went on a secret mission to U.S.S.R. with Zhang Chong by disguising themselves among Cheng Tianfang & Feng Ti's embassy to Germany. After ship Potsdam arrived in Italy, the two contacted Stalin who declined an invitation over possible Japanese reactions. Meanwhile, Japan's news agency repeatedly claimed that KMT top representative Chen Lifu was sent to Moscow. Chiang Kai-shek hence recalled Chen & Zhang, and pierced Japanese "rumor."
     
    More available at Plots & Conspiracies Behind Xi'an Coup. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    On The Eve Of Coup D'état
    Tang Junyao was recalled to Pingliang from Guyuan as the sole commander in charge of wars with communists while the rest of Northeastern Army officers converged onto Huaqingchi. Tang Junyao, however, was fetched over via plane to Xi'an by Zhang Xueliang (i.e., Northwestern Theater Deputy Commander-in-chief) on the late afternoon of December 11th 1936.
     
    On the same day, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng hosted a banquet with invitations of all Chiang Kai-shek entourage including Jiang Dingwen, Chen Cheng, Shao Yuanchong, Wei Lihuang, Chen Jicheng and Jiang Baili. On the early morning of December 12th, the hotel where those guests stayed would be stormed by Yang Hucheng's soldiers. Shao Yuanchong was killed when he intended to jump off a window. Presidential attaché chief Qian Dajun, who was injured at Huaqingchi, was shipped over to the Xijing Hotel after the coup d'état at Lintong. They would not find out what happened till newspapers arrived with reports about Xi'an Coup and Zhang-Yang Eight Point Proposals.
     
    Chen Yinan pointed out that Huang Yong'an, i.e., Northeastern Army 6th cannons brigade chief, defected to Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Central Army on December 12th at the news of the abduction. Hence, Zhang-Yang Eight Point Proposals did not get known in the press till Nanking Government fully sanitized the incident. Zhang-Yang Eight Point Proposals included clauses such as 1) Re-organize national government and allow multi-party to be responsible for rescuing the country; 2) Stop all civil wars; 3) Immediately release patriotic activists arrested in Shanghai; 4) Set free all political prisoners nationwide; 5) Open up bans on national patriotic movement; 6) Guarantee freedom of assembly and other political liberty; 7) Earnestly follow Premier Sun Yat-sen's instructions and will; and 8) Convene a meeting about rescuing the country without delay.
     
    In the wire, Zhang & Yang mentioned the shooting death incident of teenager boy by Chiang Kai-shek's military police during a student protest in Xi'an the day before. Zhang & Yang also accused Chiang Kai-shek of being surrounded by a circle of "xiao ren" (i.e., non-gentlemen or cunning men). Kong Xiangxi, who received a separate wire from Zhang Xueliang, pointed out that eight points had nothing to do with resisting Japan but to do with communist agenda.
     
    Tang Junyao Abducting Chiang Kai-shek At Lintong
    Tang Junyao was received by Division Chief Liu Duoquan and waited for Zhang Xueliang at Zhang's home till Zhang returned from the Huaqingchi meeting at 9:30 pm. Zhang Xueliang told Tang Junyao that he had requested with Chiang Kai-shek in October 1936 for approval to lead his Northeastern Army to the east for joining General Fu Zuoyi's battles with the Japanese at Bailingmiao. Two months earlier, Zhang Xueliang attended Chiang's birthday party in Luoyang. Zhang Xueliang stated that Chiang Kai-shek did request with Yan Xishan (aka Yan Baichuan) for the Northeastern Army to go to northern Shanxi Province to fight the Japanese, but Yan Xishan declined the offer. Yan Xishan, however, later requested Zhang Xueliang for sending the Northeastern Army to Shanxi after the Japanese sacked Bailingmiao. However, Zhang Xueliang stated to Tang Junyao that Chiang Kai-shek, hitting the desk in anger, rebuked Zhang as a 'counter-revolutionary' should Zhang asked for fighting the Japanese again. Zhang Xueliang further said that he had kneeled down in front of Chiang Kai-shek, he had requested time and again for fighting the Japanese, and he had written a 10,000-character petition to Chiang Kai-shek, but all to no vain. Zhang Xueliang instructed Tang Junyao to conduct a coup d'état by going to Lintong to abduct Chiang Kai-shek. After Tang Junyao questioned Zhang several times and raised the issues, Zhang agreed to hold an inner circle meeting to inform the Northeastern Army senior officers. Zhang Xueliang stated that Yang Hucheng would take charge of the matter inside of the city of Xi'an and instructed that Sun Mingjiu, a regiment chief in charge of the special agent column, follow Tang Junyao in going to Lintong the next morning. Zhang Xueliang left for a meeting with Yang Hucheng thereafter, and Tang & Sun selected a company of soldiers from the 2nd battalion of the special agent regiment for the task. Separately, regiment chief Du Weigang, an engineering team, was ordered to blow up the Huayin Bridge for sake of preventing the KMT Central Army from possibly coming to the aid of Chiang Kai-shek should the conflict erupt after the abduction.
     
    At 6 am, on December 12th, 1936, Tang & Sun led the special task force to Lintong via trucks and cars. With a casualty of a dozen soldiers, the special task force broke into Huaqingchi without returning a single shot. This was a lie, of course, as Chiang's bodyguards were mostly killed in the gunfight. Altogether 67 bodyguards or the gendarmerie troops, were killed during the shootout. Tang Junyao shouted towards Chiang's military police for a ceasefire, retrieved Qian Dajun from Huaqingchi, ordered a subordinate officer (Liu Guiwu) to leave Chiang's bedroom-office, briefly perused some documents (including some secret reports on General Song Zheyuan's maneuvers with the Japanese invasion forces) to get a feel of Chiang's hidden agenda for fighting the Japanese, and ordered a search of Mt Lishan for the missing Chiang Kai-shek. Tang Junyao gave Chiang's documents to Division Chief Liu Duoquan who, having come down to Huaqingchi from Lintong, was in constant phone talks with Zhang Xueliang. Zhang Xueliang, upon hearing that Chiang had disappeared, told Liu that he must find Chiang or else they would both end up dead inside Huaqingchi. After failing to dig up Chiang during the first search, Tang Junyao asked Liu Duoquan to contact Yang Hucheng for setting up the blockades in the counties of Lantian, Weinan and Lintong. Tang Junyao rebuked Sun Mingjiu by calling the name of 'useless bastard' and ordered a second search of Mt Lishan around 8 am in the morning. At this moment, Liu Guiwu, an officer of banditry background, shot dead Jiang Xiaoxian in the name of avenging on Jiang Xiaoxian's crackdown on the student movement in Peking. (Earlier, Jiang Xiaoxian was caught wearing the plain coats near the train station and was sent back to Huaqingchi. Alternatively speaking, Jiang Xiaoxian was riding on a vehicle en route of returning to Lintong from the Xi'an city when he was caught by the Northeastern Army mutineers.) Tang Junyao cursed Liu as a bandit and ordered that he join the search of Chiang Kai-shek. At about 9 am, a lieutenant sent over a military policeman who disclosed that Chiang Kai-shek had jumped over the wall to the southeast early in the morning. Tang Junyao hence ordered a search by concentrating on the southeastern direction and offered an award of 20,000 yuan to the company of soldiers for catching Chiang. Soon soldiers located Chiang Kai-shek and his bodyguard Jiang Xiaozhen near a big rock. The soldiers shouted, "Support the Revolutionary Leader - Generalissimo Chiang !" (??? sounds like cooking in this webmaster's opinion). Tang Junyao went up the hill and explained the cause of this coup d'état. Tang Junyao took the hand of Chiang into his hand, walked 300 meters down the hill, circumvented around Huaqingchi for avoiding the scene of conflict, and accompanied Chiang to Xi'an in a vehicle. Tang Junyao delivered Chiang to Zhang & Yang inside of the inner city of Xincheng in Xi'an.
     
    On the 13th, Zhang Xueliang assembled his officers, discussed the coup, released them back to their frontline posts, and advised them of the importance in fighting the communist infiltration, which was a joke as Zhang was in bed with the communists. (Yao Lifu's statement in regards to "fighting the communist" did not sound right should we understand the extent of collusion between Zhang Xueliang and the CCP. Yao Lifu stated that two days before the coup, Zhang Xueliang ordered the execution of 10th Cavalry Regiment Chief Dong Daoquan who, after release by the Red Army, tried to persuade Zhang Xueliang on the matter of cooperating with the communists. This was another massage by writer Yao Lifu. Yao Lifu, in "A Rare Glimpse Of History On the Xi'an Incident" [Sanwen Caise Publishing House, Taipei, Taiwan, 1989 edition], mentioned that Zhang Xueliang also ordered the execution of Regiment Chief Gao Fuyuan of the 67th Corps for similar offense. Contradicting this claim would be You Jun's account stating that Gao Fuyuan, the only regiment chief caught alive out of the eight, was released by the Red Army for instigating Zhang Xueliang's rebellion. You June stated that Gao Fuyuan, having the teacher-student relationship with Zhang Xueliang, was said to have several rounds of talks with both Wang Yizhe and Zhang Xueliang, which culminated in visitation by two top communist representatives to Xi'an.)
     
    On the early morning of December 15th, 1936, Zhou Enlai, et al., wearing the KMT military uniforms, departed communist-controlled Bao'an at the invitation of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng. At 2:00 pm, on December 17th, Zhou Enlai arrived in Yan'an and rode towards Xi'an on Zhang Xueliang's plane which Liu Ding had commanded. By the evening, Zhou Enlai arrived at Zhang Xueliang's residency where Zhang Xueliang asked why Zhou Enlai had cut his whiskers. Shi Heng's writing on the Xi'an Incident pointed out that Zhou Enlai told Zhang Xueliang that his coup d'état could be taken as a "military conspiracy" in the eyes of the nation, which shocked Zhang Xueliang considerably. Zhou Enlai was said to have exerted influence over Zhang Xueliang by seeking for a "peaceful" solution. You June pointed out that Jiang Dingwen, before being released to Luoyang, accidentally met CCP leader Zhou Enlai inside of Zhang's guesthouse on December 17th, 1936. On the afternoon of the 18th, Zhou Enlai met with Yang Hucheng who advised against releasing Chiang Kai-shek via citation of the KMT leader's intolerance, narrow-mindedness and cruelty. Zhou Enlai & Peng Dehuai were invited to Zhang Xueliang's house; however, Zhou Enlai probably never got the chance to discuss the serious matter with Chiang Kai-shek on basis of all available records other than the communist propaganda. Zhou Enlai, during the December 24th meeting, was quoted as having told Chiang that the CCP could exert influence over Stalin in getting his son released from serving in Russia as hostage.
     
    Yao Lifu, emphasizing Zhang Xueliang's defection to Chiang Kai-shek by changing his father's warlord banner into that of the Republic of China, also listed two more examples to prove that Zhang Xueliang was whole-heartedly aspiring for fighting the Japanese aggression while Yang Hucheng was merely instigating the coup d'état as a solution to two of his internal dilemmas:
     
    1) The Northwestern Army, being infiltrated with the communist agents, had sympathy and inclination for the Red Army;
    2) The Northwestern Army lacked loyalty for their own very leader, i.e., Yang Hucheng.

     
    For examples, a division chief under Yang Hucheng, i.e., Feng Qinzai, defected over to the Central Army at the Tongguan Pass overnight. Later, brigade chief Wang Jingzai under Yang Hucheng also defected to the Central Army. Feng Qinzai was originally dispatched to Tongguan, across the Wei-shui River, for countering Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army. Feng Qinzai's defection left open the counties of Hualing, Weinan and Lintong, to the west of Tongguan.
     
    Yao Lifu, having analyzed the initial hostile relationship between Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, also speculated that the two had become amicable towards each other after reaching common understanding that Chiang Kai-shek might intend to exhaust the troops of the Northwestern & Northeastern armies in fighting the communists, especially so after Zhang & Yang heard that Chiang Kai-shek refused to accept Mao's surrender. Zhang Xueliang found out the truth only after he had chance to peruse Chiang Kai-shek's diaries which included plans for Kong Xiangxi to buy the German weaponry during a trip for participating in the British queen's birthday party. Zhang Xueliang, before his death, had revealed that he had resorted to the coup d'état as a result of his confrontation with Chiang Kai-shek in regards to Chiang's claim that he would shoot the student protesters with machine guns should those protesters come to Lintong.
     
    Stalin, the Comintern & the Xi'an Incident
    Chen Yinan pointed out Mme Sun Yat-sen (i.e., Soong Qing-ling) learnt of the Xi'an abduction on the 12th after her brother-in-law Kong Xiangxi visited her for signing a letter of denunciation as to the coup, something that Mme Sun Yat-sen declined flatly. (Kong Xiangxi worked as the Minister of Industry during 1928-1930 and the Minister of Finance during 1933-1944.) Chen Yinan's speculation is that Mme Sun Yat-sen, who might have joined either the CCP or Comintern while visiting in Moscow in 1928/1931, had brought a telegraph transmitter to Shanghai for liaison with Moscow and the CCP; that Shanghai Garrison Commander Yang Hu had lodged an accusation with the French Concession Territory authorities as to madam's harboring a transmitter in August 1929; that the madam rescued Liao Chengzhi from the French prison in the spring of 1933; that the madam assisted Russian agent Richard Sorge in rescuing Mr & Mrs Noulens [Niu-lan] (the Comintern agents); and that Mme Sun Yat-sen, by means of a transmitter in the custody of New Zealander Rewi Alley, informed the U.S.S.R. of the December 12th Coup on the same day. (The CCP notoriety also included Zhou Enlai's giving Zhang Wenqiu to Richard Sorge for sex, while Richard Sorge later transferred the woman to his German assistant with a Chinese name called Wu Zhaogao. Zhang Wenqiu was the mother of two daughters who later married Mao's two sons.)
     
    Chen Yinan pointed out that Mme Sun Yat-sen changed her standground the next day, apparently after receiving instructions from Comintern. Mme Sun Yat-sen immediately relayed Stalin's opinions to the CCP in Yan'an, with such wording as "Should Chinese communists fail to exert their influences on Zhang Xueliang & Yang Hucheng to get Chiang Kai-shek released, then Moscow would accuse the CCP of being bandits and denounce them in the face of the whole world." Stalin claimed that Zhang Xueliang must have acted as an agent of Japanese imperialist in abducting Chiang Kai-shek. Before that, per Chen Yinan, Comintern had sent a telegraph to CCP Secretary Zhang Wentian on August 15th with objection to Zhang Xueliang's enrollment in the CCP. The USSR, being wary of Japan's invasion, had resorted to Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Government as a common front against Japan.
     
    Zhang Ling'ao divulged an important episode about Zhang Chong & Pan Hannian operations in regards to peacefully settling the Xi'an Incident. per ZLA, Chen Lifu immediately dispatched Zhang Chong's assistant Du Tongsheng to Shanghai for contacting Pan Hannian. Since Zhang Chong himself was taken hostage together with Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an [Sian], Du Tongsheng aimlessly searched across the concession territory in Shanghai in search of a tailor shop since Zhang Chong had mentioned that Pan lived on the second floor of a tailor shop. Luckily, Du located a so-called Pan Tailor Shop at dusk, and waited for Pan to return at the shop. Overnight, Du & Pan took train to Nanking for meeting with Chen Lifu. Pan Hannian agreed to have Chen Lifu send a wire to 3rd Comintern direct. The second day, December 15th, Pan Hannian returned to Shanghai, sent another wire to Moscow, requesting that the 3rd Comintern relay a message to Zhou Enlai and prevent the mutiny from harming Chiang Kai-shek. Zhang Ling'ao stated that Moscow replied on the 16th that they had received both wires from Pan Hannian and agreed with Pan on the solution approach.
     
    The CCP changed its tone on the 20th (?) and became a mediator between Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek rather than an accomplice. While three days ago, the CCP was still adamant that KMT Government erect Song Ziwen as head of an interim Nanking Government in replacement of Chiang Kai-shek. And, on December 23rd, per Chen Yinan, the CCP declined Zhang Xueliang/Yang Hucheng's request for establishing a joint Northwestern Military Council. Chen Yi'nan emphasized that Zhang Xueliang had later taken action to escort Chiang Kai-shek back to Nanking as a result of feeling indignant about the CCP/USSR abandoning him since Zhang Xueliang had been promised by Zhou Enlai eight months earlier that "Should Zhang Xueliang cooperate with the CCP in establishing a Northwestern National Defense Government, he could be assured of unconditional military support from the U.S.S.R. the same way as New Dominion Province's warlord Sheng Shicai had enjoyed."
     
    With T.V. Soong acting as a middleman, Zhou Enlai accepted solution to the Xi'an coup with visiting Chiang Kai-shek to get a personal assurance that the central government would immediately end the war against the Red Army. Zhou Enlai purportedly persuaded Chiang Kai-shek into reconciliation with citation of the prospect of the Soviets' releasing Jiang Jingguo, i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's hostage son in the Soviet Union. Though Zhou Enlai failed to get Chiang Kai-shek sign any agreement, he struck the terms of reconciliation with T.V. Soong instead. When Zhou Enlai met Mao Tse-tung later, Mao felt befuddled to allow Chiang to get free without any written agreement, over which Zhou replied that Chiang would keep his word for the personality to adhere to moral character and Mao sneered. The terms did not cover Zhang Guotao's Western Route Red Army that was under siege by the Ma Family Cavalry in the Western Corridor since Mao continued the strategy to borrow a knife to hill his political enemy. The communists apparently had Smedley divulge the contents of talks between T.V. Soong and Zhou Enlai to the newspapers in Xi'an as an insurance bet, over which T.V. Soong later paid a visit to Mme Sun Yat-sen, reminding his sister of untrustworthiness of the communists. Mme Sun Yat-sen wrote to Wang Ming in Moscow, questioning why the communists would allow Smedley to run loose in Xi'an since Wang Ming already admonished the communists as to keeping a distance from Smedley befor he left for Moscow. Chiang Kai-shek, who was maddended by Smedley's newspaper reports and had T.V. Soong relay the words that the breach of trust would lift the obligation to carry out the terms of agreement, nevertheless went ahead with implementing part of the terms struck between T.V. Soong and Zhou Enlai, authorized the payment of military stipends to the communist army, the relaunch of postal service and banks in the communist-controlled area, as well as the dispatch of an intellectual inspection delegation led by Professor Xiao Zhiping.
     
    Solution To the Coup D'état

     
    Disintegration Of the Northeastern Army

     

     
    The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]
     
    Dissolution Of Mao Tse-tung's "Marriage"
    The Communist wives, boasting of their Long March experiences, had often resorted to "no sex" for reining in their husbands. However, the influx of young educated college and middle school girls would soon replace the old wives. Otto Braun had his turn of replacing the peasant woman wife from the Jiangxi Soviet. The young women and girls, who came to Yenan for the resistance war, found themselves to be bounty for the communist leadership. According to Wen Xiang, the communists established a 'midwife [or abortion] training school' under the Yenan Hospital, with the young women and girls as well as the female staff being the sexual targets of the communist leadership. A middle-aged woman, who was the schoolmaster, was brutally raped and murdered by unknown communist culprits for the attempts at stopping the communist cadres from getting close to the women and girls at the midwife school. Years later, Xi Zhongxun, after dumping his wife for a teenager girl called by Qi Xin, won the trust of fellow wife-dumping Water-margin bandits --through 'tou-ming zhang' (pre-killing someone to use the cut head as a certificate to enrol in the banditry), and received Mao Tse-tung's appointment as communist bureau chief for the Shenxi territory. One rare exception would be Ren Bishi and his prenatal-betrothal wife Chen Congying (1902-2003), with Chen Congying tacking on the job as the classified documents division head of the CCP Central's Classified Documents Bureau in 1951. (After the communist victory, those same women and girls would be entangled in life and death political struggles of their husbands, such as the cases of Yan Weibing, i.e., Lu Dingdi's wife, Zhu Ming, i.e., Lin Boqu's young wife, Wang Guangmei, i.e., Liu Shaoqi's wife, and Xue Ming, i.e., Heh Long's wife, et al. Both Zhu Ming and Yan Weibing were either entangled with bookworm Wang Shimei or had some relation with him, interestingly.)

    In February 1937, in Yan'an [Yenan], Heh Zizhen escalated her quarrels with Mao Tse-tung after Smedley and her young female interpreter Wu Lili introduced the "social dancing" to the communist cadres. In March, in a Catholic church, Smedley and Wu Lili, assembling some more young female students, completely captivated the communist leadership. The Communist wives, on a wholesale level, objected to Smedley's corrupting the 'revolutionary' ranks while Smedley accused Heh Zizhen of living a nun-like puritanical pale life. In July 1937, in Yan'an, Heh Zizhen's anger over Smedley and Wu Lili erupted when she broke into Wu Lili's cave house where Mao Tse-tung supposedly just entered for a rendezvous.
     
    "Smedley's Biography" stated that she heard that Heh Zizhen cursed Wu Lili as a bitch and rebuked Mao Tse-tung by saying, "You cheated me, bastard, and slipped into the place of this bourgeoisie dancing girl." Smedley, who often received Mao Tse-tung's visits with the purported knowledge that Mao Tse-tung intentionally tried to get close to her interpreter, intervened. When Wu Lili hid behind Smedley, Heh Zizhen hit Smedley with a torchlight and cursed, "You, imperialist !" Smedley fought back by pushing Heh Zizhen onto the floor. Heh Zizhen blamed Mao Tse-tung for not being a man to see his wife bullied. Mao Tse-tung explained that he had nothing secretive with Wu Lili and asked Heh Zizhen leave before everybody knew about it.
     
    This incident would compel Smedley and Wu Lili into fleeing Yan'an; however, Heh Zizhen left Yan'an in late 1937, too. The Communist leadership secretly approved Mao Tse-tung's divorce request shortly after the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War on July 7th, 1937, with purportedly three preconditions, such as defining Jiang Qing's role as a companion and prohibiting the latter from involvement in political decisions. Equivalent to a turning point, Heh Zizhen's vacancy would be filled in by Jiang Qing, a woman hungry for power, after she just lost a purported courtship of a "talented" young man to Sun Weishi [i.e., Zhou Enlai's adopted daughter] upon arrival in Yan'an [Yenan]. (Wu Lizi, after returning to the government-controlled area, worked in Hu Zongnan's army as a political indoctrination department worker, and later went to Taiwan with her husband. In Taiwan, the woman, still in memory of her Yenan experience, was said to have at one time proposed a toast to the 'great' man in the north, i.e., mainland China, not having any sense of the monster she had met. Should Wu Lili ever get married with Mao Tse-tung, the monster could be actually tamed and the damages to China might not be as bad as what ensued. Wu Lili was like ten times beautiful and attractive than Jiang Qing, i.e., Mao's future wife.)
     
    Not long ago, Jiang Qing was having an affair with Xie Yunxin [Zhang Min] after the success of drama "Big Storm" in Shanghai. Drama director Zhang Min proposed a divorce with wife Xiao Kun, and actress Jiang Qing [Lan Ping] proposed a divorce with Ma Jiliang [Tang Na]. That caused a stir in the Shanghai entertainment circle. Dong Zhujun claimed that she had been responsible for dissuading Zhang Min's wife [Xiao Kun] and Ma Jiliang [Tang Na, i.e., Jiang Qing's then husband] from committing suicide. Ma Jiliang [Tang Na] was recorded to have committed suicide three times during his one-year marriage with Jiang Qing. Ma Jiliang [Tang Na] was a secret communist who later in 1949 went to HK, 1950 to NY and 1951 to France, where operated a restaurant under the new name of Ma Shaozhang. Shortly afterward, Jiang Qing broke away from Zhang Min and departed for Yan'an for her "big dream." Jiang Qing, for her open sexuality on the Shanghai Bund and implication in a KMT arrest in 1934, was given negative feedback of elopement and adultery by the underground communists like Yang Fan, for which Jiang Qing & Kang Sheng, in Feng Zhijun's opinion, routed Yang Fan & Pan Hannian in 1954 and put them to lifelong imprisonment. (Before the Xie Yunxin affair, Jiang Qing, whose first man was communist student and later mayor Huang Jing (Yu Qiwei), abandoned husband Tang Na on some occasions in the mid-1930s to be with Huang Jing, which caused a stir in the newspapers about Tang Na's attempted suicide and cut short Jiang Qing's elopement to Tientsin for returning to Shanghai before continuous private entanglements with her lover, something that made Mao Tse-tung deeply hate Huang Jing to the extent of using a ruse to kill two Tientsin communists Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan in 1951-1952 for creating detente onto mayor Huang Jing who was to be scared into insanity and suicide. In the 1960s, Jiang Qing tortured and killed almost all people who were acquainted with her in the 1930s, including the communist officials who ever read the anonymous letter mailed by Lin Boqu's wife Zhu Ming. Jiang Qing, of course, instructed her crony Ke Qingshi to have all the KMT central statistics officials executed after the communist takeover of Nanking in 1949 --should they ever be involved in arresting and interrogating her in the early 1930s. Zhu Ming, wife of elder communist leader Xie Juezai, send an anonymous letter in 1954, which was suspected by Jiang Qing to have the same source as Yang Fan's 1938 report to Yenan. It could be after the death of Xie Juezai in 1960 when Zhu Ming wrote a letter to the CCP Party Central about her husband's post-death matter that the handwriting was verified by the government investigators. Zhu Ming committed suicide in 1961.)
     
    Ye Qun [aka Ye Yijing], i.e., future new wife of Lin Biao, arrived in Yan'an, too. Ye Qun claimed participation in the 12/9/1935 & 12/12/1935 student protest movements as well as enrolment in the Communist League in Peking in 1936. Later in the 1950s, Yan Weibing, wife of communist leader Lu Dingyi, mailed anonymous letters to the communist party's investigation department about Ye Qun. Lin Biao, i.e., Mao's henchman, at one political meeting, claimed that Ye Qun was a virgin when married with him, disputing the anonymous letter's authenticity. After numerous years of handwriting verification, Yan Weibing was caught. The two bitchy women would exchange their feuds for persecution during the Cultural Revolution. Jiang Qing demanded the punishment of a 1930s actress by the name of Wang Ying [i.e., Xie Hegeng's wife] who played the role of heroine Sai Jinhua on November 15, 1936. Jiang Qing also asked Ye Qun in recovering damaging evidence from movie director Zheng Junli, regarding materials such as a letter that Jiang Qing asked Zheng Junli to relay to Ma Jiliang in Paris in 1958, ending in 9 October 1966 nightly ransacking of the residencies of Shanghai actors, actresses and movie directors. (Ye Qun added four more actors to the persecution list, including Zhao Dan, for sake of guarding against the true intention of ransacking Zheng Junli's residency with the help of Air Force General Jiang Tengjiao who disguised his soldiers as the non-military "red guards." Zheng Junli, who surrendered to Zhang Chunqiao most of the old correspondence and accidentally burnt Jiang Qing's 1958 letter, failed to convince Jiang Qing of the non-existence of this particular letter. Ma Jiliang, or Tang Na, worked in communist newspapers in Hongkong but was smart enough to request for outposts in the United States and France at the time of the communist takeover of China, recalling to his colleagues that he feared possible death if he was to go back to China with them and recalled how his old coquettish woman Jiang Qing, while visiting Chungking for a dental treatment during the resistance war in the early 1940s, contacted him for an attempted rendezvous.)
     
    Wu Lili, who was shown in a picture with Evans Carlson, apparently acted as an interpreter for Carlson as well. Communist China shot into a movie for Carlson by the name of "Escorting Captain Carlson". Carlson was later rebuked by the American Navy for the pro-communist news conference conducted among about forty foreign reporters in Hankow, for which he resigned from the marines, wrote a book Twin Star of China, and later organized the "Gunho commando team" during the Pacific War. Recently, some U.S. senator talked about "gung ho," not knowing what "Gung ho" was meant for. Let's be clear here: "gung ho," i.e., Rewi Alley's scheme, was not Evans Carlson's commando team on the Pacific Islands but a Comintern scheme to launder money to Yenan, totaling 20 million USD at minimum from Chen Hansheng's operations with the U.S. communist front organizations 1939 to 1941 plus more afterward. The American donations, apparently, went into the communist coffer -as Utley commented that the world and the United States did not render any assistance to the Chinese who were devastated by the Japanese plane bombing of 1937-1938: "the great Japanese earthquake in 1923, a catastrophe of … the American Red Cross raised thirty million dollars in four weeks, whereas for China it has failed to raise even a million dollars." The inflow of funds, which numbered about 20 million U.S. dollars for the two and half years’ operations up to the eruption of the Pacific War, was funneled to Li Fuchun in Yenan through Liao Chengzhi’s transfer via banks in Shanghai. From receipts disclosed from the communists, there were lines of entries of American donations totalling more than US$32,729.68 credited to Mme Sun Yat-sen's China National Defense League from 1939-1941. The "gung ho" gangs were being secretly trained as anti-government insurgents to echo the raging civil wars that were going on along the Yangtze and in North China, which saw the communist Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army slaughtering hundreds of thousands of village elderlies, county magistrates, government guerrilla forces, and patriotic gentry-organized forces.
     
     
    The Demise Of Red Army Western Expeditions
     
    CCP Central Abandoning Ningxia Campaign
    First Western Expedition
    Red Army 9th Corps Being Frustrated At Gulang
    Flipping By Mao Tse-tung's CCP Central
    CCP Central Ordering Western Route Army Stay Put
    Xi'an Coup & CCP Central Order As To Taking Over Ganzhou & Shuzhou
    Second Western Expedition
    Dong Zhentang's Death With Red Army 5th Corps At Gaotai
    40-Day Defense of Nijiayingzi
    Final Demise Of Red Army Western Route
    Purge Of Zhang Guotao Path
     
     
    Purge of the Trotskyites During 1937-1941
     
    Gao Hua pointed out that Mao Tse-tung gradually exercised control over the CCP in addition to his re-acquisition of control over the Red Army since the 1935 Zunyi Meeting. Zhang Wentian, who was encouraged by Mao in the political struggles against Bo-gu & Li-de [Otto Braun] during the Long March, had replaced Bo-gu as CCP's secretary general on February 5th. Mao Tse-tung, Zhang Wentian and Wang Jiaxiang formed the so-called Three Person Team (i.e., troika), with actual military power in the hands of Mao Tse-tung. Zhou Enlai became very much subordinate to Mao Tse-tung since. Moscow returnees were only in charge of party propaganda, party affairs and regional affairs. In contrast, Red Army generals began to enter the CCP politburo. On December 27th, Mao Tse-tung, rather than Zhang Wentian, took charge of making a report for the CCP's Wayaobu (Wayaobao) Meeting, and in May 1936, it was Mao Tse-tung who received Edgar Snow. Mao Tse-tung also took measures to exercise control over Zhengzhi-baowei-ju or the "political safeguarding bureau" (i.e., the CPC equivalent of the OGPU/NKVD) of the Chinese Soviet Republic by replacing Deng Fa with Wang Shoudao (i.e., Mao's secretary while in Ruijin of Jiangxi). Wang Shoudao also replaced Deng Yingchao as the chief of the CCP Central Committee Secretariat, a post which would take over some functions of "political safeguarding bureau" (i.e., the CPC equivalent of the OGPU/NKVD) such as the CCP Military Committee confidentiality section and secret agent section, etc. Mao certainly controlled the telegraph service between Moscow and the CCP.
     
    Mao Tse-tung, however, always resented Zhang Wentian's posture as a 'theorist.' After defeating Bo-gu & Kai-feng (blasted as doctrinairist & factionalist), Zhang Guotao consecutively and subduing Zhou Enlai, Mao Tse-tung allied with Liu Shaoqi in challenging Zhang Wentian. Chen Yongfa cited Liu Ying's memoirs in stating that Mao Tse-tung often [sarcastically] called Zhang Wentian 'ming jun' [intelligent emperor] and called Zhang Wentian's wife 'niang niang' [empress], exhibiting Mao as a bastard who was only interested in becoming an emperor himself. This would become the prelude to the Purge of Trotskyites during 1937-1941.
     
    Mao Tse-tung & Liu Shaoqi's Initial Cooperation
    On February 20th & March 4th, 1937, twice, Liu Shaoqi wrote letters to Zhang Wentian, criticizing ten-year-long "leftist" mistakes committed by the CCP & the Comintern, blasted the CCP's leftist antagonism to his activities on the job as a CCP Northern Bureau representative, and hinting the necessity of the CCP leadership (i.e., Zhang Wentian) reflecting on the responsibility. Gao Hua pointed out that Mao had sent 3 telegraphs to Liu Shaoqi for reaching an understanding between each other prior to December 1936. Liu Shaoqi claimed that the CCP's failure during the 1927 Grand Revolution was not only due to Chen Duxiu's "rightist opportunism" but also due to the CCP's "leftist" mistakes. On March 23rd & April 24th, 1937, the CCP Politburo discussed Liu Shaoqi's letters twice and concluded that Liu Shaoqi was exaggerating [the communist 'blunders'], that Liu should not excuse Chen Duxiu for the blunder, and that Liu might have been influenced by Zhang Guotao. Only Mao Tse-tung stood out in support of Liu Shaoqi by claiming that Liu Shaoqi had no ambition against the CCP Central Committee.
     
    During the May 17-26th meeting on the "CCP Tasks In the KMT-Controlled Areas," Liu Shaoqi argued fervently against Zhang Wentian by repeating what he wrote in earlier letters. Liu Shaoqi claimed that the CCP loss in the KMT-Controlled areas were 100% due to the "leftist putschism" and "closed-door-ism" mistakes, while Zhang Wentian, Bo-gu, Kai-feng [Heh Kaifeng] and Chen Geng accused Liu Shaoqi of sharing the Trotsky & Chen Duxiu's "revocationism." Ke Qingshi cursed Liu Shaoqi as an "old rightist."
     
    When the CCP secretariat renewed the meeting on June 1st, Peng Zhen first came to the aid of Liu Shaoqi. On June 3rd, 1937, Mao Tse-tung, on the precondition that the CCP had made the striving progress in the past 10 years, made a round-shaped remark by praising Liu Shaoqi as a good 'doctor' who systematically pointed out the symptoms the CCP had incurred. On June 6th, Zhang Wentian tried to desalinate Mao Tse-tung's remarks by stating that the past CCP mistakes were more a strategic mistake than a mistake in the political guidelines. Zhang Wentian further blasted Liu Shaoqi on the matter of citing the 'big hat' [such as "leftist putschism," "venturism" and "closed-door-ism"] and rebutted Liu Shaoqi's "legality-ism" in launching the CCP movements inside of the KMT-controlled areas. On June 9th & 10th, Liu Shaoqi backed down from his previous stance and made self-criticisms. On July 28th, 1937, Liu Shaoqi relocated to Taiyuan of Shanxi Province [from his former post in Peking of Hebei Province] for continuing his job as secretary of the CCP Northern Bureau. This incident, however, would form the basis of cooperation between the two Hunan natives, i.e., Mao Tse-tung and Liu Shaoqi, who had shared similar viewpoints against the so-called "doctrinairism" & "factionalism" dating as far back as in 1932.
     
    Kang Sheng/Wang Ming's Return From Moscow
    Kang Sheng, while in Moscow, became deputy chief for the CCP Delegation to the Comintern. During the four-year stay in Moscow, Kang Sheng became a devout supporter of Wang Ming and implemented the "Purge of Trotskyists" measure among the CCP members inside of the U.S.S.R. by learning from the experiences of the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs). The NKVD, when the OGPU (q.v.) was abolished in 1934, became the commissariat that conducted the police and terror activities on behalf of Stalin, and it was replaced by the KGB in 1946. Kang Sheng, in August 1935, was appointed "backup commissar" for the Comintern Central Executive Committee.
     
    In late October of 1937, Wang Ming & Kang Sheng returned to Dihua of the New Dominion Province and hinted that Yu Xiusong & Zhou Dawen (who had antagonized Wang Ming while studying at the Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow) were the Trotskyist suspects, and two months later, Sheng Shicai arrested Yu & Zhou and handed them over to the Russian Red Army which stationed its U.S.S.R. Red Army 8th Regiment [actually an army division equivalent] in Hami. On June 25th, 1938, the [Soviet] Russians transported Yu Xiusong to the U.S.S.R. where the NKVD executed him as a Trotskyite. Also killed in early 1938 in the New Dominion Province, in the hands of Deng Fa and under the nose of Chen Yun, would be Li Te & Huang Chao, two surviving officers from Zhang Guotao's Western Route Red Army.
     
    Numerous Chinese communists, during the Russian Purge, had been either executed or sent to Siberia's gulags. Per Zheng Yi, Wu Xianqing, i.e., wife of Liu Ding [aka Kan Zunmin], was killed in the Russian Purge in the USSR. Wu Xianqing, et al., who were selected by Zhou Enlai to assist Soviet G.R.U. spy Walton, a successor to Richard Sorge, were sent to Tokyo for espionage work before being recalled to the Soviet Union over the arrest of Walton in Shanghai. The Soviets arrested or killed Wu Xianqing, et al., under suspicion that the Chinese were responsible for the arrest of Walton in Shanghai. The Chinese courier, Yang Mingzhai, who accompanied the Soviet agents on the 1920 trip to China for launching the Chinese Communist Party, was also purged in Siberia during this timeframe. Shi Zhe, before return to China, ran into this guy and noted his last whereabouts. The Chinese people in the Russian Far East were systematically rounded up and dispatched to the Arctic area for coolie labor as a result of Stalin's policy of cracking down on the Chinese to appease the Japanese in Manchuria. According to the Russian historians' research, Stalin altogether murdered close to 100,000 to 200,000 East Asians, mainly Chinese, in the area of Vladivostok, with a paranoid claim that the Asians, i.e., the Chinese, could be the Fifth Columnists once the Japanese began to invade the Soviet Far East. Over 200,000 ethnic Koreans were forcefully resettled in Central Asia. (It was ascertained by Wen Xiang that Zhou Enlai, who turned a blind eye to the case of Wu Xianqing, et al., and furthermore offloaded himself while under questioning by the Soviets in regards to the Walton case, later in the 1960s, deliberately allowed the remnant survivors from the Sorge & Walton team to perish in the cultural revolution. This was similar to Zhou Enlai's killing of all people who knew of Si Li's rescuing him in 1927, who knew of the Gu Shunzhang family extermination of 1931, and who knew of the betrayal of communist general secretary Xiang Zhongfa of June 1931. According to Wen Xiang, Si Li was actually murdered by Zhou Enlai's gang half a year after Gu Shunzhang's arrest, and Gu Shunzhang betrayed only one communist, i.e., Yun Daiying, who was already in the government prison. Si Lie, i.e., Si Li's brother, could have died of some arrangement in the 1950s.)
     
    More available at Kang Sheng/Wang Ming's Return From Moscow. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)

     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    Re-organization of the CCP Central Organization Department

     
    Transplant Of The Purge of the Trotskyists
    Gao Hua stated that Mao Tse-tung came to like Wang Ming's talk of "purging the Trotskyites" when Wang Ming objected to Chen Duxiu's return to the CCP as well as accused Zhang Wentian of being influenced by Trotsky while in Moscow. From 1938 onward, per GH, Mao never forgot to use the buzz word to curse the "Japanese imperialists, Trotskyites and traitors" in his lumpsome speeches.
     
    While Wang Ming was orally fighting the Trotskyites, Mao Tse-tung authorized Kang Sheng in secretively investigating and arresting the "Trotskyite suspects" among the new influx of people who came to Yan'an for the resistance war. Gao Hua listed the three categories of people handled by Kang Sheng: 1) Those Chinese who were suspected to be members of the Chinese Trotskyite organizations; 2) Those who had studies in the U.S.S.R.; and 3) Those officers who were subordinate to Zhang Guotao's Western Route Red Army.
     
    The main Chinese Trotskyite organization was linked to Chen Duxiu who, on November 15th, 1929, was expelled from the CCP for splitting the party. The most serious purge of the Trotskyites outside of the domain of the CCP would be in southwestern China where numerous people [under the Guangxi provincial government headed by Li Zongren/Bai Chongxi] were executed on the excuse of being the Trotskyites, which was a play-out between the underground communist agents, the KMT secret agents and the Gui-xi [Guangxi Province] factions such as dual-KMT-CCP identity Moscow returnees. In Yan'an, Kang Sheng arrested a batch of communists from Guangxi Province on the pretext that the Trotskyist had infiltrated their organization.
     
    Inside of the domain of the CCP would be the notorious Purge of the Trotskyists at Hu-xi [i.e., west of the lake], also known as the Su-Lu-Yu [i.e., Jiangsu-Shandong-Henan] border area. The Hu-xi purge eliminated the last batch of communist party founder Li Dazhao's disciples -whose colleagues included someone called Li Desheng, an assistant to Richard Sorge, and someone the Japanese military retrieved from Tokyo High Police's prison for a mission to the communist New 4th Army's headquarters to strike a collaboration scheme to attack the nationalist army during the 1944 Ichigo Campaign.
     
    Zeng Zhi, in her memoirs, had description about the purge movement conducted in the Hubei area.
     
    The Horrific Extermination Campaign During the Purge Of Trotskyists
    In March 1938, Zhang Xing (i.e., a nominal Shanxi Provincial army's army corps chief under Yan Xishan) and two women, who had arrived in Yan'an earlier and enrolled in "Shaan-bei Gong-xue," i.e., the Northern Shenxi Province Public School, were arrested by the CCP Yan'an Security Section. Three months later, Zhang Xing, under torture and interrogation, cited Zhang Mutao in stating that Kang Sheng might have joined the Chinese Trotskyist organization after he was arrested by the government in 1930. (Estranged communist Zhang Mutao, who was kicked out of the communist party twice, had been invited to Yan Xishan's camp prior to 1937 to serve as a counsellor, but lost the favor to communist Bo Yibo after the latter was released from prison in Peiping and entered Yan Xishan's camp as an orthodoxy communist.)
     
    Gao Hua stated that right after interrogator Chen Husheng reported the confession to his boss Zhou Xing, Kang Sheng issued the order to have Zhang Xing executed while Chen Husheng almost died of a "shutting up the mouth" plot. Chen Husheng, being barely spared life with the help of senior communist leader Teng Daiyuan, got finally released from custody in June 1944 with the intervention of communist tutor Xie Juezai. After Zhou Xing executed Zhang Xing in 1938, Zhou Xing grabbed Zhang Xing's leather overcoat, made arrangement for the two women to disappear [i.e., getting killed] and later flatly denied existence of the three-person team when Yan Xishan inquired with the CCP.
     
    Chen Husheng, aka Chen Fusheng, in 1992, wrote a book entitled "The Self Account of A Red Army Soldier Who Was Deprived Of the CCP Membership Three Times." Under Kang Sheng's ruling, all convicts, including Chen Husheng, were cut off their hair in the middle, from forehead to the back of head. Gao Hua also cited Sima Lu in stating that Zhang Baoping, Li Ming & Lin Ping had disappeared after arrest by Kang Sheng, and Gao Hua cited the son of Tao Jingsun in stating that one of his two sisters was executed as a Trotskyist by Kang Sheng in 1939. (Tao Jingsun was someone the communists arranged for the undercover work in the puppet government.)
     
    Among those who had studied in the USSR, there was a person by the name of Gu Shunping who had returned to Yan'an together with Zhang Hao in late 1935. Kang Sheng executed Gu Shunping after Chen Husheng accused him of attempting to flee by means of seesawing the shackles. Gao Hua cited Chen Husheng in stating that in 1938 or later, Kang Sheng had arrested most of the cadres from Zhang Guotao's Red Army Western Route who managed to return to Yan'an after their defeat in the hands of the Ma Family cavalry while top leaders such as Xu Xiangqian, Chen Changhao, Li Xiannian and Zhang Qinqiu were in idleness and under scrutiny as a result of Mao's political struggles with the Zhang Guotao clique. Gao Hua pointed that Kang Sheng had excelled in the CCP's cruelty extraction during the era of the Purge of the AB League by applying the skills that he had acquired while working under the Soviet NKVD.
     
    The Communists had also conducted the live dissection of political enemies. Gao Hua cited Shi Zhe's 1992 article entitled "Kang Sheng As What I Knew" in stating that Shi Zhe himself and Chen Yu were told by a nurse director at the "Liushudian Peace Hospital of Yan'an" in 1940-41 that the dead body in a sample human body-organ tank was one of three reactionaries originally sent over alive by Kang Sheng.
     
    Gao Hua pointed out that aside from the above clandestine persecution against the political enemies as Trotskyists, Kang Sheng had publicly announced in 1939 the success of the Purge of the Trotskyists via three major cases: a) Qian Weiren who was imprisoned for 7 years for his cooperation with the KMT on the matter of building the roads at the CCP-KMT border area; b) Wang Zunji who was accused of being a KMT spy & a Japanese spy for her background as a nephew of Peking's puppet-traitor Wang Kemin; and c) Li Ning who disappeared after she was accused of being a Japanese spy for her walking like a Japanese woman.
     
    The Communists' Purge of the Peking-Tientsin Student Army
    The communist killings took out the lives of young college and high school students who left the Peking-Tientsin area for the guerrilla warfare, including some students who first retreated to Southwestern China to enrol in the Southwest United University but then decided to return to the hills west of Peking, via a roundabout sea trip through Hongkong and Tientsin, to join the guerrilla army.
     
    One of the earliest communist purge actions would be against the several hundreds of student army troops led by Youth Party (Statist Party) leader Zhao Tong, with the most notorious act being the killing of close to one hundred Peking-Tientsin students, such as Xiong Dashen (Xiong Dazhen), a classmate of Nobel prize winner Yang Zhenning, among the others. Xiong Dashen, at one time acting as the communist logistics department chief, was credited with manufacturing the mines and explosives for the communist army, something the communists made into the later propaganda movies such as 'The War of Mines'. Xiong Dashen, one such brilliant student with a given name meaning 'extreme cautiousness,' was at one time a classmate to Yang Zhenning, the later Nobel prize winner of China, and the most prized student of Professor Ye Qisun (a student of Arthur Compton, H. Palmer Burichiman, and et al.), but chose to return to the occupied China in the spring of 1938 for the war efforts.
     
    In then China, college students were exempted from the war draft, with a government order to the effect of relocating all China's distinguished colleges and universities, including the teaching staff and students, to the hind of China, for continuous studies at the time of war. Using the scarce foreign exchange, the R.O.C. government continuously sponsored students for the overseas studies during the war, with undercover communist couple Wang Ying and Xie He'geng sent to the U.S. in the early 1940s, for example. One year after returning to northern China, in April of 1939, Xiong Dashen was stoned to death after being arrested under the order of communist Jin-Cha-Ji politics department director Shu Tong. The execution via being stoned to death, live burial or decapitation was a patented communist way to save bullets.
     
    The college and middle school student victims who were killed by the communists during this incident alone could amount to 100 persons, not to mention the death of more student fighters who were related to the Youth Party or Statist Party leader Zhao Tong. The communists, after the late 1937 Shanxi campaign, broke away from the united military command of the nationalist government to penetrate towards Jehol, Hebei and Shandong provinces, where they systematically overpowered and eliminated the local guerrilla armies, including the student army under the command of Zhao Tong. (Zhao Tong, a guerrilla fighter in Manchuria against the Japanese since the early 1930s, had organized the students into a student army in the hills to the west of Peking. Being blindfolded by the communist motive, Zhao Tong fell into the trap and agreed to allow his army to be subordinate to the communist control. After detecting the communist scheme of hijacking his army for expansion, not fighting the Japanese, Zhao Tong fled the communist territory for Free China via the detour sea trip at the Tientsin port. Later, when Zhao Tong commanded a reorganized Jehol vanguard guerrilla contingent for a northern march from wartime capital Chungking, the whole staff of hundreds of fighters, including his sister, et al., were run down and killed to the last person by the communist cavalry.)
     
    The Communists' Massacre of Zhang Yinwu and Liang Suming's Student Guerrilla Fighters
    At about the time the communists had eliminated veteran communist party founder Li Dazhao's disciples in the Hebei-Shandong area, the communist army systematically exterminated Zhang Yinwu and Liang Suming's student guerrilla fighters or the local gentry leaders of the background as graduates from Zhang Yinwu and Liang Suming's pre-war paramilitary middle schools or countryside reconstruction academies.
     
    In the 1930s, Liang Suming launched an experiment with agriculture in Shandong Province by setting up the village schools and Confucian academies. Together with James Yen, his activities would be called "The Rural Reconstruction Movement". At about the same time, Zhang Yinwu, a retired military general who previously served under Yan Xishan, launched the Sicun (four preservation of Confucius and Mencius' virtues) Middle School in Hebei Province. Thousands of graduates from both Liang Sumin and Zhang Yinwu's schools later became the pillars of the resistance wars against the Japanese occupation army, and waged relentless guerrilla wars behind the enemy's line, till the Chinese Communists were to wipe them out completely, by the means of live burial and decapitation by hundreds and thousands. One of Liang Suming's students who were murdered by the communists would be a Mengyin native called Gong Zhuchuan, in regards to whose death Liang Suming personally raised protests during a meeting with senior communist leaders Chen Shaoyu, Qin Bangxian, Lin Zuhan, Wu Yuzhang and Dong Biwu, et al., at the communist Eight Route Army representative office at No. 50 Zengjiayan. Gong Zhuchuan was among the entourage of Liang Suming who spent eight months, from February to October 1939, travelling through the war zones to visit commanders Cheng Qian, Yan Xishan, Wei Lihuang, Yu Xuezhong, Peng Xuefeng (communist), and Shen Honglie, et al., and personally witnessed the communist civil wars that raged on in the six northern China provinces that he traversed. Qin Bangxian pretentiously jotted down Liang Suming's talk points but none of the communist leadership had any opinions as to the communist massacre of compatriots during the time of war.
     
    The Communist Purge of Patriotic Guerrilla Army in Chahar-Jehol-Hebei
    Note that the Jehol area used to be the guerrilla army under Youth Party leader Zhao Tong who fought against the Japanese since 1931-1932. To prevent Zhao Tong's Jehol Vanguard Army, about 200-300 men and women, from returning to Jehol from Chungking, the communist armies, with advance information from communist leader Zhou Enlai who superficially participated in the farewell ceremony for the march of the vanguard army in Chungking, pooled resources all over the military districts including Heh Long's communist army from northwestern Shanxi and Suiyuan area, and ambushed and eliminated the vanguard army in the tri-provincial area of Shanxi-Henan-Hebei around the turn of 1939-1940. The communists, in the Chahar-Suiyuan area and around Mt. Daqingshan [the great green mountain], had conducted similar horrifying campaign against the patriotic guerrilla forces, including the fire attack that killed a 90-year-old former Northeastern Cavalry Army corps commander and his guerrilla army, and furthermore attacked and eliminated KMT party operator Chen Jianzhong's party-directly-controlled guerrilla forces and all couriers who were sent through the communist-controlled territories of Shanxi-Shenxi, with Chen Jianzhong being the sole survivor to return to Chungking in disguise. This territory would become the future communist Jinn-Chahar-Hebei and Hebei-Jehol-Liaoning military districts.)
     
    This webmaster once had a dream about high school teacher leading the classmates into the guerrilla war. This was after reading communist writer Qu Bo's novels Shan-hu Hai-xiao (wuthering mountains and tsunami). After reading about the communist purge of the patriotic student army in Mt. Daqingshan, near the Chahar-Jehol area, this webmaster realized that what Qu Bo depicted in novel Shan-hu Hai-xiao had happened across the country. Namely, patriotic schoolmasters and their student army all fell victims to the communists' killing which was solely for control of the armed forces and people, not for fighting the Japanese. Qu Bo, in novel Shan-hu Hai-xiao which depicted a middle school principal who led his students in a guerrilla war against the Japanese, talked about the split of the classmates into two camps, with the communist taking over the student army in the fight against 'wan [stubborn] June [army],' i.e., the government troops. Like forger Mo Yan (Guan Moye), i.e., Nobel literature prize winner with the novel Red Sorghum, Qu Bo fell into the same brainwashed communist mindset and covered up the Chinese Communists' bloody purge of the patriotic guerrilla armies throughout the Shandong peninsula. Using the communist coined term 'wan [stubborn] June [army]' for the government troops, the communist army, during the resistance war, systematically massacred the gentry-organized guerrilla army, the government guerrilla army, the village elderlies and the government behind-the-enemy-line officials, not to mention the communist self-inflicted purge of the communists who were accused of being Trotskyites.
     
    Establishment of the "Eastern Munich" Training Academy in Yan'an by the NKVD
    Yu Maochun, in the "OSS In China," pointed out that the NKVD & the Russian Military Espionage Agency established a so-called "Eastern Munich" Training Academy in Yan'an in late 1939. Mao Tse-tung was delighted to host the training session for the hundreds of communist spies from inside of China, the overseas Chinese, and the Asians like the Koreans, Japanese, Vietnamese, Indians and Indonesians. The Africans and White men were also included. Training lasted for one year, and the students numbered several hundreds throughout the years of the early 1940s. Notables would include Ho Chi Minh and Okano Susumu [i.e., Yeben Cansan in Chinese]. On the opposite side, the American Navy, in January 1943, established the Sino-American Special Technical Cooperative Organization (SACO) with Dai Li's "jun tong." Ho Chi Minh (Hu Zhiming, original name Ruan Bicheng), who was once Borodin's interpreter, was sent to Southeast Asia to replace Hilaire (Jakob) Noulens [who relocated to China in March 1930 and got arrested by detectives of the International Settlement of Shanghai due to divulsion of a Shanghai maibox by Comintern messenger Joseph Ducroux with alias Serge Le Fran during his stay in Singapore]. However, Ho Chi Minh, after failing to unite Vietnamese communist factions, went to Hongkong where he was arrested about the same time the Noulens were arrested in Shanghai, and after release from prison in June 1932, travelled to Shanghai in early 1933, where Mme Sun Yat-sen reconnected him with the Soviets.
     
    Ho Chi Minh, from Moscow, came to work for Kang Sheng in Yan'an [Yenan] in late 1939, and traveled to Chongqing and befriended the American officials from the Soviet-spy-hijacked OSS [the Office of Strategic Services]. Ho Chi Minh came back to China from Moscow in late 1938, and joined the Chinese Communist Party. Ho, in the aftermath of Japan's occupation of northern Vietnam in September 1940, returned to Vietnam in February 1942 for organizing Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam) but was arrested by the Chinese government when he entered China in August 1942 and imprisoned for thirteen months. During the course of the OSS's efforts in allying with the Chinese communists, on August 22nd, 1944, Okano Susumu, i.e., one-time Japanese communist chief, was packaged into a figure to head the "Apple Plan" which was to dispatch the secret agents into the Japanese-controlled territories, like Manchuria, Korea and Japan. The OSS scheme, in the name of arming the Koreans and dispatching them to the behind-the-enemy-line areas, steered hundreds of the Korean Restoration Army to the communist camp from Chungking, the ROC interim capital city.
     
    Multilateral espionage activities went on throughout the resistance war period, with the treacheries and betrayals against each other: e.g., the British agents colluding with the Comintern agents against the R.O.C., and the communists colluding with the puppets and the Japanese against the R.O.C. On the matter of the Koreans, Dai Li's military investigation and statistics faction supported a Korean interim government headed by Jin Jiu [Kin Kau]; however, some American officers picked Syngman Rhee, i.e., an emissary to the U.S. sent by the interim Korean government. (Jin Jiu and his comrades, sent back to South Korea by Chiang Kai-shek via two ROC transporters on November 5th, 1945, failed to run his interim government; and on June 26th, 1949, he was assassinated by a military police officer under Syngman Rhee.)
     
    Additionally, OSS Chief William "Wild Bill" Donovan had attempted to circumvent around pro-communist Stilwell in striking a deal with the Chinese communists, i.e., offering the U.S. money and weaponry in exchange for the purported American penetration into Manchuria, Northern China, Korea and Japan with the communist help. At one time, Zhu De, i.e., commander of the communist Eighth Route Army, presented a letter to the U.S. in demand of 20 million U.S. dollars as a loan for the purpose of "bribing or purchasing from the puppet army the weapons with money," claiming that they had been able to buy from the puppet army a rifle for $20, a pistol for $30, a bomb thrower for $50, a machinegun for $80, an artillery piece for $1000, and a telegraph set for $200: The American "Office of Strategic Services" would not know the dealings between the communists and the puppet army till their parachuted team, which was sent to an area about 5 kilometers away from a Japanese garrison in 1945, underwent months of detention by the communist army headed by communist commander Geng Biao. When Mao claimed he had about 140,000 broken guns during the peace talks in Chungking in 1945, he was referring to the total number of guns he had acquired through trade with the puppets, as well as the guns the communists robbed of the militia and government guerrilla armies after years of civil wars in North China.
     
    Videos about China's Resistance War: China's Dunkirk Retreat (in English); 42 Video Series (in Chinese)
    Stilwell, the slimy who itched "to throw down ... shovel and get over there and shoulder a rifle with Chu Teh" [i.e., the communist commander-in-chief], before his kickout from China, paid a visit to Mme. Sun Yat-sen, the No. 1 Comintern agent in China. George Marshall quit his job twice, J.I.T (just in time), in anticipation of some pre-arranged phonecalls from Truman to tack on the jobs as 1) first the mediator in the Chinese civil war and ii) secondly as defense minister [by kicking out defense minister Johnson] during the Korean War, respectively. George Marshall returned Zhou Enlai's address book to Zhou Enlai, while never alerting Chiang Kai-shek of communist spies like Xiong Xianghui. While Currie stopped the German weapons of the European battlefield from shipping to China and Truman dumped China's Lend-Lease weapons to the Indian Ocean, Dean Acheson and George Marshall personally pushed for the 1946-47 arms embargo against China and imposed three ceasefire onto the Chinese government, on Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946. Marshall deliberately flew back to China in the spring of 1946 to stop the Chinese Nationalist troops from chasing the disarrayed communists north of the Sungari River. This is how CHINA WAS LOST.
    At this moment, the commies had rallied henchmen against Mr. Xin Haonian's book Which Is New China by repeatedly citing the writings of John Fairbank and the sort. This webmaster, though not agreeing with the said book on all accounts, does want to point out that
    John Fairbank and most of the "Old China Hands", being of anti-Chinese-nationalism in nature, were the "fellow travelers" of the communists and British colonialists since the OSS/CIA days of the 1940s-50s. The best argument against the Chi-com would lie in the continuing exposition of i) the Russian/Comintern conspiracies against China, and ii) the century-long American hypocrisy towards China & American manipulation of Chinese politics [e.g., Stilwell's instigating General Bai Chongxi, Stuart's instigating Li Zongren, and McArthur's instigating General Sun Liren].
    The Wuhan Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. 
It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that the American government had been hijacked by 
i) the imperialists (i.e., the British colonialists whom Roosevelt always suspected to have hijacked the U.S. State Department)  
and ii) the communists. At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel 
that was delicately knit by the sophisticated Chinese communist saboteurs to employ the above-mentioned Americans for their cause
    The Wuhan Gang & The Chungking Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that American government had been hijacked by i) the imperialists (i.e., the British colonialists whom Roosevelt always suspected to have hijacked the U.S. State Department) and ii) the communists. At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel that was delicately knit by the sophisticated Chinese communist "agrarian reformers".
    The Chinese communist agents on international arena would include Chen Hansheng [i.e., Owen lattimore's assistant]; Mme Sun Yat-sen [who acted as the intermediary between the domestic and international communists]; Wu Kejian & Xie Weijing who orchestrated the Chinese communist relief to the Spanish Civil War; and Wang Bingnan whose German wife "physically" won over the hearts of the above-mentioned Americans by providing the wartime 'bachelors' with special one-on-one service. Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai.
    After 60 years, the crap about corruption of the Chiang Kai-shek's regime was so deeply rooted in the American academics that even the publication of the VENONA scripts would not make someone to rethink. Some American senator talked about McCarthyism, while McCarthy had been proven to be right in 99% of the cases he prosecuted. Some other U.S. senator talked about "gung ho" recently, while not knowing what "Gung ho" was meant for. Let's be clear here: "gung ho" was not Evans Carlson's marine commando team in the Pacific Islands but a Comintern scheme to launder money to Yenan, totaling 20 million USD at minimum from Chen Hansheng's operations with the U.S. communist front organizations 1939 to 1941 plus more afterward, as well as a CCP underground tunnel (to use the same word as the American Black slaves' escape route to the north prior to the north-south war), on which road the CCP agents freely travelled around FREE CHINA by riding on the "gung ho" trucks; more, in Jiangxi, the anti-Japanese war base as well as the former Red Army enclave, the "gung ho" gangs were secretly training the cooperative workers to be anti-government insurgents to echo the raging civil wars that were going on along the Yangtze and in North China, which saw the communist Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army slaughtering hundreds of thousands of village elderlies, county magistrates, government guerrilla forces, and patriotic gentry-organized forces.
     
    Now all this was done prior to the Pacific War. But due to Stalin's demand for maintaining the CCP-KMT collaboration scheme, Mao and the communists dared not publicly talked about civil wars. Should they secretly take out the government guerrillas, they would make sure that no messenger would live to escape from the communist territory to tell the truth. Zhao Tong, and 200+ guerrillas, including his sister and dozens of female fighters, were run down by the communist cavalry, and killed to the last person while travelling towards Jehol. Who was Zhao Tong? He was the son of double-gun Mme Zhao, whom the same Wuhan and Chungking gangs, Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby's predecessors, had interviewed and talked about in the media both in China and over the world, a war hero fighting Japanese in Jehol since 1932-1933, and a Youth party member and later a statist member. (Note that the Jehol area used to be the guerrilla army under Youth Party leader Zhao Tong who fought against the Japanese since 1931-1932. To prevent Zhao Tong's Jehol Vanguard Army, about 200-300 men and women, from returning to Jehol from Chungking, the communist armies, with advance information from communist leader Zhou Enlai who superficially participated in the farewell ceremony for the march of the vanguard army in Chungking, pooled resources all over the military districts including Heh Long's communist army from northwestern Shanxi and Suiyuan area, and ambushed and eliminated the vanguard army in the tri-provincial area of Shanxi-Henan-Hebei around the turn of 1939-1940. The communists, in the Chahar-Suiyuan area and around Mt. Daqingshan [the great green mountain], had conducted similar horrifying campaign against the patriotic guerrilla forces, including the fire attack that killed a 90-year-old former Northeastern Cavalry Army corps commander and his guerrilla army, and furthermore attacked and eliminated KMT party operator Chen Jianzhong's party-directly-controlled guerrilla forces and all couriers who were sent through the communist-controlled territories of Shanxi-Shenxi, with Chen Jianzhong being the sole survivor to return to Chungking in disguise.)
     
    After the Pearl Harbor, Stalin no longer cared about China's role in WWII. So the order changed, which was to say that Comintern agents had the free hand to bad-mouth China, with no penalty as imposed before the Dec 1941 Japanese attack at the Pearl Harbor. Hence you see Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, and the gangs, writing the venomous articles against China. Theodore White was one of the top 3-4 playboys in wartime Chungking, and like John Fairbank, enjoyed "stalking" communist mouthpiece Gong Peng, the little black widow and Zhou Enlai's secretary, on the streets of Chungking. And you have Martens, the German communist, who provided one-on-one sexual service to those wartime American bachelors. I read through the craps by Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby just to find out who those guys cohorted with, and how they went around Free China, etc. My findings are the Theodore White gang always lived near the whorehouses, or one storey above the whorehouse, and this guy Theodore White at one time had a rendezvous with some Chinese general's concubine in a vacated hotel while the Japanese planes were dropping bombs over the whole city and people were fleeing to the bunkers. And another gang member was notorious in using the Hostel, a place the KMT government subsidized the international press rascals with a maximum cost of $1 and $3 for meals and lodging daily, as a daily party room to have fun with Chinese women. What you had were passages after passages of writings about the gang's whoring, and that's probably why Miles said he had thousands of pages of details on the gangs' antics and all those materials were locked up in the U.S. Navy's underground confidential room. From Rand's book, you could tell how those guys flew back and forth, between the U.S. and China, had liaison with the Comintern and CPUSA/CCP agents, like Yang Gang and Yang Zao pseudo brother and sister, even inviting the CCP "guest" to their home in New England; and of course the gang was responsible for hiring the CCP agents as translators and interpreters to work on the OSS watch and listen posts along the southeastern Chinese coastline. What a deal. (For example, Larry Wu-tai Chin, i.e., the top CCP mole inside of the U.S. and the CIA since the 1940s, first worked for the American OWI in Fuzhou (i.e., John King Fairbanks' CPUSA-dominated Office of War Information) in 1944, infiltrated into the American consulate in Shanghai in 1949, relocated to Hongkong in 1950, worked as translator in the Korea POW camps in 1951, entered the CIA in Okinawa in 1952 and relocated to the CIA office in Santa Rosa, California in 1961.)
     
    Now, more to that. Almost all gang members were reaping profit by smuggling and selling scarce commodities, utilizing the black market rate of 1 USD to 120 CNC. The gangs made a killing and reaped huge profits, smuggling lipsticks for the sing-song women of Guilin, who were known to be Japanese spies. Some gang members purportedly had a "platonic" love club, with one CCP agent joining the drunkards' club to talk about love. While Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby returned to the U.S. to write a best-seller, arguing among themselves about who should put the name on the book and who should take the credit, the other gang members thought about having some fun in the outpost China and flew to the Chinese Turkistan to bad-mouth China which was defending itself against years of harassment wars conducted by Eastern Turkistan rebels and instigated by Stalin after China kicked out the Russians by taking advantage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. (The creeps were not merely fooling around with the women. They were engaged in the commercial smuggling of China's antiques. Most notable would be the 1942 Zidan-ku Bo-shu (i.e., the Chu[-di] Silk Manuscript from the bullet weapons depot. The Zidan-ku Bo-shu silk manuscript, which was dug out by the tomb raiders who took advantage of the city wall defense work in-between the Changsha campaigns, was smuggled to the United States by John Hadley Cox of the Yali Middle School (part of the Yale-in-China school system) and his OSS accomplice Frederic D. Schultheis, at a 10% deposit money to collector Cai Jixiang. This piece of artwork, which was against the late will of the last collector to return to China, is now with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, part of affiliation with the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art. This webmaster, to pour some cold water onto the Arthur M. Sackler museum as to the Chu[-di] Silk Manuscript's value, wants to emphasize the meaning of the 'di' [land] suffix to point out that this piece of artwork was a Han dynasty product that was excavated from the former Chu Principality's land, not an actual Eastern Zhou dynasty product. Read this webmaster's writing on Pre-History, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties for the intricacy about the stages of Sinitic cosmological, astronomical, astrological and geographical development. The Sinitic Civilization - Book I is on Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook Book. Book II is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Refer to Table of Contents - Book I (Index) and Table of Contents - Book II (Index) for details.)
     
    Like to ask you spend some time on E.J. Khan, Peter Rand and Theodore White's books, and see how those creeps joined hands with the Comintern and CCP agents to sabotage China, and made China what it is today, i.e., billion coolies and slaves working to death for the multi-national corporations and international banksters. And of course read Dorn's book to know Marshall and Stilwell's scheme to assassinate Chiang Kai-shek.
     
    The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]

    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    Purge of the Trotskyists at Hu-xi [i.e., Su-Lu-Yu or Jiangsu-Shandong-Henan]

     
    Transition To Yan'an Rectification Movement
    On March 5th, 1938, the CCP Central Committee issued a call for "Re: Decision As To Massively Enrolling the CCP Members." Chen Yun claimed that whoever had acquired the intellectuals would have acquired the nation. Within one and half years, masses of people, students and intellectuals enrolled in the CCP. To filter out the reactionaries and wavering elements, on August 25th, 1939, the CCP issued a call for "Re: Decision as to Solidifying the CCP." Kang Sheng's CCP Social Department was empowered with secretively investigating the CCP members both inside and outside of the CCP domains. Beginning from 1940, Chen Yun's CCP Central Organization Department & Kang Sheng's CCP Social Department would be in charge of re-investigating the CCP members in a joint effort.
     
    The CCP Archive Management, which was abandoned prior to the 1934 Long March, was re-established, with the CCP Organization Sections at the various levels in charge of the folders. The communist archives in Shanghai, after the busting of the underground nexus by the government agents in the early 1930s, were apparently shipped to Moscow for safekeeping and would not be retrieved till the early 1950s. The CCP members were asked to re-fill the resume tables repeatedly for sake of clarifying the suspicious gaps or history that revealed themselves among the different versions. Gao Hua cited Ma Hong's writing in stating that in the Yan'an Marxism & Leninism Academy alone, 188 out of 291 CCP members were found to have the conflicting resumes as to their family background and personal history. Eyewitnesses and old acquaintances were required for ascertaining the records and statements, and the CCP supervisors were ordered to write up the summaries and evaluation reports. At the various levels, the CCP Organization Section Chief must conduct individual discussion with each and every member investigated before making a conclusive remark for the personnel folder involved, with emphasis on i) the historical background check, and ii) performance evaluation at the working units. This personnel folder would follow the person all his or her life, with remarks added by supervisors along the way.
     
    On September 20th, 1940, Kang Sheng's CCP Social Department issued an order "Re: Instructions As To Eliminating the Enemy Agents," calling for various-level CCP Organization Sections reporting suspects and their archive materials to the Social Department. On basis of the self accounts in resumes, the CCP Social Department scrutinized the enrollees in the Northern Shenxi Province Public School & the CCP Central Party Academy, especially those with the so-called "exploiter" family background, with complicated social contacts, or with implication in the KMT organizations. Except for few who answered the CCP's school enrollment notice published in the KMT controlled areas, most of the people had come to Yan'an with the referral letters stamped by the local CCP leaders. Gao Hua cited a woman by the name of Lin Na as a good example of Kang Sheng's re-investigation scheme. Lin Na, with her husband taken away by the Soviet NKVD (i.e., Ge-bo-wu) while on the road of return to China from Moscow, would be deprived of the post of deputy chief of the politics section of the Yan'an Women College in the autumn of 1940. (Lin Na, repeatedly interrogated by Ye Qun [i.e., Lin Biao's wife], would later die when being thrown out by Ye Qun for further persecution during the cultural revolution of the 1960s.) Gao Hua also listed renowned writer Xiao June as another example of the CCP investigation and attributed CCP cadre Chen Long to the impartial approach in ascertaining the "suspects" including Xiao Jun, which led to Mao Tse-tung's giving a reception to Xiao June in July 1941.
     
    On April 10th & August 2nd, 1941, the CCP Social Department issued two orders "Re: Instructions As To Cleaning Up the Reactionary Suspicious Agents," calling for detailed research and serious inspection. Gao Hua stated that under the influence of Chen Yun & Zhang Wentian, the CCP 1940-1941 "cadre investigation" was relatively peaceful and moreover helped to alleviate some cadres of historical issues. Ding Ling, who was imprisoned by the government from 1933 to 1936, was finally restored reputation as a "loyal communist" in the cadre investigation of 1940 even though Kang Sheng had claimed in 1938 that Ding Ling was "not our comrade." Similarly, Wang Shiwei, who later was arrested during the Yan'an Rectification Movement, was cleared of his past contacts with the Trotskyists in 1940. Most of the communist cadres or members cleared in 1940-1941 would soon fall into victims of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, to be arrested by Kang Sheng in 1943 with the escalated "crimes."
     
    Sima Lu (Ma Yi, Ma Yuanfu), who was suspected to be a Trotskyist, was expelled from Yan'an in June 1939. Though Sima Lu was restored the party membership, he severed himself with the CCP in 1942 for joining the Chinese Democratic League [a communist front organization], after conducting the sabotage work to help Zhou Enlai in steering the Korean righteous army troops to Yenan through a communist scheme with the Soviet-spies-hijacked American OSS organization, and after a banishment assignment to the trilateral border area of Zhejiang, where he abandoned the assigned post after undergoing incessant threats and assassination attempts by agents from the Japanese, from the government, from the puppets and from the communist side. (In 1949, Sima Lu departed for HK where he launched a magazine entitled "Looking Ahead".)
     
     
    The KMT-CCP Friction & Confrontation
     
    Beginning from August 1937, Mao Tse-tung differed from Zhou Enlai on the matter of the CCP-KMT cooperation. On August 22-25, the CCP launched the expanded politburo meeting in Luochuan, i.e., the Luochuan Meeting, with Mao Tse-tung claiming that Chiang Kai-shek's KMT would sooner or later surrender to the Japanese. Mao Tse-tung, with the support of Zhang Wentian out of 23 participants, claimed that the CCP must be prepared for taking the national leadership should the KMT surrender to or be defeated by the Japanese. Zhou Enlai, however, stated that the CCP must fulfill its promise of cooperation with the KMT in resisting the Japanese aggression. Zhou Enlai expressed confidence in Chiang Kai-shek's persistence character. Mao and Zhou also differed on the military strategy, with Mao insisting on the "guerrilla warfare" for saving the CCP's strength and Zhou insisting on the "mobile guerrilla warfare" at minimum for proving to the nation that the CCP did resist the Japanese. Zhu De & Peng Dehuai also expressed the need for observing the command of the KMT military committee so that the CCP's Eighth Route Army could enjoy the government-funded military stipends, equipment and supplies. At last, Zhang Wentian compromised the two viewpoints, with a decision that the Eighth Route Army first cooperate with the government forces (i.e., the National Revolutionary Army of the R.O.C.) in fighting the Japanese and then disperse across northern China for launching Mao Tse-tung's guerrilla warfare should the government troops' frontline defense against the Japanese collapse by itself. The Luochuan Meeting was notorious for the communist resolutions to commit 10% of the energies to resisting the Japanese. On September 13th, the government's news agency announced the start of the 2nd KMT-CCP collaboration.
     
    On March 29th, 1938, the Nationalist Party (KMT) convened a Provisional National Congress in Wuchang of Wuhan. The General Assembly of the KMT Provisional National Congress elected Chiang Kai-shek as the director-general ("zong cai," generalissimo) of the Nationalist Party (KMT). From March 29 to April 1, the provisional congress passed four major resolutions including the establishment of the Three People's Youth League, with the KMT party president (generalissimo) acting as concurrent league president. The Three People's Youth League was intended for uniting all political organizations of China under one single umbrella for seeking the unity of the will and talents of the nation 's youth and enhancing the power of the national revolution. Chiang Kai-shek intended for the Chinese communists to join in under one umbrella. The Kuomintang (KMT) party passed a resolution in June to restore the KMT membership of Zhang Guotao, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others. On July 6th, 1938, the National Government convened the first meeting of the Citizen Political Participation Council (i.e., the National Politics Participation Council) in Hankow, a preparatory meeting for the transformation to the "constitutional government" which was originally scheduled for late 1937 but disrupted by the war. In the spirits of united front, the central government conferred the "politics participants [councilor]" posts onto seven senior communist leaders including Mao Tse-tung, Zhou Enlai, Wang Ming (Chen Shaoyu), Qin Bangxian, Dong Biwu, Wu Yuzhang and Deng Yingchao. Zhang Guotao, i.e., one time Red Army commander of the communist Western Route Army who escaped to Wuhan from Yenan, at one time discussed with communist party founder Chen Duxiu about launching a separate communist party.
     
    The Kuomintang (KMT) party passed a resolution in June to restore the KMT membership of Zhang Guotao, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others. On July 6th, 1938, the National Government convened the first meeting of the Citizen Political Participation Council (i.e., the National Politics Participation Council) in Hankow, a preparatory meeting for the transformation to the "constitutional government" which was originally scheduled for late 1937 but disrupted by the war. In the spirits of united front, the central government conferred the "politics participants [councilor]" posts onto seven senior communist leaders including Mao Tse-tung, Zhou Enlai, Wang Ming (Chen Shaoyu), Qin Bangxian, Dong Biwu, Wu Yuzhang and Deng Yingchao. Zhang Guotao, i.e., one time Red Army commander of the communist Western Route Army who escaped to Wuhan from Yenan, at one time discussed with communist party founder Chen Duxiu about launching a separate communist party. According to Sima Lu (Ma Yi, Ma Yuanfu), Chen Duxiu refused to work for Chiang Kai-shek over death of his two communist sons. Zhou Enlai, to prevent Zhang Guotao and Chen Duxiu from working for the government, sent Wang Ruofei to lobbying Chen Duxiu. According to Zhang Guotao's recitals to Sima Lu, Chiang Kai-shek did not approve of the establishment of a separate communist party after subordinates claimed that there were enough headaches to deal with a one Communist Party already.
     
    Guerrilla Warfare vs Mobile Guerrilla Warfare
    On August 23rd, Mao assumed the post of secretary for the CCP Central Military Committee while Zhu De & Zhou Enlai assumed the deputy posts. Zhou Enlai was to take on the post of secretary for the CCP Yangtze Bureau in the government-controlled area. After the Luochuan Meeting, three divisions of the CCP Eighth Route Army entered Shanxi Province after Zhou Enlai met Yan Xishan in Daixian county on September 7th and Fu Zuoyi in Datong thereafter. Zhou backed down to compromise with Mao by selling the idea of "guerrilla mobile [maneuver] warfare" (not "mobile [maneuver] guerrilla warfare") to Yan Xishan. Mao, however, continued to instruct the various CCP military leaders as to the danger of committing the CCP's Eighth Route Army to the resistance war. On September 23rd, Zhou authorized the 115th & 120th Divisions in assisting Yan Xishan's army, and Zhu De, Peng Dehuai & Ren Bishi reported the deployment plan to Mao; however, Mao refrained from approving the plan till after Lin Biao's 115th Division ambushed a Japanese logistics unit from the 21st Ryodan (Brigade-Conglomerate) at the Battle of Pingxingguan Pass. (Communist general Lin Biao, who directed the Pingxingguan ambush to have eliminated a Japanese logistic column of 100 to 200 men, was shot and wounded by the Shanxi provincial army while wearing the captured Japanese military uniform, for which he was shipped to Moscow for treatment and would not return till 1942, on which occasion Hu Zongnan arranged for spy chief Dai Li to fly over to Xi'an for meeting with Lin Biao and converting Lin Biao back to the Whampoa commandant's side.)
     
    Per Vlamidirov, Mao ultimately in 1940 ordered the so-called hundred regiment campaign as a means to officially reverse the Luochuan guideline of "guerrilla mobile [maneuver] warfare," namely, fighting a railway disruption campaign without reporting to the united command of the ROC government which was taken by Vlaidmirov as a roundabout way of sabotaging the Stalin-sanctioned united front line. Hence the CCP, in Vladimirov's view, officially ceased battles with the Japanese in 1940 to take flight under the pretext of "guerrilla warfare" [lacking the word mobile or maneuver]. Back in Moscow, when Zhou Enlai was staying September 1939 through February 1940 for treatment of his injured right arm from a horse riding accident, purportedly Zhou Enlai was unable to get accomodated a meeting with Stalin, nor getting what the Chinese communist wished as to allocation of one fortieth of the Soviet military aid to the Republic of China. Zhou Enlai was given funds by the Comintern for convening the planned CCP 7th Congress that was to be delayed by Mao-Tse-tung till after wrapping up the Rectification Movement in early 1945.
     
    Xie He'geng's Entering the KMT Nucleus
    On August 2nd, 1937, Chiang Kai-shek invited Bai Chongxi to Nanking for assuming the post of deputy general tactician. Against the advice of Long Yun & Liu Xiang, Bai Chongxi agreed to Xie He'geng's opinions and departed for Nanking. Xie He'geng, being one of the few attaches whom Bai Chongxi had brought along, took over the post of "confidential secretary" on August 4th, 1937. In this month, Xie He'geng, a married man, first met with Wang Ying, an undercover communist movie and drama star who had retreated from Shanghai with Hong Shen's "drama column for rescuing the nation," one of the 13 such patriotic columns organized by Shanghai's entertainment industry in the aftermath of the August 14th, 1937 war in Shanghai. (Among the works of the "drama column for rescuing the nation" would be "The Exile Trilogy" which was about a father and a daughter fleeing the territory of Japanese-occupied Manchuria.)
     
    Also accompanying Bai Chongxi would be Pan Yizhi and Liu Fei (an undercover communist agent). Subsequently, Xie He'geng was offered the job of secretary under Zhang Qun's National Defense Conference. Cheng Siyuan, after returning from Italy, worked as another secretary for Bai Chongxi. Pan Yizhi, while in Nanking, entertained Bai Chongxi by arranging rendezvous with the "renowned" entertainment circle women in Suzhou-Hangzhou-Shanghai areas.
     
    In October 1937, Xie Hegeng first authored 12,000 character "masterplan for the nationwide guerilla warfare" which Gui-xi passed along to Chiang Kai-shek via Liu Fei [i.e., secondary director of the military department of the KMT military commission, and an undercover communist agent]. This article was also copied to Mao Tse-tung via Li Kenong of the Nanking office of the Eighth Route Army. Later, during the cultural revolution of the 1960s, the Red Guards rebuked Xie Hegeng in 'faking' as author of Mao Tse-tung's thoughts on the "sustained and lengthened warfare." (Li Zongren's memoirs claimed that he had authored an article entitled "regarding the scorched-earth resistance wars" in 1933, an article that was published in numerous newspapers after a review by Hu Hanmin.)
     
    Chiang Kai-shek, in early 1938, sanctioned the launch of the "guerilla warfare teaching & practice school" on Mt Hengshan of Hunan Province where 100-200 cadres from multiple provinces studied. In March, KMT commissar Zhang Chong [Zhang Huai'nan] orchestrated a KMT-CCP meeting at the Pacific Hotel in Hankow in regards to discussions on propaganda and organization. Xie He'geng memoirs stated that Chiang Kai-shek, on March 29th, 1938, initiated the formation of the "Three People's Principles Youth League" after consulting with Bai Chongxi as to Guangxi's experience on the "three sub-merging" experiment in the areas of mobilization of the masses, i.e., drafting soldiers, training them and then releasing them back into the countryside for future war mobilization. Later on February 15th, 1939, the "Nationalist Army Guerilla Warfare Cadre Training Session" started at Nanyue of Hengshan. The Guilin office of the communist Eighth Route Army, on May 30th, 1939, reported that Xie Hegeng had authored many articles that Bai Chongxi had adopted during many speeches, including an article on the "Protracted Resistance War."
     
    In the late spring of 1938, Xie Hegeng and Wang Ying, two undercover communists with no horizontal liaison with each other, fell in love. Xie Hegeng remained at the side of Bai Chongxi throughout the early years of the war, till 1942. To assist Xie Hegeng's secret mission, the CCP dispatched Liu Zhongrong and Liu Zhonghua to the Gui-xi camp. In February 1938, while in Hankou, Xie Hegeng was asked by Chiang Kai-shek and Jiang Jingguo to officially enroll in the KMT, which Xie Hegeng managed to put off. By October 1938, Liu Zhonghua tacked on the post of counselor in Li Zongren's office [i.e., the 5th Military Zone] in Xiangfan of Hubei Province, while Liu Zhongrong already tacked on the post of counselor in Bai Chongxi's office [i.e., the Generalissimo’s Headquarters in Guilin]. During the retreat from Wuhan, CCP leader Zhou Enlai rode on the same vehicle as Bai Chongxi and purportedly discussed the guerilla warfare. With Chiang Kai-shek's nodding approval, CCP leader Ye Jianying led a teaching delegation to the KMT "Nationalist Army Guerilla Warfare Cadre Training Session" in Nanyue. The KMT & CCP purportedly co-educated three sessions or 3000 cadres by March 1940. Tang Enbo at one time was put in charge of the training session together with the communists. Xie Hegeng returned to the "Guilin Generalissimo’s Headquarters" with Bai Chongxi in January 1939 after staying at the Nanyue training session for two months.
     
    In April 1939, Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi, under maneuver by Xie Hegeng, financially supported communists Jin Shan & Wang Ying's "drama tour of Southeastern Asia" for the fund raising. The communists purportedly raised a huge amount of money among the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, equivalent in the dollar amount to Chen Han-sheng's money laundering to Yenan from the CPUSA front organization in the United States. Wang Ying later worked on the patriotic drama performance in HK. After the fall of HK, the communist activists, dramatists and actors/actresses, such as Wang Ying, Xia Yan, Jin Shan and Situ Huimin, slipped through the Japanese blockade for a return to China. This was a safe passage arranged by Pan Hannian, the communist spy chief, and the Japanese military intelligence service. (Chen Hansheng cohorted with the U.S. and HK-based Indusco and China Defense League in funneling at least 20M, and communist actresses and actors collected the overseas Chinese donation of a similar amount of 20M or more in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian compatriots, especially in Singapore, paid their price later, with hundreds of thousands of them massacred by the Japanese army near the Marina Bay, not knowing that their donation went into the communist pockets and used against the Chinese compatriots. All combined, the communists netted more than three batches equivalent of tung oil, tin, zinc or tungsten barter trades, including the 20 million U.S. dollars equivalent of money that Pan Hannian received from the Japanese foreign ministry spies. In addition, the communists received the R.O.C. government funding prior to the 1941 Wan'nan Incident plus direct Soviet funding. At the end, when Japan surrendered, the communists possessed an army of merely 300,000 and the total number of 140,000 rotten guns --Mao's words. Don't get obfuscated by the fake number of 1.2 million communist troops [such as Li Yunchang's ragtag puppets-staffed 40,000 troops which were reduced to 5000 men after the 1945 Battle of Jinzhou], that Mao wanted Chiang Kai-shek to reorganize into 16 corps or 48 divisions at the Chungking peace conference. The Soviet archives, which tracked the actual Chinese communist army headcounts throughout the 1920s to 1940s, had the real numbers that pierced the fabricated myth. As pointed out by Herbert Feis, Colonel M.B. Depass, Jr., a military attaché on November 16th, 1943, reported that the communist army was actually a "composite military force" that was "not capable of much, if any offensive action." The American estimation was half a million men plus an equal number of lightly-armed guerrilla force, be it male and female, full-time and part-time, local and freely moving about.)
     
    In May 1942, Xie Hegeng & Wang Ying, as part of the Chinese communist scheme to infiltrate to Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the world, were sent to the U.S. for overseas studies under funding by the ROC government. While in the U.S., Xie Hegeng & Wang Ying held meetings with Owen Lattimore [a Soviet agent] of Baltimore University, Lin Yutang, Pearl Buck [Sai-zhen-zhu] and Smedley, et al., attended the "world youth student meeting" (i.e., a Comintern front organization) in D.C. in July 1942, and conducted the leftist activities. However, Xie Hegeng memoirs stated that he refused to cooperate with the 3rd Comintern and the Russian consulate in San Francisco. Wang Ying, as the so-called Chinese "Hayes Helen," was invited to the White House for a performance on March 15th, 1943. Arrested by the INS in 1954, the two were released together with 12 more Chinese in a swap deal with 14 American prisoners of war from the Korean War, i.e., U.S. pilots. During the cultural revolution, Wang Ying would die of Jiang Qing's persecutions in March 1974. The stories of Xie Hegeng and Wang Ying, i.e., two self-inflicted victims of communism, were shot into the TV series "Forever First Love" in 1996.
     
    The American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell Incident, OSS Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]
     
    The Chungking Gang

    P 6 Archibald Trojan Steele suggested that "to deny that the Chinese Communists were 'real Communists' so as to "report good things about the Communists without appearing pro-Communists to an American reading public that was traditionally anti-Communist."
    P104 Hugh Dean: "During those early months of 1941, Belden and I and one or two others were kept busy trying to get the specifics on the suppression of opponents of the Kuomintang, real and suspected …I went home in the spring of 1941 with my notebooks full of heavy stuff on the oppression and Kuomintang-Communist relations. Chou En-lai and his aides gave me a farewell dinner at which Chou handed me a map showing the areas where Kuomintang and Communist troops had clashed and confronted each other. … The Monitor commissioned a series of ten articles under the general title 'Inside the War'."
    P 105 "it [KMT] had no mass support and was on its way out. I wound up by saying that the Communists had won the battle for the minds of the peasants, and I suggested that this was going to be the decisive factor."
    Hugh Dean, a graduate of Lingnan University, one of the cradles of the Soviet G.R.U. spies same as Yenching University, passed through HK where Comintern (G.R.U.) agents Gunther Stein and Chen Hansheng briefed him as to how to launch the sabotage propaganda work in Chungking.

     
    Fairbank, who was called by the Chinese alias 'Fan' in 1932 before adopting the 'Fei' last name, was seen attending the Smedley-organized Peking branch meeting of the China Civil Rights' Society in early 1932. When Fairbank first came to China in late 1931, he got in touch with Smedley for his father's role in acquitting Smedley in some indictments related to Smedley's being arrested by the U.S. Naval Intelligence Bureau in March 1918 for working on behalf of M. N. Roy and Shailendranath Ghosh and the Germans to instigate rebellion in India. Fairbank cohorted with the Chinese communists in wartime capital Chungking, befriended Zhou Enlai, had a crush on communist woman Gong Peng, and later used his experience of sabotage work against the Republic of China as capital for becoming a Sinologist. (Fairbank's book Republican China, whenever concerning the communists, was like a page by page mimeograph of the CCP's party resolutions and documents. Later in his life, Fairbank, having blind faith in Zhou Enlai, did not believe in the excess and horrors of the cultural revolution, with a claim that Zhou Enlai could fix it all. What a dupe. Outsiders did not have a full understanding of China's political drama till the Nixon visit in the early 1970s. In 1972, rightist Fei Xiaotong received from the "military representative" a parcel which was a doctoral thesis entitled "Fei Xiaotong And Sociology In Revolutionary China" by R David Arkush of Harvard University (see Ye Yonglie's "History's Elegy: Inside Stories of the Anti-Rightists Movement," Cosmos Books Ltd, HK, 1995 edition). In the same year, John Fairbank visited China and requested for a meeting with Fei Xiaotong who enjoyed the same last name of "Fei" as Fairbank [Fei Zhengqing].)
     
    In Hankow, Anneliese Martens cohorted with the pro-communist Wuhan gang. Anneliese Martens, i.e., Wang Bingnan's German wife, physically won over the hearts of the Americans by providing the wartime 'bachelors' with special one-on-one service per Zeng Xubai's writings. After returning to Hankow, Martins got acquainted with American Evans Carlson who just returned from a three-month trip to the communist-controlled territories in North China. Carlson, who was rebuked by the American Navy for the pro-communist news conference conducted among about forty foreign reporters, resigned from the marines, and later wrote a book Twin Star of China and organized the "Gunho commando team" during the Pacific War. By September, Martins took over Smedley’s assignment in Wuhan while Smedley transferred to the Red Cross headquarters in Changsha and later in October went to the camp of the communist New Fourth Army with over 25,000 quinine tablets, from where she wrote to Utley with news of a Japanese bombardment of the 40th Corps' army hospital at the Taipingzhen Town – packed with 100 wounded Sichuan soldiers. In contrast with communist saboteur Martens, another young German girl, who was married with a Chinese officer [who likely studied in Germany] and adopted the Chinese name of Wang Hsiao-ling, was working as a quasi-surgeon with the rank of a major in the Chinese Army Medical Service, “operating on wounded soldiers on bare wooden tables, and extracting bullets with a penknife”.
     
    On October 23rd, Martins, together with Jean Ewen, boarded a communist-leased ship for evacuating from Hankow. Jean Ewen, who was medical assistant for Dr. Norman Bethune but had trouble working with the Canadian communist, left the battlefront for home via Hongkong and also took part in the detour trip to Chungking from Wuhan. En route, the Japanese planes sank the ship and killed two thirds of the passengers, including the news reporters for "New China Daily," while the majority survivors had sought shelter on the riverbank under Li Kenong's order when the ship moored for the prime time of the day.
     
    In Guilin of Guangxi Province, Li Kenong arranged for the two Caucasian women to stay at a Baptist church for deflecting the rumor that two female Soviet advisers were with the communist 8th Route Army. At Guilin, Zhou Enlai ordered Martins to travel to Haiphong of Vietnam to have the French customs officials expedite the process of releasing the communist supplies that the pro-CPUSA China Defense League had rerouted through the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. Mme Sun Yat-sen, together with communist Liao Chengzhi (i.e., Liao Zhongkai's son), launched the China Defense League in June 1938, with its mission being to siphon domestic and international funds for the communist cause, and in March of the following year (i.e., 1939), personally travelled to Hongkong to make a speech about rendering aid to [communist] guerrilla fighters. After the Vietnam mission, Martins returned to Hongkong where she was asked to travel to Shanghai for taking care of the materials that were delivered to the defense league’s Shanghai committee. In Shanghai, Martins accepted a Japanese classmate’s invitation to visit Tokyo on board a plane chartered from the Japanese military, for which she was later accused of not following the communist party dicipline. Back in Hongkong, Martins accepted another Vietnam mission to go to Haiphong with twenty Singaporean Chinese truck drivers. Speaking French, Martins found out that the French customs officials, who came from German-speaking French Alsace, exhibited unusual warmth towards her than to two British doctors who were sent to Vietnam by the defense league for facilitating the release of communist supplies. Travelling between Vietnam and Guangxi, Martins took charge of facilitating the import of goods for both the defense league and the 8th Route Army, as well as the Red Cross, Central Bank of China and the Guangxi Army. In spring 1939, after the Vietnam mission, Martins visited Chungking after a plane stopover in Kunming. Before going to North China to write on the Red Cross activities as the defense league's representative to Chungking, Martens took an assignment from Zhou Enlai to travel to Guiyang of Guizhou Province to receive supplies that the Red Cross had designated for the field hospitals of the communist 8th Route Army as well as to strike a collaboration agreement with Lin Kesheng's Red Cross. The project was to have Martens act as liaison for about sixteen "Spanish [War] Doctors" who had answered the Third Comintern's call for service in Spain in mid-1930s but chose to accept Red Cross' Norway headquarters' task to transfer to China for work under the China Defense League. The "Spanish [War] Doctors," namely, the German Jew doctors, apparently had a wholehearted devotion to Stalin's worldwide communist revolution, not knowing that Stalin, to strengthen his grip on power, had already begun to take out the Jewish communists who at one time comprised of the super majority in the Soviet politburo. It turned out all the German Jew doctors who went to Moscow were all purged and killed by Stalin while those who chose to come to China survived the war, with some staying with the Chinese communists the rest of their lives.


     

    After 60 years, the craap about corruption of the Chiang Kai-shek's regime was so deeply rooted in the American academics that even the publication of the VENONA scripts would not make someone to rethink. Some American senator talked about McCarthyism, while McCarthy had been proven to be right in 99% of the cases he prosecuted. Some other U.S. senator talked about "gung ho" recently, while not knowing what "Gung ho" was meant for. Let's be clear here: "gung ho" was not Evan Carlson's commando team on the Pacific Islands but a Comintern scheme to launder money to Yenan, totalling 20 million USD at minimum from Chen Hansheng's operations with the U.S. communist front organizations 1939 to 1941 plus more afterward, as well as a CCP underground tunnel (to use the same word as the American Black slaves' escape route to the north prior to the north-south war), on which road the CCP agents freely travelled around FREE CHINA by riding on the "gung ho" trucks; more, in Jiangxi, the anti-Japanese war base as well as the former Red Army enclave, the "gung ho" gangs were secretly training the cooperative workers to be anti-government insurgents to echo the raging civil wars that were going on along the Yangtze and in North China, which saw the communist Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army slaughtering hundreds of thousands of village elderlies, county magistrates, government guerrilla forces, and patriotic gentry-organized forces.
     
    Now all this was done prior to the Pacific War. But due to Stalin's demand for maintaining the CCP-KMT collaboration scheme, Mao and the communists dared not publicly talked about the civil wars. Should they secretly take out the government guerrillas, they would make sure that no messenger would live to escape from the communist territory to tell the truth. Zhao Tong, and 200+ guerrillas, including his sister and dozens of female fighters, were run down by the communist cavalry, and killed to the last person while travelling towards Jehol. Who was Zhao Tong? He was the son of double-gun Mme Zhao, whom the same Wuhan and Chungking gangs, Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby's predecessors, had interviewed and talked about in the media both in China and over the world, a war hero fighting Japanese in Jehol since 1932-1933, and a Youth party member and later a statist member.
     
    After the Pearl Harbor, Stalin no longer cared about China's role in WWII. So the order changed, which was to say that the Comintern agents had the free hand to bad-mouth China, with no penalty as imposed before the Dec 1941 Japanese attack at the Pearl Harbor. Hence you see Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, and the gangs, writing venomous articles against China. Theodore White was one of the top 3-4 playboys in wartime Chungking, and like John Fairbank, enjoyed "stalking" communist mouthpiece Gong Peng, the little black widow and Zhou Enlai's secretary, on the streets of Chungking. And you have Martens, the German communist, who provided one-on-one sexual service to those wartime American bachelors. This webmaster read through the craps by Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby just to find out who those guys cohorted with, and how they went around Free China, etc. This webmaster's findings are the Theodore White gang always lived near the whorehouses, or one storey above the whorehouse, and this guy Theodore White at one time had a rondevoue with some Chinese general's concubine in a vacated hotel while the Japanese planes were dropping bombs over the whole city and people were fleeing to the bunkers. And another gang member was notorious in using the Hostel, a place the KMT government subsidized the international press rascals with a maximum cost of $1 and $3 for meals and lodging daily, as a daily party room to have fun with the Chinese women. What you had were passages after passages of writings about the gang's whoring, and that's probably why Milton Miles said that he had thousands of pages of details on the gangs' antics and all those materials were locked up in the U.S. Navy's underground confidential room. From Rand's book, you could tell how those guys flew back and forth, between the U.S. and China, liaisoning with the Comintern and CPUSA/CCP agents, like Yang Gang and Yang Zao brother and sister, even inviting the CCP "guest" to their home in New England; and of course the gang was responsible for hiring the CCP agents as translators and interpretors to work on the OSS watch and listen posts along the southeastern Chinese coastline. What a deal. Now, more to that. Almost all gang members were reaping the huge profit by smuggling and selling scarce commodities, utilizing the black market rate of 1 USD to 120 CNC. The gangs made a killing and reaped huge profits, smuggling lipsticks for the sing-song women of Guilin, who were known to be Japanese spies. Some gang members purportedly had a "platonic" love club, with one CCP agent joining the drunkards' club to talk about love. While Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby returned to the US to write a best-seller, arguing among themselves about who should put the name on the book and who should take the credit, the other gang members thought about having some fun in the outpost China and flew to the Chinese Turkistan to bad-mouth China which was defending itself against years of the harassment wars that were conducted by the Eastern Turkistan Republic rebels and instigated by Stalin after China kicked out the Russians by taking advantage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
     
    Like to ask you spend sometime on Khan, Rand and White's books, and see how those creeps joined hands with the Comintern and CCP agents to sabotage China, and made China what it is today: 1 billion slaves and coolies toiling to death for the international banksters and multinational corporations. And of couse read Dorn's book to know Marshall and Stilwell's scheme to assassinate Chiang Kai-shek to understand the non-existent U.S. policy of support for the Republic of China.

     
    The Loyal and Righteous Army's Behind-the-Enemy-Line Espionage Work & Assassination
    After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Dai Li's special agents launched both the frontal resistance war and the behind-enemy-line guerrilla war and special operations. In the Shanghai area, the Loyal and Righteous National Salvation Army joined the regular armies in the defense of Shanghai and later provided cover for the regular armies to retreat towards Nanking. The Loyal and Righteous National Salvation Army leaders, as well as the stranded Hunan provincial army officers, took over the county magistrate jobs in the counties near Shanghai and waged the behind-the-enemy-line battles against the Japanese till about 1939-1940 when the communists infiltrated the guerrilla armies and took over some of the military numberings.
     
    In North China, during the Eastern Hebei uprisings against the Japanese in the summer of 1938, the Military Statistics agents under Chen Gongshu launched the Luan-yu Army Headquarters, with Qi Qingbin serving as chief tactician and Zhang Zuoxing as political indoctrination director. Wang Wen, i.e., Chen Gongshu's Tientsin action team head, went back to his hometown for the uprising and organized the 9th route army of the Loyal and Righteous National Salvation Army in Baodi and Wuqing, with the total troops of over 3000 men. Li Yunchang, Li Mingqiu, and a few other acquaintance communists or communist sympathizers from the Whampoa Academy of the 1920s, who initially sought the military numbering and assistance with Chen Gongshu, later split off to have junction with the communist Eighth Route Army's contingent which came to Eastern Hebei and southern Jehol to expand headcounts and subsequently retreated to the mountains west of Peking with the recruits.
     
    In 1948, Li Mingqiu, who was retiring in hometown, was fetched by Chen Gongshu to make a trip to Manchuria for visiting Lin Biao and Tao Zhu in the attempt at instigating the communist generals. Luckily, Li Mingqiu returned from the visit with the communists but died of illness before the communists came over. This was likely an effort by Chen Gongshu to reconnect with Lin Biao after Dai Li's plane crash death in 1946. Lin Biao, back in 1942, during a stopover in Xi'an while coming home from the medical treatment in the Soviet Union, had a meeting with Hu Zongnan, i.e., a Whampoa classmate. Hu Zongnan secretly called over spy chief Dai Li to Xi'an, where Lin Biao, Wen Qiang and Dai Li had an undisclosed meeting, something that Taiwan was to find out after the news of Lin Biao's death in a Trident plane crash on September 13, 1971, in Mongolia. The British Trident was one of four second-hand civil airliners bought from Pakistan, with the Chinese side refuting Mongolia's investigation report that it was converted to the military purpose. Lin Biao's communication line with Dai Li was apparently lost after Dai Li's death in the plane crash in 1946. Taiwan deputy spy chief Weng Yanqing confirmed that he visited retired spy official Zhang Shiqi in the U.S. to confirm the authenticity that Lin Biao sent three letters to Chiang Kai-shek in November of 1966 through former Whampoa classmate Xiao Zhengyi's relay to retired KMT general Zhou You in Hongkong. Lin Biao's one such letter mentioned the meeting with Yu Long, i.e., Dai Li or Tai Li. The rest of Li Mingqiu's estranged former communist gang members were to be either arrested or executed by the communists in the 1950s or put under the prison that was disguised as a training corps. In 1956, the communists, in bad faith, shut down the officer training corps that was set up in the late 1940s to house the officer prisoners and released the former nationalist army officers and generals to the war criminal penal institution for imprisonment.)
     
    In Shanghai, the special agents carried out innumerable assassinations against the traitors who committed treacherous crimes and the Japanese military personnel. On December 30, 1937, Lu Bohong was assassinated at the door of his residence for participation in the puppet citizen association. On March 7, 1938, Zhou Fengqi was assassinated at the door of his residence for accepting the pacification minister in the puppet reform government. Cheng Haitao, an acting supervisory inspector of the French Concession Police, was assassinated for his collusion with the Japanese in sabotaging the Chinese underground organizations and arresting the Chinese special agents. On January 30, 1941, Ji Xiangqing, a branch commissioner of the Puppet Central Reserve Bank in Shanghai, was assassinated on the Kaizier Road (now Jinling Middle Road).
     
    In North China, in Peking (Beiping), on December 14, 1937, the puppet Provisional Government of the Republic of China was launched by the Japanese in the Huairen-tang Palace of the forbidden city. The puppet government, headed by Wang Kemin, ruled Peking, Tientsin and some other limited regions of North China. Wang Kemin served as chairman of the Administrative Committee and chief of the Ministry of the Interior. In February 1938, Dai Li telegraphed Chen Gongshu, i.e., head of the Tientsin Station, to assassinate Wang Kemin. Chen Gongshu, disguising himself as a merchant, travelled to Peking from Tientsin, for secretly planning the assassination of Wang Kemin with acting Peking District director Mao Wanli and North China assistant district secretary Qi Qingbin about the hit job. With Zhang Zuoxing's input, Chen Gongshu got in touch with a former Northeastern Army brigade commander whose subordinate then served the puppet chairman as a bodyguard columnar chief. After checking out Wang Kemin's itineraries, Chen Gongshu on the afternoon of March 28, 1938, led the action team to ambushing Wang Kemin. When Wang Kemin's car made a turn at the Meizha (coal slag) Alley, Wang Wen's hit squad charged forward to spray bullets onto Wang Kemin's car and the bodyguards' car in a flash of 20 to 30 seconds. It was later found out that Wang Kemin, sitting at the left side of the back seat, survived the hit with a minor wound in the shootout as a result of Japanese adviser Yamamoto Eiji's pouncing on top of Wang Kemin's body and even though assassin Lan Zichun came forward to fire several short-distance shots at the head and body of someone who turned out to be the ronin Japanese adviser who was Seiichi Kita's spy. Lan Zichun, himself wounded in the leg by a bullet during the shootout, retreated by bicycle and left behind a trace of blood drops. The Japanese, with police dogs tracing behind the bloodstains to a mountain goods' store where Lan Zichun and another agent Xu Zifu were hiding, arrested Lan Zichun and Xu Zifu and later executed the two. Wang Wen, i.e., operations team head, was arrested and executed by the Japanese in September 1939 when he travelled to Peking. Wang Wen followed Wang Tianmu and Chen Gongshu since the mid-1930s and was involved in multiple hit jobs against the traitors including Yin Rugeng.
     
    On October 30th, 1938, Whang Jingwei made a decision to send Mei Siping and Gao Zongwu to Shanghai for stamping an agreement with the Japanese. On November 20th, Mei Siping and Gao Zongwu finalized agreements termed the Sino-Japanese Agreements and the Memorandum of Understanding in Regards to the Sino-Japanese Agreements with Kagesa Sadaagi and Imai Takeo, as well as reached consensus on an unsigned secret agreement, which was the Russo-Japanese partition scheme against China. The three documents were bundled under the Chongguang-tang Agreement. Yoshiaki Nishi, Ito Yoshio and Inukai Takeru, i.e., son of Inukai Tsuyoshi, were present. In late November, Whang Jingwei, et al., accepted the agreements, and beginning from early December, Zhou Fohai, Tao Xisheng, and Whang Jingwei, et al., began to leave Chungking under various pretexts. Chen Bulei's visiting Whang Jingwei on the night of December 7th with the news of Chiang Kai-shek's return to Chungking the next day disrupted the cabal's escape plan. Since Whang Jingwei declined Gu Zhengding's offer of a trip to France, Dai Li made a trip to Hanoi to inspect on the arrangements and plan for the assassination. With the Japanese consul general notifying Gao Zongwu on March 18th of Japan's support for a new government, Dai Li ordered the Hanoi squad to hasten up the assassination. On March 20th, prior to midnight, Chen Gongshu led six assassins on the hit operation, with Wang Luqiao, Yu Qiansheng, Zheng Bangguo and Tang Yingjie hopping over the courtyard wall and subsequently the upper storey building. Unable to bump open Whang Jingwei's bedroom on the 3rd storey after opening up a hole with the hatchet, Wang Luqiao noticed one person under the torchlight and fired three shots, plus three more shots for a woman hiding under the bed. It turned out that the person killed was Zeng Zhongming and the woman wounded was Fang Junbi whose 7th elder brother was Fang Shengdong, one of the seventy-two Yellow Flower Hill martyrs of 1911.
     
    Chen Bin, the Central Statistics and Investigation's Shanghai station chief with the rank of lieutenant general, using young girl Zheng Pingru as bait, plotted the assassination of puppet Social Department minister Ding Mocun by having Zheng Pingru lure Ding Mocun to the Siberia Fur Shop on December 21, 1939; however, Ding Mocun, leaving cash behind, immediately walked out of the fur shop to hurriedly get on his vehicle, which led to Chen Bin's ordering the hit squad to spray bullets that hit the vehicle glass or the vehicle body. As a result of the aborted ambushing incident, Ding Mocun ordered to arrest Zheng Pingru who was later in February 1940 tortured and executed. Zheng Pingru, a Young Companion pictorial's cover girl, took up the dangerous task to seduce Ding Mocun on the pretext of being a former student at the Min'guang (people's light) Middle School where Ding Mocun once served as a board member. However, the Japanese kempeitai commander Hayashi Hidezumi had suspicion of Zheng Pingru from the beginning --because Zheng Pingru was involved in instigating Konoe Fumitaka, i.e., the retarded Japanese prime minister Konoe Fumimaro's son, to take a trip to Chungking for striking peace. Fumitaka was purportedly sent by his father Konoe Fumimaro to explore alternatives to striking peace with China while not abandoning the policy of "Shokaiseki o aite to sezu" (not dealing with Chiang Kai-shek), not knowing both him and his father were surrounded by the JCP spies and Comintern/G.R.U. spies, not to mention the Japanese occupation army headquarters staffed by the JCP spies and Comintern/G.R.U. spies. (Ding Mocun, for his misjudgment, was forced out of the 76 Jessfield puppet agency, leaving Li Shiqun as the sole figurehead. After the aborted assassination, Chen Bin infiltrated into the puppet secret service where he lied low for three years. It could be discerned from Chen Bin's observation of a dialogue between communist Pan Hannian and puppet spymaster Li Shiqun that Li Shiqun worked for the Chinese communists. At the post-V-J trial, Ding Mocun claimed that only the Japanese kempeitai, not him, could have arrested and executed Zheng Pingru because the girl was half-Japanese. Eileen Chang, i.e., traitor Hu Lancheng's ugly-looking woman, wrote a fiction Die Jie, i.e., The Spying, that was published in 1978 on the China Times newspaper in Taiwan as Se Jie, i.e., Love, Lust, that was shot into a libelous movie against female martyr Zheng Pingru by director Ang Lee in 2007 in Hong Kong.)
     
    On the morning of November 29, 1940, Dai Li's agents from the Military Statistics and Investigation Bureau, having checked out the itineraries and whereabouts of two Japanese emperor's emissaries to North China, conducted an assassination in the broad daylight in front of China Oriental Missionary Society in Peking. The assassination operation was orchestrated by operation section head Ma2 Kedi under the leadership of Liu Wenxiu, i.e., chief of the Peking station. The two special agents followed the Japanese emissaries' horse strolling on the bicycles and fired shots against the Japanese from behind. One Japanese emissary by the name of Baron Takatsuki Tamotsu was killed on the spot while the other one, i.e., Norikane Etsuro was wounded. The shocking news of assassination against the Japanese delegation from the East Asia Development Board caused a stir both at home in China and abroad. Months later, Ma2 and Qiu were caught by the Japanese after an abortive assassination against traitor Whang Shijing, i.e., president of the Japanese puppet North China Reserve Bank. The Japanese, after capturing the two assassins, filed a complaint that linked the two to the Tongzhou massacre, rape and robbery against the Japanese civilians, i.e., the July 1937 Tongzhou mutiny against Yin Rugeng's puppet Eastern Hebei Autonomous government.
     
    Ma2 Kedi and Qiu Guofeng were formerly military officers under Zhang Yantian's 118th Division which was converted from the Ji-dong Constabulary Force subject to traitor Yin Rugeng of the Eastern Ji (Hebei Province) Anti-Communist Autonomous Government at Tongzhou. This constabulary force originally belonged to Yu Xuezhong's Northeastern Army 51st Corps, a band with an order of battle's history under Wu Peifu before defecting to the Mukden warlord Zhang Zuolin; however, the commanding officers, Zhang Yantian and Zhang Qingyu were converted by Dai Li prior to the eruption of the full-scale anti-Japanese war. After the July 7th Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the constabulary force launched an uprising in Tongxian County, arrested Yin Rugeng, and killed about 300 Japanese soldiers and civilians, and set fire on the Japanese trucks and houses. In 1938, the Military Commission ordered the supplementation of Zhang Yantian's 118th Division with the 2nd Group Army as a result of commander Sun Lianzhong's suffering heavy losses in the Defense Battle of Tai'erzhuang. At the time of reorganization, Dai Li requested with Zhang Yantian with dozens of officers for service under the Military Statistics and Investigation Bureau, knowing that many of those officers had prior training by the Japanese army, were familiar with the situation of the Japanese army and had years of experience in activities in North China. Ma Jinghe and dozens of officers hence came to southern China for attending the special agents' Linli Training Program before being sent back to Peking (Beiping) for the espionage and assassination activities.
     
    From February 20, 1941 to April 16, in less than two months, the Military Investigation and Statistics Service agents and the puppet 76 Jessfield agents altogether mounted nine bloody cases of assassinations and counter-assassinations. This was what the puppet government called in its propaganda as the Chungking terror termed "Bombing Massacre and the Chungking Regime," with a claim that "comrades on the side of the peace movement would not be threatened by guns and bombs." The puppets claimed that the puppet China Reserve Bank possessed a huge amount of funds, with its par value increasing daily, and this strong position could not be shaken by violence against the bank and the associated notes exchange institutions, and issued a reminder as to warning the huge loss of life and damages to property of the four China banks in the spring. In desperation, the R.O.C. bank managers had to cease business, and requested with Wu Kaixian, head of the underground Shanghai United Command Committee, to report to Chungking for stopping the "sanctions" operation against the puppets to avoid further retaliation from the puppets, as well as requested with the puppet central government's leader Zhou Fohai for mediating over the matter. In the end, Chiang Kai-shek on April 23, 1941, ordered Dai Li to stop the "sanction" against the puppet China Reserve Bank of Shanghai.
     
    In the spring of 1941, Liu Yuanshen, who played the non-official acting district head's role for Chen Gongshu, received a telegram from the headquarters, which was to recall him for advanced politico-military studies in fulfilment of Dai Li's promise of recall after three years of service in Shanghai. Chen Gongshu, however, dissuaded Liu Yuanshen from leaving Shanghai as Chen Gongshu himself was in complete segregation from the operations and intelligence teams. Instead, Chen Gongshu appeared to be involved in numerous business dealings during his tenure as the Shanghai station chief. After Chungking insisted on Liu Yuanshen's recall, Chen Gongshu gave Liu Yuanshen an assignment of inspecting on three operations fendui (squad) of the first dadui (battalion equivalent ranking) and resolving the discord between captain Zhou Xiyuan and secretary Zhu Min of the 3rd operations squad before taking off for the homecoming trip. It turned out that Zhou Xiyuan and Zhu Min were playing games in the attempt to draw in the elusive senior leaders while pretentiously demanding the supply of weapons for a purported scheme of assassination against puppet editor Xu Liqiu from Lin Baisheng's Chinese Daily newspaper. In late June, after almost one month tracking, the puppets arrested Liu Yuanshen. At the prison, Liu Yuanshen met numerous captives, including Central Investigation and Statistics cadre Gao June (a Jintan county party headquarters director-commissar), Jiangsu Third War Zone administrative commissioner Ping Zuren (puppet Hangzhou mayor Wu Nianzhong, an undercover operator implicated in protecting the MIS agent), Shanghai Second District agent Lu Bingzhong, 4th Intelligence Team head Sheng Zhicheng , 2nd squad captain Luo Chengjin of the 1st Operations Dadui, 5th Operations Dadui captain Wang Fuqian, 5th Operations Dadui acting captain Cai Wenlong, and 6th Operations Dadui captain Xu Wanfeng. (How sarcastic it was that the puppet 76 Jessfield prison had not a single communist prisoner.)
     
    Chen Gongshu, on the same day of being arrested by the Japanese plain coat military police while knocking on Qi Qingbin's door, i.e., October 28th, 1941, surrendered himself. Chen Gongshu and Qi Qingbin, who were given a chance to meet and review the confiscated documents, managed to protect the identity of Tang Shengming, i.e., Tang Shengzhi's brother and Dai Li's secret agent who infiltrated into puppet chairman Whang Jingwei's inner circle to be a puppet military committee commissar. In November 1941, Dai Li sent Yu Xiangqing to Shanghai with a message for contacting Qi Qingbin, i.e., secretary of the Shanghai First District. Upon arrival in Shanghai, Yu Xiangqing found out that the whole district was sabotaged by the Japanese, with 80-90 persons arrested. Yu Xiangqing asked Xu Caicheng, a secret society member under Du Yuesheng, to relay the findings to Hongkong and successively to Chungking. On November 6th, Du Yuesheng sent over three wires, asking Yu Xiangqing to visit Li Shiqun two days after. Li Shiqun, at the meeting with Yu Xiangqing, first clarified that the busting of the Military Statistics Service's Shanghai network was not Yu Xiangqing's fault as the investigation, that involved the Japanese advisers, was already underway before Yu Xiangqing's arrival in Shanghai; that he could order prison warden Fu Yewen to arrange him for seeing Wu Weiyang, i.e., alias for district secretary Qi Qingbin; and that Yu Xiangqing could inform Dai Li that he, i.e., Li Shiqun, would do his best to save the lives of the MIS agents. At the cell, Qi Qingbin disclosed to Yu Xiangqing that the MIS messengers betrayed the MIS network. Yu Xiangqing asked Qi Qingbin to relay a message to all captured agents that should they manage to save their lives, they still had a chance to serve the nation, and that he would ask Dai Li to render financial help to the family members of all captured agents.
     
    Network of the CCP Secret Agents Inside of the KMT & Nanking Puppet Governments
    Gao Hua classified the CCP's espionage activities into three lines: Kang Sheng's CCP Central Social Department, Wu Kejian's CCP Southern Bureau behind-enemy-line-committee (i.e., under Zhou Enlai/Li Kenong's control), and Pan Hannian's Southern China Bureau (in charge of the Shanghai-HK nexus). Yu Maochun, in "OSS In China," had presented the line of dual-status agents under the control of both the Chinese communists and the Comintern.
     
    Back in 1938, Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu personally oversaw the dispatchment of Xiong Xianghui to Hu Zongnan's army, as evidenced by Xiong Xianghui's self account "Twelve Years' Underground Work & Zhou Enlai" published by the CCP Central Party Academy in Peking in 1991. Xiong, after surviving the cultural revolution, would get to meet Henry Kissinger in 1971. A female agent, by the name of Hu Anna, infiltrated into the confidentiality section of the KMT Central Party Headquarters as a stenographer in 1938. Hu Anna was selected by the Shanghai underground communists for stenography training and then arrangement to work in Zhu Jiahua's Zhejiang provincial government prior to the eruption of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, and once reconnected with the communists in Wuhan in 1938, Hu Anna was asked to go back to work for Zhu Jiahua who then ascended to leadership in the KMT party headquarters. Per Yu Maochun's "OSS In China," one successful story of the communist infiltration would be Kang Sheng's dispatching Zhang Luping to Dai Li's telegraph section where seven members were converted to undercover communists. Zhang Luping, an alias name for a Sichuan girl who was of a former Sichuan warlord army general's family background, was sent back to Chungking from Yenan for assisting the team of agents working inside of the Dai Li special agency. In Chiang Kai-shek's presidential office, undercover communist Wang Zhengyuan was in charge of the switchboard as one of seven communists among a total of nine staff.
     
    In contrast, Taiwan boasted of one achievement, namely, the infiltration of Shen Zhiyue into Yenan. The truth was that the R.O.C. acknowledged that there did not exist a single spy in Yenan. Shen Zhiyue was pulled out of Yenan by the communists and sent to the no-control-by-the-three-sides land of the Zhejiang-Anhui-Jiangxi borderline, similar to the communists' banishment of Sima Lu (Ma Yi, Ma Yuanfu) to the same area from Yenan. This automatically debunked the identity of Shen Zhiyue as a KMT spy converted by the communists and released back to the KMT-controlled area since the communists would have only expelled the dubious-identity person like Shen Zhiyue and Sima Lu to the no-control-by-the-three-sides land in the hope that they would have their own demise.
     
    From Shen Zhiyue's recollections, it could be determined that Shen Zhiyue, while a student of Fudan University, was hired by spymaster Dai Li in the winter of 1935 after three tête-à-tête meetings within one week; that Shen Zhiyue, in early 1937 infiltrated into Yenan together with girlfriend Shao Dazhen [who could actually have come to Yenan the successive year in answering Shen Zhiyue's call]; that sometime in 1939, Shen Zhiyue, together with his girlfriend, left Yenan and one year later, i.e., Double 7th Day of 1940, got married. The activities around 1939 left an impression that the communists had some confidence that they thought Shen Zhiyue was under control and hence was allowed to leave Yenan together with his girlfriend. Communist security master Wang Fang's recollection claimed that Shen Zhiyue visited Yenan as part of the Professor Xiao Zhiping delegation, but with a memory error pointing to 1938 rather April 1937. Like many other young men including Wang Shiwei, Shen Zhiyue apparently had intimate encounter with Jiang Qing, a star of the socializing circle. Shen Zhiyue at one time worked as Mao's secretary, an episode skipped by the communist records, and purportedly obtained Jiang Qing's protection when Shen Zhiyue was under duress while going through the communists' political investigation. To gain the trust of the communists, it would take some extraordinary wisdom on the part of Shen Zhiyue. Should Shen Zhiyue have ever disclosed his relationship with Dai Li, the chance of leaving Yenan alive would be very slim. (Possibly, the communists let go Shen Zhiyue because he was a Zhejiang native of the area that was the trunk line of the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway, an area that the communists intended to take over for rebuilding the former Soviet enclave once the Japanese army was to begin the campaign there. This is an advantage that Sima Lu did not enjoy as a native of the Jiangsu province. Li Rui, i.e., Mao's personal secretary, who acquired Tang Zong's Diaries after the communist army's taking Changsha in 1949, was shocked to know that Tang Zong acknowledged on August 23rd, 1942, that the KMT government had not a single spy in Yenan while the communists, in the "Yenan Arts and Thoughts' Rectification" movements of 1942-1944, had routed 15,000 spies.)
     
    Solomon Adler [A-de-le], a Jewish American with the British citizenship, who fled McCarthy's persecution in the 1950s, fled to China where he published his identity as a Chinese communist spy during WWII. Yu Maochun, moreover, pointed out that Lu Jiuzhi [son-in-law of Chiang Kai-shek's 2nd wife Chen Jieru] had been a Comintern agent in the Japanese-occupied territories. (For details on the OSS scheme, including the OSS steering of the Korean Restoration Army to the communist side, please refer to The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper.)
     
    Per YMC's writing, Yan Baohang, both a CCP spy and a Comintern spy, had infiltrated into the inner circle of Chiang Kai-shek. Yan Baohang, i.e., head of the YMCA Mukden gang, had his application for membership in the CCP personally overturned and struck down by Stalin, which exhibited the extent of the Soviet infiltration in the early 1920s into the worldwide YMCA organization [which later mutated into the IPR institution, i.e., the Institute of Pacific Relations], after a Soviet setback in the anti-Christian coalition strategy. (Yan Baohang, through liaison with the senior KMT leaders, obtained advance information about the German attack at the U.S.S.R. per YMC. Of course, Stalin did not buy into it, and after the German attack, buried himself in the bedrooms for days, like an ostrich. Stalin was expecting to partition Europe with Hitler, and hence ignored the intelligence about the pending German attack, while Mao Tse-tung was also touting the four-nation alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan and the U.S.S.R. as good for the world versus the imperialist warmongering nations like the U.S. and Britain. China's embassy staff in Berlin had obtained the advance information about the German attack against the USSR, and or in another sense, as a result of the historical Sino-German contacts, the ROC officials were given the ambiguous advance notice from NAZI Germany in the hint that the ROC officials should consider making the trip before the Trans-Siberian Railway was to be shut down. Alternative saying was that Wang Pengsheng sent someone to the Germany embassy in Chungking where the Germans claimed that they had to return to Berlin before the Trans-Siberia Railway was to be shut down.)
     
    Yan Baohang was also credited with getting the advance information about the planned Japanese attack at the Pearl Harbor per YMC. Zhang Ling'ao, i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's attaché, denied that China had ever decoded Japan's navy telegraph in regards to the Pearl Harbor. Zhang Ling'ao, in "Memoirs of Attaché Office" [i.e., "Records From Repeated Recollections Of Dreams At the Attaché Office"], did point out that China's "technical research institute" had decoded the Japanese foreign ministry's notice to the various overseas embassies in regards to "withdrawing the Japanese citizens" in early December of 1941. Far ahead of the American MAGIC project, Chi Buzhou in the spring of 1939 broke the Japanese foreign ministry codes through the military units' numbering, the same way as Alan Turing's deciphering the German navy's Enigma codes via the repeat words 'Heil Hitler,' a technique built on top of the Polish Cipher Bureau's work on the Germany's military ciphers. The other method used was by detecting the Japanese case auxiliary characters of ga, no, ni, o, de, e, to, kara, made, and yori. And, the jumble-purpose character was filtered through the comparison of odd versus even fractionating transposition of the two-letter code groups. Concentrating on the radiograms with the English metadata, i.e., the header that contained information on who was signaling whom, when, and the identity of the stations, Chi Buzhou broke the Japanese foreign ministry codes through the Japanese radiograms' reports on the Chinese military units' numbering and order of battle.
     
    Working under the International [Issue] Research Institute would be two-cousins communist spies called by Yang Si and Wang Weijun. In Hankow, in 1938, Yang Si and Wang Weijun paid secret visits to communist Yangtze Bureau chief secretary Wang Ming and communist spy master Li Kenong (who held the nominal title as director of the Wuhan Eighth Route Army Office). The two presented the secrets of the national government's decoding and deciphering operations to the communists and further passed on a report that listed the details of the communication network of the International Radio Station of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the communication network of the Japanese invasion army's frontline military stations in China, and the call signs, wavelength, telegram transmission time, etc. Yang Si, who separately infiltrated into Dai Li's Military Statistics Bureau, passed on the decoded and deciphered telegrams to the communists on a weekly basis. Yang Si officially enrolled in the communist party in the summer of 1940. With a so-called single thread reporting to Zhou Yi, i.e., a communist at the Chungking Eight Route Army Representative Office, Yang Si failed to get assistance from Li Kenong after the communist victory and was sentenced to imprisonment as a war criminal in the Xuzhou War Criminals' Penal Management Institution.
     
    What happened was that the Chinese did decode the Japanese diplomatic cables, both the general purpose and the special purpose code book, which was well in advance of the American MAGIC project [that touched on the general purpose codes]. Make note here that China had decoded both the general purpose and special purpose code books of Japan's foreign ministry years back, while the U.S. was still in the initial stages of Project Magic, and the U.S. might have obtained the input from the Chinese side in decoding the Japanese telegraph codes. Also see Zhang Ling'ao writing on Wang Pengsheng's "International Issue Research Institute" for China's obtaining a copy of Japan's Pacific War plan three weeks ahead of the Pearl Harbor Attack. Note similar information was already relayed to the U.S. by Chinese ambassador Guo Dehua. As acknowledged by the Americans, the Americans, after failing to read the upgraded Japanese diplomatic messages in the spring of 1939, first worked on the Japanese cipher in early 1939 but did not get translations until the fall of 1941. This was the general purpose diplomatic codes that Chi Buzhou deciphered back in March 1939. As to the special purpose diplomatic codes, namely, what the Americans called by the Japanese Military Attaché code (known as JMA to the Allies) that was a fractionating transposition system based on two-letter code groups -that was adopted by the Japanese foreign ministry in 1941, it was not broken by John Tiltman at Bletchley Park till sometime in 1942. The special purpose diplomatic code could also be a successor to the Japanese Navy Attaché code that was termed the Coral cipher machine. Zhang Ling'ao did not know that the Chinese intelligence that was fed to the American air force in regards to the shootdown of Yamamoto Isoroku was actually the deciphering of a telegram that the Japanese transmitted using the general purpose diplomatic code book that was ordered by the Japanese to be destroyed after the Pearl Harbor attack. Chi Buzhou was also puzzled over why the Japanese sent out redundant telegrams, one using the Navy code and the other telegram using the revoked general purpose diplomatic code. The Americans, who received China's tip on Isoroku Yamamoto's trip, claimed to have deciphered the Japanese navy's JN-25 code sometime in the months after December 7, 1941.
     
    The Chinese air force had successfully decoded the Japanese air force codes as well, thanks to the defection of Japanese ace Yamashita Shichiro who was shot down by Luo Yingde on September 26, 1937, the first downed Mitsubishi A5M Type plane. Though, the Japanese air force codes had no value as the information transmitted was ephemeral, lasting only for the air attack duration. It was due to the Chinese deciphering of the Japanese diplomatic cables that led to the intelligence on the Pearl Harbor attack as well as the intelligence on the Japanese attack on Prince Wales, etc., well-noted accomplishment that led the British and Americans to seeking cooperation with the Chinese intelligence. Contrary to the popular historical account stating that Yamashita was executed for attempting to escape prison, Luo Yingde pointed out that he had converted Yamashita to a telegraph decoding agent serving under the Chinese Air Force and petitioned the Republic of China in removing all references to Yamashita in the war records so as to keep Yamashita anonymous. According to Luo Yingde, Yamashita decided to stay on in China and worked as a teacher after the end of the war in 1945 and failed to leave Lanzhou when the communists sacked the city in 1950. Incidentally, the communists claimed to have submitted to Chungking the code books of the Japanese field army, that were captured in North China, but the government did not make much use of it as the Japanese infantry code book used a padding technique that was unbreakable. Though, the communists claimed credit for tipping Stalin about the German attack on the Soviet Union as well as the Japanese attack on the United States, i.e., intelligence that Yan Baohang had obtained from the government personnel.
     
    With the September 18th, 1940, notice of "launching the tasks in major cities behind the enemy line," Zhou Enlai and Kang Sheng took charge of developing and dispatching moles into the KMT nucleus, which was in violation of the 1937 communist promise made at the KMT-CCP Collaboration Agreement not to infiltrate into the government agencies. An illustrative example of the communist espionage could be shown in the case of Heh Yaozu. Heh Yaozu, who was sent to Turkey by Chiang Kai-shek for 2 years as ambassador together with a concubine-nurse [i.e., Ni Feijun], had tacked on the provincial chair post for Gansu Province from 1937 to 1939. The Communists chose Xie Juezai as the Eighth Route Army representative in Lanzhou of Gansu Province for sake of utilizing the historical contacts between the two. At Lanzhou, Xie Juezai managed to have Heh Yaozu order Ma Buqing into releasing some eight top communists from the Zhangye prison. Xie Juezai also obtained Heh Yaozu's help in transporting the Soviet supplies to the communist forces in Yan'an from the New Dominion Province. After Heh Yaozu was recalled to Chongqing, Heh Yaozu was made into director of the 1st presidential attaché division. In November 1942, Heh Yaozu, without consultation with Chiang Kai-shek, ordered that the KMT military commission let go a planeload of Soviet [? medical] supplies to Yan'an. Taking advantage of the Wu Guozhen dismissal over the death of Chungking citizens in the bunker suffocation death, Chiang Kai-shek dismissed Heh Yaozu from the key position and assigned him the mayor post. Ni Feijun, i.e., Heh Yaozu's nurse-turned communist young wife, however, got a better cover as mayor's wife for liaison with both the communists and the KMT leftists. Chiang Kai-shek joked with Heh Yaozu sometimes, saying, "How could you handle the mayor's job while you could not rein in your wife?"
     
    Tao Jingsun, whose sister was executed as a Trotskyist by Kang Sheng in Yan'an in 1939, was dispatched by Pan Hannian to the so-called Chinese Culture Society under Wang Jingwei's puppet Nanking government, namely, the same cultural committee that puppet Jiang Shijun (Jiang Guanqian), namely, communist China's traitor-son party-secretary Jiang Zemin's father, served. All those puppets and traitors were subordinate to Hu Lancheng of the puppet propaganda ministry, i.e., a lover of Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang) who made her affairs into some sensational story, not knowing that she was merely a sexual tool of the puppet government's propaganda ministry undersecretary. It was Hu Zhiwei (Woo Chih Wai, Zheng Yi) who in 2007 discovered traitor Jiang Guanqian's name in traitor Hu Lancheng's Japan-published memoirs The Vortex of History (Rekishi no uzu), with Jiang Guanqian's job title being "director-commissar" of the editorial board of the puppet cultural ministry. Hu Lancheng, after the Japanese surrender, escaped across southern China to Hongkong, not forgetting to seduce women while a fugitive, and onward to Japan, where he wrote memoirs including China through Time, 1954 and This Life, This World, 1959, as well as a purported book entitled The Vortex of History (Rekishi no uzu) --which was shot into movie Billowing Red Dust (Gun'gun Hong-chen) for whitewashing treacheries under the communist sponsorship. Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), an idol of today's ignorant Chinese women and girls of the 'feng-hua [flowers flying in the wind] xue-yue [moon during the snowy nights]' (i.e., romantic) literary circle, fortunately, made her exodus to Hong Kong in July 1952, during the height of the communists' reactionary elimination campaign, thanks to the Chinese communists' keeping the port open as a result of the communist collusion with the British in keeping the status quo of the island rather than getting Hongkong recovered in accordance with the British promise of returning the island to China after the surrender of Japan to avoid damage to the British wartime morale.
     
    Before Pan Hannian visited the puppet government leader and the Japanese occupation commander in the 1940s, Pan Hannian already worked for the Japanese foreign ministry's Shanghai consulate and Japanese military spy master Kagesa Sadaagi in the 1930s, through a quadruple-identity or quintuple communist spy called Yuan Shu. Endo Homare, the only survivor of her family from the 1948 communist siege and blockade of Changchun that led to the starvation death of 300,000 civilians, verified that the Japanese foreign ministry funneled over 3 billion yens of funds to the communists through Pan Hannian, equivalent to 25 million U.S. dollars [more than the amount of an American tung oil, tin or tungsten barter trade]. (The communist records, i.e., a four-volume compiling of Northeast Economics and Finance, claimed that there were only 100,000 people left out of 600,000 people after the 1948 communist siege and blockade of Changchun. While claiming that 100,000 people died of starvation [and cannibalism] and 400,000 people fled the city, the communists obfuscated the records on the fate of those 400,000 civilians who were trapped between the city wall and the communist blockade line, something vividly recorded by Zhang Zhenglong's Snow White, Blood Red.)
     
    To purportedly win over Li Shiqun from the puppet Nanking government, Zhou Enlai in 1939 authorized Pan Hannian in dispatching Guan Lu, i.e., Hu Mei or Hu Xiumei, as replacement for her younger sister Hu Xiufeng whom the puppet special services chief Li Shiqun had requested with the communists to serve as his mistress on the precondition for cooperation with the CCP. Here, communist spymaster Pan Hannian, Yuan Shu and Li Shiqun were entangled in a connected net, other than some gigs outside of and absence from Shanghai, with Pan Hannian travelling to the Jiangxi Soviet, taking part in part of the Long March and visiting Moscow before returning to Shanghai in late 1936. Note that Yuan Shu and Li Shiqun both worked inside of the KMT organization department since the early 1930s, with Yuan Shu being told by Li Shiqun of an aborted plot to blast the KMT organization department for assassinating the two Chen brothers in 1936. Yuan Shu, who was converted to a communist by Pan Hannian, himself was involved in the Shanghai-Tokyo spy ring's intelligence work for Sorge and Walton since the mid-1930s. Yuan Shu's on and off gigs in Japan, which was purportedly linked to his implication in the Walton arrest, did not cause damages as seen in the other Chinese communist agents' bad fate of being recalled to Moscow for the subsequent purge. Since mistress Ye Jiqing and wife Hu Shoumei were very much on good terms, it could be conceived that Hu Shoumei's infiltration into the puppet agency was a mutual arrangement between the communists and Li Shiqun. Ye Jiqing and Hu Shoumei were described to be involved in passing on the puppet agency's funds and money, including the puppets-extracted ransom money, to the communists. This is in addition to the funds and money that the Japanese foreign ministry paid to Pan Hannian and the funds and money that quadruple-identity or quintuple spy Yuan Shu embezzled and passed on to the communists out of budgets that were allocated to the puppet Reviving Asia Movement by the Japanese foreign ministry. Hu Shoumei herself worked with Li Shiqun till the end of 1942 before devoting to the work in the Japanese embassy in Nanking and the editing work for the puppet Women's Voice monthly magazine, a joint venture with the Japanese Navy. The communists, after the end of the cultural revolution (1966-1976), at one time issued an internal circular stating that Ye Jiqing should not be described as a "beauty snake," which alternatively acknowledged the true identity of Li Shiqun couple.
     
    Li Shiqun, a former communist who surrendered to the government in the early 1930s and subsequently defected to the Japanese side, was notorious for first setting up an all-women school in Hongkong in late 1938 to recruit the ignorant Chinese girls and women as Japanese spies, i.e., predecessors of the later sing-song women who spied on the Chinese airforce and airforce pilots in Wuhan and Guilin, etc., prior to the Japanese invasion of Canton in the autumn of 1938. Inside of 76 Jessfield, Li Shiqun continued the scheme to hire and employ female spies. Under Zhang Jinglu, director of the 3rd Division direction, namely, the Socializing Division, there were a horde of female agents. Among the notable female puppets would be Ye Jiqing (Li Shiqun's wife), Yang Shuhui (Zhou Fohai's wife), Sheh2 Aizhen (Wu Shibao's wife), Niu Meibo (Ma Xiaotian's sister-in-law), Shen Genghai (Sheh2 Aizhen's niece), Xu Caili (Sheh2 Aizhen's sister-in-law), Zhang Jinglu, Lu Qi, and Hu Shoumei (Li Shiqun's communist mistress), et al. This was before some women were to move on to Nanking in March 1940 with their puppet husbands who were to be puppet government ministers and committee chairmen.
     
    Throughout the history of the puppet special agency, only one undercover communist by the name of Mao Liying, who ran a front organization of relief and donation called the China Career Women Club, was assassinated on December 12th, 1939, while the agency was under the helm of Ding Mocun. According to Tongji University professor Shi Jianwei, his father-in-law Chen Bin, who infiltrated into Li Shiqun's puppet special agents' headquarters for three years, hinted to colleague Wen Qimin about Li Shiqun's real identity, making a claim that Li Shiqun was originally a Soviet Red Army agent who returned to China in 1928 in accordance with directives from the CCP Sixth Congress in Moscow to provide support to the Soviet GRU and Comintern espionage agencies, infiltrated into the KMT Central Organization Department as a fake defector in 1932, and after the Japanese invasion of China, received the Soviet Red Army Intelligence Semyon Petrovich Uritsky's order in 1938 to escape to Japan-occupied territories for infiltrating into the Japanese intelligence agency, and obtained the help of GRU spies embedded in the Japanese spy agency to become the puppet government's No. 1 spymaster in March 1940. Note that Semyon Petrovich Uritsky was purged by Stalin on August 1, 1938. Shi Jianwei likely mixed up a fictional figure by the name of Takeda Takeo, with the purported original name Wang Yixiong, and claimed that this fictional person was responsible for Li Shiqun's ascension, and could have mixed up some identity with the JCP spies of the Toa Dobunshoin Academy background. Wang Yixiong, according to Xu Wenlong (a grandson of some former communist guerrilla fighter in Manchuria), was a name he personally saw in the Soviet archives in Moscow, someone who was adopted by a Japanese spy who was a friend of Itagaki Senshiro's, someone who had liaison with Ozaki Hotsumi and Nakanishi Tsutomo but reported to the Soviets separately from the Ramsay group, and someone who was responsible for thwarting two assassination attempts against Stalin, including one orchestrated by Genrikh Samoilovich Lyushkov.
     
    It is not likely that Li Shiqun could have ever maintained relations with the Soviet G.R.U. There was no channel of communication with the Soviet consulate in Shanghai or the Soviet Red Army intelligence services in Moscow or the Soviet Far East. Note that Li Shiqun could not escape detection since he was surrounded by people with different background, i.e., Chen Gongshu of the MIS service background, Chen Bin of the CIS service background, and Zhao Zheng of the secret communist background --which was a communist dual-control scheme against the puppet spymaster, not to mention the embedded Japanese kempeitai agents inside of 76 Jessfield. From the perspective that Li Shiqun was against the Japanese attempts at striking peace with Chiang Kai-shek, it could be discerned that Li Shiqun did not work for the Japanese, i.e., a fundamental reason that Li Shiqun was poisoned to death by the Japanese. Li Shiqun, however, was enthusiastic in linking communist Pan Hannian with Whang Jingwei, which exhibited the spymaster's true identity.
     
    This webmaster, having comprehensively reviewed the espionage-related memoirs, could only ascertain one or two persons to be actively related to the Soviet consulate in Shanghai, i.e., Fan Xing or Fan Jiman, whom MIS agent Chen Gongshu recruited, and Liu Zunqi. Fan Jiman, who disappeared from Chen Gongshu's sight and abandoned the North China acting station chief post that was assigned by Chen Gongshu, showcased the nature of communism activists as a bunch of marginalized social caste which aspired for more conspicuous work related to the Soviets. Namely, rather than lying low in the government secret services, Fan Jiman aspired for more flamboyant work, including the participation in a cultural delegation to the Gorky-related cultural event in Moscow and training in a subsequent Soviet espionage course. Fan Jiman, together with Liu Zunqi and Liu Yiqiao, et al., or Soviet GRU agents in the core or at the peripheral, later worked for the American OWI. Additionally, there was another heavyweight communist spy by the name of Li Shiyu working in cohort with the gang in Shanghai. Li Shiyu, who was entangled with the communist military work in the Northeastern Army and Northwestern Army, took a position in the puppet Shanghai municipality as military/police law enforcer. After the Japanese surrender, the gang purportedly worked together to rescue another heavy weight Soviet GRU agent Yang Diankun, by the alias of Yang Zuoqing, who was most likely arrested by the Japanese at the time the Soviets declared war on Japan and blew up the protection that the Soviets enjoyed in Occupied China. This rescue act was similar to the release of the Sorge ring prisoners from Tokyo at the time of the Japanese surrender. It was no coincidence that the gang, similar to Larry Wu-tai Chin, worked for Owen Lattimore and John King Fairbank's Office of War Information.
     
    In spring 1941, Li Shiqun invited Tang Shengming to be the Military Affairs Division director of the Countryside Pacification Committee and deputy director at the Suzhou countryside pacification office. This was before Li Shiqun's puppet special agency broke the MIS network in October-November 1941 and confiscated telegrams which implicated Tang Shengming. Li Shiqun, with over 1000 staff for the pacification committee which became a parallel and independent organ from the puppet Administrative House, managed to take over the puppet Jiangsu provincial chair's post from Gao Guanwu. Separately, Li Shiqun invited undercover communist Yuan Shu, i.e., vice-minister of the puppet KMT party propaganda ministry, to be head of the Countryside Pacification Political Work Corps. According to Yuan Shu's recollections, he often times wrestled over communists or communist suspects from Tang Shengming and the Japanese for sake of protecting and setting free the captives. Yuan Shu tacked on the posts of Zhenjiang constabulary army commander and Zhenjiang pacification office director, i.e., an important Yangtze ferry. After the Japanese surrender, Yuan Shu, who was offered the post of a section leader in the Military Statistical Bureau's Shanghai station, escaped with gold bars and foreign exchange for the communist base across the Yangtze, where communist spymaster Zeng Shan gave him an alias Zeng Dazhai and assigned him a job of coordination for communist agents' work across the Bohai Sea, that was related to the 1945-1949 civil war. This could be similar to Li Desheng, i.e., a Toa Dobunshoin agent from Richard Sorge's Shanghai-Tokyo ring, who likely stayed on in Korea after the communist victory and perplexed the Japanese communist acquaintances when mailing out correspondence to Japan during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
     
    Li Shiqun, who could not have no knowledge of Yuan Shu's communist identity, colluded with communist Pan Hannian from the beginning with explicit order for his lieutenant Hu Junhe to facilitate the communists and communist New 4th Corps' movement of personnel and materials across the Yangtze. Yuan Shu, i.e., the quadruple or quintuple communist, being actually the puppet administrative commissioner and the puppet constabulary commander for the Zhenjiang administrative zone, could have arranged the so-called 'prison break' to set free Ding Xishan, a puppet army commander who once took charge of the south-of-Whampoo guerrilla war for the Loyal and Righteous Army but was infiltrated and hijacked by the communists since 1938. (This puppet commander, whose army was infiltrated and utilized by the communists since 1938, could have surrendered to the Japanese at the communist instigation since it was his apparent undercover communist brigade commander who betrayed him to the Japanese over a scheme to defect back to the Chinese government side; then managed to escape prison at Zhenjiang under an apparent communist scheme and setup; and then twice returned to the area south of the Yangtze under the communist directives, one time before the Japan was to surrender and another time before the communist army was to cross the Yangtze for the conquest of Shanghai. The extra writeup here is for sake of commemorating this webmaster's grandfather who died for China in 1940 after half a year's imprisonment in the Japanese prison and who died as a result of and under the clear circumstances of collusion among puppet Ding Xishan, the communists and the Japanese. The teenager brother of this webmaster's grandfather, joining the Loyal and Righteous Army's war against Japan together with his brother, was imprisoned by the Japanese for half a year as well before he was released from prison, and on the eve of the communist conquest of Shanghai in the spring of 1949, joined the Youth Army and retreated to Taiwan.)
     
    Ultimately, Li Shiqun was poisoned by the Japanese spy agency for his double agent or triple agent activities, prior to the Japanese surrender. This was taken to be a Dai Li's plot in instigating puppets Zhou Fohai and Xiong Jiandong in getting rid of Li Shiqun through the Japanese hands. Prior to Li Shiqun's death, Li Shiqun repeatedly attempted to have the kempeitai turn over Mao Sen to him, and resorted to several attempts to set up Mao Sen so as to get the Japanese kill Mao Sen, which showed that Li Shiqun was never on the side of the Chinese government.
     
    The CCP, which already had a Japanese Communist section (i.e., the Toa Dobunshoin Academy spies) working inside of the Japanese occupation army, further got in touch with Wang Jingwei's puppet Nanking government. Beginning from December 1941, Liu Shaoqi dispatched Feng Shaobai [aka Feng Long] to Nanking for instigating the cooperation of Chen Gongbo and Zhou Fohai [Zhou Fuhai]. Later, on March 10th, 1943, Chen Gongbo instructed Shao Shijun (i.e., Chen Shaobai's uncle-in-law) in establishing a wireless service between the CCP's New Fourth Army and the Nanking puppet government, and in August 1945, Shao Shijun transferred several hundreds of gold nuggets to the CCP. (A brief reading of Chen Gongbo's confessions convinced this webmaster that the top elite members of both the KMT government and the CCP leadership, entangled as they were via the teacher/student relationship or relatives' relationship, had continuous contacts with the Wang Jingwei puppet government in Nanking. http://www.frankcass.com/jnls/ins_16-4.htm had description of the "Communist-Puppet Collaboration in Japanese-Occupied China: Pan Hannian and Li Shiqun, 1939-43" by Joesph K S Yick. As commented by Yick, "prominent CCP and KMT personalities involved" indicated "the existence of a revolutionary aristocracy bound by personal relations and with an elite code of conduct." Gerhard L. Weinberg, in his book "A World At Arms," Cambridge University Press 1994, page 640, mentioned that an author by the name of Boyle had written in "China & Japan" that the Japanese had seriously considered peace talks with the CCP in 1944.)
     
    Boyle of course did not get to know the extent of collaboration between the Japanese and the Chinese Communists. The Japanese retrieved a Sorge spy ring member from Tokyo for a mission to the New 4th Corps' headquarters in Luhe to coordinate the Japanese Ichigo Campaign. In 1944, the Japanese, who had arrested the Dobun Academy (Toa Dobunshoin Academy) spies in 1942 and extradited several Chinese Communists to Tokyo, brought back one Chinese communist by the name of Li Desheng and sent him to the communist New Fourth Army base in Luhe of Anhui for the 'peace' talks, i.e., a scheme to pincer-attack the ROC armies in the coming 1944 Ichigo Campaign. At the time of the Ichigo Campaign, the Japanese extradited Li Desheng back to China from the prison in Tokyo for a mission to the N4A headquarters in Luhe. At Luhe, the Japanese reached a deal with the communists to pincer-attack the Chinese government troops. What happened was that Pan Hannian, i.e., communist resident-officer with Japanese spy master Kagesa Sadaagi's agency since 1939, was on a gig in Yenan for the rectification and party congress-related meetings, and hence the Japanese lost the contact and had to hastily retrieve a Sorge spy ring prisoner. This resulted in a massive Chinese communists' campaign against the Chinese government troops that lasted almost a whole year: namely, Peng Xuefeng's attacking Anhui-Henan from the Anhui-Jiangsu border; Wang Shusheng's intruding into Mt. Funiushan and Xiongershan from the Shenxi base; Wang Zhen's trek towards the Hunan-Guangdong border for connecting with the communist East River Guerrilla; and the New Fourth Corps' emptying the North Jiangsu Base for a cross-Yangtze campaign to re-establish the Zhejiang-Fujian-Jiangxi soviet enclave. (The Japanese in 1942 foiled the Sorge spy ring, and arrested a batch of Toa Dobunshoin Academy spies from Japan to China, including, among others, a Chinese communist by the name of Li Desheng. The arrest came from the investigation of the Tokyo Higher Police, not the military wing of the Japanese government, which was infiltrated by the Japanese communists. Li Desheng, who was apparently granted free action by the Japanese, had his last whereabouts to be somewhere in Korea after the communist victory, and perplexed the Japanese communist acquaintances when mailing out correspondence to Japan during the 1950-1953 Korean War. Li Desheng, like Yuan Shu with alias Zeng Dazhai, apparently worked for the communists on the Korean peninsula throughout the Chinese civil war and the 1950-1953 Korean War.)
     
    Hence, during the Ichigo campaign, Mao interrupted the rectification meetings, and dispatched lieutenants to trekking behind the Japanese steps in the central plains, where the communists penetrated into the Funiu (lying-low ox) and Xiong'er (bear ear) mountains in western Henan, attacked the county officials and government troops, and launched the Henan enclaves. From Yenan, Mao sent Wang Zhen on a long march to south of the Yangtze for linking up with the East River Guerrilla Force and re-establishing the communist enclaves in southern China. Mao also called on the N4A to attack west, which ended in Peng Xuefeng's death when the communist army followed the Japanese footsteps and attacked the government troops in Anhui Province. The most significant battles the communists undertook was in southeastern China, after the dispatch of a heavily armed N4A force across the Yangtze to reclaim the Fujian-Jiangxi enclave of the 1930s, which led to wars between the ROC army and the communists lasting from late 1944 to the spring and summer of 1945, the bloodiest civil war ever out of the eight-year-long resistance war, all a part of Mao's southern advance strategy, which was not reversed till the autumn of 1945 to become the northern advance strategy for Manchuria. Don't forget that in Fujian and along the Southeastern coastline, where the Americans set up the watch and listen posts, the Chinese communist guerrillas launched numerous uprisings against the government throughout 1944-1945. And along the Zhejiang coastline, one communist with the background from Ding Xishan's puppet army and in possession of some credential of special training from Dai Li's Sino-British and Sino-American military collaboration programs, conducted a Sylvester Stallone-style John Rambo war against the Chinese government till being pacified at the time of the Japanese surrender.
     
    In 1947, some newspaper in Ningbo had published the accounts exposing the secret Japanese-Chinese Communist peace terms. A relative of this webmaster, by the name of Jin Ziliang, had served as a telegraph specialist for Li Shiqun after returning to Shanghai from Chongqing. He was arrested by the KMT, set free by the communists after the takeover of the country, and was arrested by the CCP in the 1950s, consecutively. He stayed in the Tilanqiao Prison for almost 35 years. He mentioned a lot of delicate relationship between the KMT, the CCP and Wang Jingwei's No. 76 Agency. See http://www.panhannianguju.org/phncq8.htm to find out how the CCP slapped its own face by describing Pan Hannian's trip of meeting Wang Jingwei without (?) the knowledge of the CCP Politburo and how Pan Hannian colluded with the puppet government during the resistance war time period. (Note that Pan Hannian's visiting the Japanese and puppets was just the tip of an iceberg as the communists in 1944 had struck a deal with the Japanese, through the extradition of a Sorge-ring prisoner from the Tokyo High Police's prison, to pincerattack the Chinese government during the massive Japanese Ichigo Campaign of 1944. Communist spy chief Pan Hannian, possessing a special pass and carrying an alias Hu Yueming that was assigned by the Japanese agents, travelled in the Japan-occupied territory at will, and at one time in the winter of 1944, when Pan returned to Yenan for the communist party congress meetings, Pan took the route of travelling to Peking in lieu of the safe road through the Yellow River flood zone and told his Peking underground pal, i.e., Bao Wenwei, that he had the protection of the "Japanese comrades," i.e., the Japanese spy agency. Over ten years ago, Bao Wenwei infiltrated into the Shanghai garrison command under Pan Hannian's order and participated in the scheme in getting communist party-secretary Xiang Zhongfa killed in the prison cell. Bao Wenwei was a pal of Pan Hannian from hometown Yixing.)
     
    The Armed Conflicts Between the KMT & the CCP
    The CCP claimed that the KMT, after the January 1939 5th Plenary Meeting of the 5th KMT Congress, had launched five bloody crackdowns on the CCP-controlled bases, i.e.,
      The Boshan Incident on April 30th, 1939
      The Shenxian Incident on June 11th, 1939
      The Pingjiang Incident on June 12th, 1939
      The E'dong [Eastern Hubei Province] Incident on September 1st, 1939
      Queshan Incident on November 11th, 1939.
    In comparison with the bloody civil war that the communists waged against the government troops, the communists could at best produce the five incidents to claim as victim, not the culprit.
     
    Li Xiannian, who arrived in Queshan with a dozen cadres from Yan'an in January 1939, was empowered by Mao Tse-tung with the task of developing the communist bases in Henan-Hubei provinces. At Queshan, CCP's 8th Regiment of the New Fourth Army had two columns already developing the so-called enclave. Li Xiannian brought along one column of about 160 soldiers for further development at Mt Siwangshan, around the Henan-Hubei border area. By May 1939, Li Xiannian infiltrated into central Hubei Province by absorbing various locally-organized gentry forces as well as the so-called "puppet government" forces. (Note that Wang Jingwei's puppet Nanking government would not get established till after January 1940, and I could not determine the nature of the "puppet government" forces that Li Xiannian had destroyed and merged.) Chiang Kai-shek telegraphed CCP's New Fourth Army and ordered that Li Xiannian's forces must leave Hubei Province since the government already zoned Hubei Province as its 5th Military District.
     
    The Communist New Fourth Army Attacking the Government Troops (July 1940) - The Huangqiao Battle
     
    Before Ye Ting's return to the N4C army headquarters, Chen Yi, on June 15th, 1940, decided to concentrate his troops to the north of Yangtze for dealing a blow to Haan Deqing's government troops to the north of the Yangtze in lieu of attacking Leng Xin's 2nd Guerrilla District to the south of the Yangtze. To lower the government troops' vigilance, Chen Yi ordered Su Yu, his newlywed young wife Zhang Xi (Zhang Qian) and the communist troupe to go to Leng Xin's 2nd Guerrilla District command center for a condolence performance. Meanwhile, the communist troops stealthily crossed the Yangtze for the north bank.
     
    North of the Yangtze River, the communists in 1939 had successfully bought over commander Chen Yusheng, i.e., the 8th detachment commander serving under the 3rd 'zong dui' [corps] of Li Mingyang's North Jiangsu provincial guerrilla troops. Chen Yusheng's story was similar to Jiang Shangqing, i.e., uncle of communist traitor-son party-secretary Jiang Zemin [whose birth-father Jiang Shijun was a deputy in the puppet Whang Jing-wei government's cultural ministry]. The difference between Chen and Jiang was that Jiang Shangqing was killed in an in-fighting among the guerrilla factions while prematurely attempting to hijack the guerrilla army to the communist side at the Jiangsu-Anhui border, while Chen Yusheng was able to connect with the communists at a mature time. Jiang Shangqing, who hijacked the 5th war zone's 5th guerrilla force commander Sheng Zijin's army in the northeastern Anhui Province area and played the role of faciliating the communist New 4th Army and 8th Route Army's movement towards Eastern China's coastline, was ambushed and killed by the soliders under Lingbi county magistrate Xu Zhiyuan. Jiang Zemin, who was married with a daughter of the sister of Jiang Shangqing's widow, apparently made a false claim of being an adopted son of the dead uncle at the time the communists siezed power in China in 1949. While Jiang Zemin's puppet birth-father, i.e., Jiang Shijun or Jiang Guanqian, was not listed among the puppet ministers at the ministrial levels on the Japanese war cabinet's Shyashin shuho information weekly, there was accusation to this effect by Lv Jiaping, a radical Maoist and an unfilial son of Lv Bingkui who was an independent guerrilla army leader pacified by the communists in the 1930s. Meanwhile, Bian Shichuan, whose ancestor Bian Jing was a colleague of Jiang Shangqing, also exposed Jiang Zemin family's treachery. The most incriminating evidence came from Hu Zhiwei (Woo Chih Wai, Zheng Yi) who discovered traitor Jiang Guanqian's name in traitor Hu Lancheng's Japan-published memoirs The Vortex of History (Rekishi no uzu) --which was an unknown publication that was not the same as China through Time, 1954 or This Life, This World, 1959. (Chen Yusheng was the father of Chen Huimin [Chen Luwen], a sexy girl who became Mao Tse-tung's sexual stunner since age 14 in 1962, a woman who aspired to be known as the tyrant's woman the same as the pair of Tang Emperor Xuan-zong (Ming-huang) and Concubine Yang-gui-fei.)
     
    After solidifying the Mt Maoshan base, Chen Yi crossed the Yangtze for Ye Fei's beachhead strongholds on the night of June 28th, 1940. The communist forces, in observance of Liu Shaoqi's order of replaying the Bantaji trick, had taken over Guocun (Guo village) on May 17th and drove a wedge into provincial guerrilla army commander Li Mingyang and Li Changjiang's territories. With Chen Yusheng stealthily assisting the communists, the N4C army established beachhead and penetrated northward. On July 14th, Chen Yi, in observance with Liu Shaoqi's "advance east, advance east, and further advance east" slogan, reported to the N4C headquarters and the CCP Central about the pending military action against the Jiangsu Provincial 4th Constabulary Brigade at the Huangqiao [yellow bridge] Town. On the pretext that Haan Deqing had convened a meeting at Dongtai in regards to forbidding the rice flow to the south from the Haian-Taizhou line, Liu Shaoqi authorized a once-for-all solution to the Northern Jiangsu issues with a promise of nine strike battalions attacking south from behind Haan Deqing's Xinghua-Dongtai rears. On September 12th, Chen Yi ordered a siege campaign against the electricity-wired Jiangnian stronghold.
     
    Haan Deqing, having devised a fake attack plan against Jiangnian, dispatched Li Shouwei's 89th Corps and Weng Da's 6th Independent Brigade against Huangqiao from the Qutang-Haian direction. With advance information of Haan Deqing's three-route attack plan, the communist forces concentrated on fighting against the National Army 89th Corps and the 6th Independent Brigade. On October 4th, the 6th Independent Brigade, coming towards the north of Huangqiao from the Guxi direction, was ambushed, intercepted and encircled by the N4C 2nd Column and 1st Column along the two sides of the Guxi-Huangqiao Highway. Brigade commander Weng Da committed suicide.
     
    The N4C 2nd Column and 1st Column, after routing Weng Da's Brigade, circumvented to the hind of the National Army 33rd Division and 117th Division at midnight. On October 5th, the communist forces launched a three-direction general attack. On the rooftops, the communist forces, including one battalion from the Old 4th Regiment that just crossed the Yangtze, claimed to have engaged in 8-9 bayonet battles, and after piercing dead 1000 government troops, drove back the 33rd Division. By midnight, the communist 2nd Column and 3rd Column routed the National Army 33rd Division. Under the joint attacks by the communist 1st Column and 2nd Column, Corps Chief Li Shouwei ordered a general pullback. At the Bachihe River, Li Shouwei got drowned after losing hold of the horse tail, with his body identified by wife Ma Bangzhen [using an odd button that was knit on the clothes prior to the campaign] among thousands of corpse that were retrieved by fishing nets months later At least 5000 government troops lost their lives during the Huangqiao-Xinghua Battle. Though, the Comintern and I.P.R agents, embedded with the communist N4C since 1938, continued to broadcast the fake news of the communist N4C fighting against the Japanese through relay of the news agencies in Shanghai's international settlement.
     
    The communists, after taking out the government troops, then became the railway guards for the Japanese invasion army. As Hao Bocun, the former ROC defense minister in Taiwan, had said, the territory of Jiangsu Province did not suffer from the wrath of war as a result of the communists' taking control of the area whereas the Hunan province endured four campaigns throughout the war. The Chinese communists, who took out the Hebei Populace Army and the government guerrillas on the Ji-zhong [central Hebei] plains in 1939-1940, yielded the territory to the Japanese and retreated back to the mountains of Shanxi. Similarly, the communists took out the government troops in the Jiangsu Province in 1939-1940, and became the railway guards for the Japanese invasion army, allowing the unfettered railway traffic along the Tientsin-Pukow Railway throughout the resistance war.
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    The Wan-nan Incident (Jan 1941)
     
    More available at THE ENEMY FROM WITHIN: CHINESE COMMUNIST ATTACKS AT GOVERNMENT TROOPS - 1940
    (Modified : Wednesday, 28-Nov-2007 00:27:55 EST), Wan-nan-Incident.pdf. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.


    The Battle Of Mt Zhongtiaoshan & the Communist Apathy
    In August 1939, the U.S.S.R. and Germany signed a non-aggression pact. The U.S.S.R. withdrew its military personnel from China. On September 1st, 1939, at the news of the Russian invasion of Poland, Mao Tse-tung made an announcement of support for the Soviets, claiming that the Russians had the right to liberate the minority Ukrainians and Byelorussians (i.e., the White Russians) who numbered about 11 million in Poland. Shi Zhe translated Mao's article on "New China Newspaper" into Russian, and the Comintern had it translated into French and German for the communist members to study. In the winter, the U.S.S.R. invaded Finland. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Chinese representative not to veto the resolution to have the U.S.S.R. kicked out of the League of Nations, over which the Soviets expressed indignation. In April 1941, the U.S.S.R. signed neutrality treaty with Japan. Mao Tse-tung applauded the USSR-Japan pact as the Soviets' best choice in avoiding the implication of an imperialist world wide war.
     
    The Jin-nan Campaign would be a Japanese attempt at Mt Zhongtiaoshan which was a mountain range on the north bank of the Yellow River that extends from the inflexion point of the bends. Since 1938, the Chinese forces had been defending Mt Zhongtiaoshan and hence secured the cities of Luoyang of Henan Province and Tongguan of Shenxi Province. In the spring of 1941, Japanese amassed armies in the areas of Jincheng, Yangcheng, Qinshui, Wenxi, Xiaxian and Anyi for taking over control of southern Shanxi Province.
     
    The Chinese 1st Military District, with 7 army corps, buried themselves inside of the 50 kilometer long Mt Zhongtiaoshan. The Chinese forces defended their positions by means of solid trenches to the north and the Yellow River as a natural barrier to the south, and dispatched the contingents for harassing the Japanese Army in the occupied territories. Meanwhile, the Chinese forces at Mt Lüliangshan to the northwest hit the Japanese in the hind.
     
    On May 8th, 1941, the Japanese took over Mengxian and Jiyuan in northern Henan Province and Huanqu of southern Shanxi Province. On May 12th, the Japanese blockaded all the river crossings on the Yellow River. The Chinese armies inside of Mt Zhongtiaoshan had been fighting the Japanese independently at various passes. On May 13th, the main Chinese forces broke though the siege for a relocation, and reinforced the defense inside of Mt Lüliangshan and Mt Taihangshan. The Mt Zhongtiaoshan fighting ended on May 27th.
     
    Wu Xiangxiang stated that the Japanese newspapers widely reported that the communist-controlled Eighth Route Army (i.e., the 38th Group Army) had mostly remained in northern Shanxi Province and furthermore attacked and took over the remnant nationalist army troops by taking advantage of the Mt Zhongtiaoshan debacle. Both the UPI and the Tokyo news agencies mentioned that the Japanese army and the communist army did not engage with each other. On May 21st, "Da Gong Bao" [i.e., Grand Justice Newspaper] criticized the communists for its passivity in the war. On May 23rd, CCP leader Zhou Enlai published a rebuttal article on the same newspaper as to their passivity during the Battle Of Mt Zhongtiaoshan. "Da Gong Bao" further advised against the communists' possibly following Soviet Russia which had signed a non-aggression pact with Japan one month before. On July 21st, The "Da Gong Bao" newspaper admonished the communists by pointing out that the Japanese army, after finishing the Mt Zhongtiaoshan Campaign, did not forget to sweep through the communist-held territories of Ji-Cha-Lu [i.e., Hebei, Cha-ha-er and Shandong provinces].
     
    The U.S. Involvement In China And Its Hideous Efforts At the Mediation Between the KMT & the CCP
    The United States was known to have advocated for an "open door" policy for China, which purportedly averted the fate of China being partitioned by the powers. What happened was that a delayed response from Japan in regards to the "open door" policy helped to seal the U.S. decision to support the "open door" policy which was an idea sold to the Americans by the British career customs officer working in Manchu China's customs, i.e., the Imperial Maritime Customs Service. Absent the Japan concurrence, the U.S. was ready to go ahead to grab a port in Fujian. Mike Billington, in "How London, Wall Street Backed Japan's War Against China and Sun Yat Sen," pointed out that "the House of Morgan, functioning as an arm of British imperial policy within the United States, first became seriously involved with the formation of a bankers' Consortium for China, in 1909, consisting of banking interests from the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. The British, under Hongkong and Shanghai Bank chief Sir Charles Addis, took overall direction of the Consortium, with a J.P. Morgan representative leading the American Group. Although the Consortium did finance a Shanghai-to-Canton rail line, their primary task was to prop up the decayed Ching dynasty against the mounting republican revolutionary pressure". Paul Samuel Reinsch, supportive of Yuan's government in Peking and intent on implementing Dr. Sun Yat-sen's plan laid out in "The International Development of China," had tried to circumvent the pro-British and pro-Japan Morgan consortium by soliciting help from Frank Vanderlip [head of National City Bank] of the American International Corporation (AIC) in 1915 and John Abbott of the Continental and Commercial Trust and Savings Bank in Chicago. President Wilson did not endorse Paul Samuel Reinsch's initiative to help China.
     
    The United States merely participated in the "Chinese Reorganization Gold Loan of 1913" while the financial consortium was bent on strangling China's finance. Years ago, the same synarchists for the "Chinese Reorganization Gold Loan of 1913" triggered China's 1911 Xin Hai Revolution in the attempt at extracting the Southwest China railways' rights --that led to the Manchu's nationalizing the public-funded railways for transfer to the synarchists and the subsequent Manchu crackdown on the populace's resistance to the nationalization, i.e., the Sichuan provincial railway protection movement of 1910-1911. This loan, which was paid a coupon and interests in 1928, was reinstated and reorganized in 1928 and 1937, respectively. This loan, with the British, German and American funds, became the poster child auctioned on the EBay today. The Hu-guang (Hukuang) loan, together with the Tientsin-Pukow railway loan, were pledged by the customs and salt revenue tax. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the salt taxes that were robbed by the Japanese made China default on the two railway loans, portion of which belonged to the Americans. The two railway loans, which were barely reorganized and reinstated in the early part of 1937, fell back again after the Japanese invaded China and seized all ports along the coast.
     
    Worse yet, President Hoover, in 1931, gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China. Hoover, who spent his early life in China and was possibly involved in swindling the Chinese mine enterprise of Kailuan in collusion with the British by taking advantage of the allied invasion of Peking in 1900, took Chiang Kai-shek as a half-Bolshevik, with his memory still set in the 1920s, when Chiang Kai-shek took the reign of the northern expedition as a 'Red' general.
     
    In 1931, there was a customs-revenue-securitized loan of 9 million USD dollars to purchase wheat [Young, p. 49], namely, the only monetary aid that the U.S. ever gave to China. Then in 1933, when Roosevelt was a president and the Soviet agents began to infiltrate into the U.S. government as the new dealers, there was a cotton and wheat loan of US$50 million, actually a credit offered by Americans for boosting the American Agricultural Price, which China had to cut down to 10 million from the original 40 million on the cotton component due to hyper-price set in the unfavorable terms of trade. The U.S. department of state, at the time of the cotton and wheat loan, debated whether to give this credit or not, claiming that any aid for China could be used by Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Chinese Red Army. (Heh Long's communist Red Army, in its extremity, had killed all their village-level cadres who were involved in distributing the American wheat. Madame Sun Yat-sen, meanwhile, convened a defend-USSR meeting in Shanghai, denouncing the American cotton and wheat aid. What a communist farce! The madam, returning to China again in 1931 for her mother's funeral but carrying Stalin's order to get the Noulens released, was likely admitted to the Comintern Far Eastern Bureau by Mif, over which the Soviets at OMS and FEB in May 1934 debated the pro and con of having the madam stay in versus out of the party in the aftermath of success of holding the Anti-War [and Defend-USSR] Conference of the Far East in September 1933 in Shanghai. The madam nominally was chair of the Anti-War & Anti-Imperialism League of the Far East.)
     
    The ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., the Americans' hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce after Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing (Chungking) government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. This is after what Utley called by "unpositive neutrality" against the 'belligerent' countries, namely, Japan and China, which was free and unrestrained arms sale to Japan and de facto arms embargo against China. Note that the arms embargo only hurt China since China did not have an industrial base to produce the basic weapons while Japan's factories could roll out the warships and airplanes on a wholesale scale. Note that the blockade would choke China since China did not have an industrial base to produce the basic weapons while Japan's factories could roll out the warships and airplanes on a wholesale scale. Also note that in contrast with the Americans, the European powers, being constrained by the mediation role of the League of Nations, dared not openly sell arms to Japan. Through 1940-1941, prior to the U.S. revocation of the 1911 U.S.-Japan Commerce Treaty, the Americans were the biggest supplier of raw material, oil, aviation oil, and weapons, to the extent that some U.S. senator called by Scott making a claim that out of one million Chinese killed by the Japanese, 544,000 Chinese were killed by the Americans. Thirty-one U.S. congressional members made a joint declaration to the effect that the U.S., not NAZI Germany, nor Italy, was the best ally of Japan.
     
    From 1937 to 1938, the U.S. provided 290 million U.S. dollars' worth of war materials to Japan under the Neutrality Act, with 190 million alone in year 1939. After the outbreak of the 1937 war, the U.S. supplied 18 million U.S. dollars' worth of war planes to Japan, seven times more than the planes' sale in 1937. Another 190 million U.S. dollars' worth of war materials were sold to Japan in 1940. Prior to the U.S. revocation of the U.S.-Japan commerce treaty on January 26, 1940, Japan organized six procurement delegations to the U.S. and obtained 500 million U.S. dollars' worth of supplies from the U.S., including 36 million U.S. dollars' moulding-tool "master machine" equipment for manufacturing the artillery and other heavy military equipment. In August 1940 alone, over 300,000 tons of U.S. scrap irons and raw irons were sold to Japan. In 1941, the U.S. sold to Japan 131% more petrol oil to Japan than in 1940, which was to say that the Japanese planes that bombed the Pearl Harbor used the U.S.-made petrol oil. Altogether, prior to the Pearl Harbor attack [which ensued from the U.S. freezing the Japan assets and ordering the oil embargo on July 25, 1941, i.e., the Soviet Snow Operation orchestrated by Harry Dexter White], the U.S. provided at least 1 billion U.S. dollars' worth of supplies to Japan, including scrap irons, steel, special steel (alloy steel), nickel, cobalt, tungsten, chemicals, etc., with 70% for the military purpose.
     
    Before the war, the U.S. provided Japan with 181 million U.S. dollars' worth of weapons and arsenals to meet Japan's purported 1937-1942 six-year war plan against the Soviet Union. Throughout the 1930s, the DuPond group sold Japan the chemical technology for manufacturing bombs; the Ford group transferred the metallurgy technology to Japan; the Rockefeller group assisted Japan with building the electronics industry; and the Mellon group modernized Japan's aviation. (Of course, the same synarchists built the armaments' factories for the Soviets in the Ural Mountains.)
     
  • On April 1st, 1940, a promise of 50 million U.S. dollars for balancing the foreign exchange rate with the Chinese currency. Plus another loan of 50,000,000 U.S. dollars. (The United States lends, pre-lend-lease, offered the first $50 million to China for currency stabilization and then granted an additional $50 million credit for purchase of supplies.)
  • Britain adding an offer of 5 million pounds.
     
    Prior to 1940, China had at most access to some funds by pledging the 312,000,000 taels of silver [which China had stored in both the U.S. and Europe in 1937-1938]. The silver-pledged funds were used for lending support to the exchange rate with the "fa bi" ["legalized currency]
     
    From 1938 to 1940, the only sympathetic person in the United States Government would be finance minister Morgenthau. Prior to the loss of Canton, the U.S. finance minister, Morgenthau, had invited Chen Guangfu to DC for barter talks on the tung oil. U.S. finance minister Morgenthau pressured the State Department, which was hijacked by the British hands and the Soviet agents, into accepting this barter by emphasizing the need of becoming China's friend like the Russians. The loss of Wuhan two days after Canton would make the U.S. statesmen uneasy about the barter trade with China.
     
  • On October 25th, 1938, the U.S. approved a barter trade in loaning China after dispelling any doubt of a quick fall of Chiang Kai-shek's government. On December 15th, 1938, the U.S. Import & Export Bank officially cut the loan of 25 million to China.
  • Britain offering the 500,000 pounds' credit line. Britain followed through with the offer of 500,000 pounds equivalent of amount from a credit line to China for purchasing trucks in the transport of tung oil on the Sino-Burmese Highway.
     
    On October 25th, 1938, the U.S. and China struck the barter trade, which somehow propped up China's war time morale in the aftermath of China's deteriorating situation after the Wuhan and Canton campaigns. China was to provide 220,000 tons of tung oil to the U.S. at an interest rate of 4.5% due in five years. The loan was for purchasing trucks for transporting goods on the Burma Road. Chen Guangfu and Morgenthau got acquainted with each other during the silver crisis of the 1930s, during which time China was forced to abandon the silver standard as a result of the Amercians' manipulation of the silver market.
     
    From March 1939 to August 1941, China exported tung oil via the primitive transport tools to Haikou for selling to the U.S. as a means of exchanging 33 million U.S. dollars' worth of machinery parts. A second batch of the "tung oil" loan on March 7th, 1940, with collateral requirement of China's tin ore.
     
  • Yunnan-Guangxi Provinces' tin ore in exchange for a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars. In February 1940, the U.S.-China signed a second barter agreement for the Yunnan-Guangxi Provinces' tin ore in exchange for a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars. The "tin" barter agreement was valued at 20 million U.S. dollars at 4% interest rate, with the collateral of 40,000 tons of tin to be sold to the U.S. with a timeline of seven years. The designated purpose of the 'tin' agreement was non-military.
     
  • China also exported Guizhou Province's mercury to the U.S. In September 1940, the tungsten was also included in the barter trade with the U.S., with a 25 million U.S. dollars' barter agreement signed, in exchange for the U.S. selling to China 45000 pistols.
     
    More available at The U.S. Involvement With the Chinese Communist Party. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

    Communist China's Social Academy chief Liu Da’nian acknowledged that Chiang Kai-shek received no more than 0.6 billion in the form of American aid. The actual number won't be more than 0.2 to 0.3 billion, including the 0.125 Billon from the 1948 China Aid Act which rolled over to the China Area Aid, to be squandered in Indochina, instead, in the 1950s and 1960s. The lend-lease amounts, subdivided for the years 1941-1944, were merely US$26 million (1941, mostly squandered in Burma in the aftermath of the Japanese invasion), US$100 million (1942), US$49 million (1943), and US$53 million (1944). The American lend-lease amounts for the time period of 1940-1944 were smaller than Stalin and the Soviets' aid of 250 million USD from 1937-1940. (Stalin's generosity was the result of the Soviet scheme to provoke the Sino-Japanese War in order to make China into a blood pool to tie down Japan, an exact word used by Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov in his memoirs to describe the effect of the Sino-Japanese War on the Soviet Union.)
     
    The American Office of Strategic Service (OSS), the Dixie Mission & the CCP

     
    On July 19th, 1941, Owen Lattimore arrived at Chungking to assume the post of a political adviser supposedly picked by Roosevelt but made nonofficial by the U.S. State Department where the British agents and the Soviet spies had about the equal weight in influencing the United States foreign policies. This was after Owen Lattimore resigned his job at the Institute of Pacific Relations [IPR] where he formulated a policy of "For the U.S.S.R. -- back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience." Unknown to Roosevelt who suspected his State Department to be a hotbed of British hands, the Institute of Pacific Relations [IPR] had taken the years from two previous Roosevelt terms to arrange the Soviet spies to occupy both the State Department and the Treasury Department. Either before or after the China mission, Lattimore had a meeting with the Russian consul-general, not to mention the fact that Lattimore had numerous Chinese communist agents recruited throughout his tenure at the IPR (Institute of Pacific Relations), including Chi Chao-ting, Chen Han-seng, Chu Tong, Y.Y. Hsu, et al.
     
    In Chungking, Lattimore undertook a low profile in contrast with Manuel Fox, a flamboyant Treasury representative in China. Lattimore survived the attacks of "a Chinese professor then in Kunming" who "wrote to various American friends that Lattimore was a tool of the leftish Amerasia group and of such unreliable intelligentsia as Lauchlin Currie." Lattimore, in an October 13, 1941, note to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, claimed that both he and Currie were against the Europe-first strategy, trying to find pretext to justify the Far East schemes and designs of the British colonialists and Soviet communists. During a dinner on November 14, Lattimore, knowing that Chiang was teasing him, put the blame on Europe-first squarely on the British, claiming that "it is Because of India that the British will never allow the war to be ended in Asia first …The victory of China… would start a great tide of liberation in the colonial world…" Lattimore did not mention Hongkong, the crown jewel of the British empire which was more important than India to the British colonialists.
     
    The British, for delaying China's recovery of Hongkong till after the Japanese surrender, repeatedly lobbied with the Chinese and especially Wellington Koo who travelled back to China to lobby on behalf of the British with a claim of returning H.K. to China after Japan was to surrender so as not to damage the British wartime morale. This webmaster believed that Wellington Koo's No. 1 blunder was to lobby on behalf of the British for delaying China's recovery of Hongkong till after the Japanese surrender, something that would give the British every reason to sell out the ROC at the Tehran and Yalta meetings to Stalin and the Soviet Union --something that could be tantamount to burying the fate of the Republican China. Do not forget that the British, who damaged China enormously through the two opium wars of the 19th century, forged twenty years of military alliance with Japan, that enabled Japan to build the warships and warplanes used for invading China --knowing that the Republic of China, the beacon tower, represented the last bastion against the imperialists and colonialists. After the Japanese surrender, the Chinese government and the cunning British held talks in Hongkong about returning Hongkong to China throughout the 1946-1949 Chinese civil war time period. This was on basis of the British duplicity in 1942-3 that they would return HK to China after the victory over Japan to avoid damage to the British wartime morale. With the Chinese government embroiled in the civil war against the communists, the British repeatedly put off the subject of returning HK, and in order to procrastinate further, offered Chiang Kai-shek a dozen warships [that were formerly the American lend-lease transfer to Britain] as bribe. Later, after the new year day of 1950, Britain, after coordination with Acheson and the Soviet-hijacked American State Department, became the first to recognize communist China diplomatically. The British was able to reach a mutual understanding with the communists to defer the matter of the Hongkong's recovery.
     
    Note that the island of HK was forever ceded to Britain by the Manchus after the Opium War debacle but was promised to be returned to China after the Japanese surrender; the Kowloon Peninsula was ceded after the 2nd Opium War; and, the New Territories were on a leasehold from the 1898 "convention for the extension of the Hongkong territory." The communist China's recovery of Hongkong in 1997 was a betrayal to the British-Chinese consensus reached in 1942-1943. That is, the communist China's sensational recovery of Hongkong in 1997 was a befuddled event that covered up the treachery in the communists' colluding with the British imperialists and colonialists in selling out China's interests, i.e., Hongkong --that was supposed to be returned after the victory over Japan, not something like the New Territories' lease due date of 1997. The Communist government, which acquiesced with the British on the HK matter, allowed some selected multi-national corporations [including Shell, the British Chemicals, the HK-Shanghai Bank] to continue their operations inside of China. Zheng Nian, i.e., author of "Life And Death In Shanghai," had detailed description about her husband Zheng Kangqi's job as general manager at Shell and her taking charge of the Shell business operations after her husband passed away in 1957.

     
    The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]
     
    During Mme Chiang Kai-shek's 7-month stay in the U.S., Soviet spies Hopkins and Currie feared as to Mme. Chiang's "Propaganda Furor" attacking the whole strategy of the war which was Germany first and the Far East second. It was the British colonial design on China as well as the ulterior Soviet motives that China was not to emerge from WWII victorious and united to pose threat to the British and Soviet interests. At Quebec (August 17-24, 1943), the British adamantly demanded that China not be given representation on mainly two pretexts, first the rest of European countries' unwillingness to have China adjudicate on their fate, and second the Chinese government's untrustworthiness to guard the essential secrecy.
     
    In July of 1943 and prior to the Quebec Conference, there were coordinated Soviet-British activities in Moscow, London and Chungking, i.e., . a surge of telegram chats and rumors as to pending Kuomintang attacks against the Chinese communists. Namely, U.S. embassy officials in Chungking reporting to the State Department on July 9th, 13th and 17th with various reports as to the rumored attack; the British Foreign Office notifying the U.S. embassy in London of a similar rumor; and some Soviet Chungking embassy counselor making a call on Atcheson on July 14th, with specific naming of local commanders as culprits for the rumored attack. The synched-up actions of the Soviets and Chinese communists appeared to be an attempt to cloud the matter so as to impress Roosevelt and Hull that indeed China was not a stable country to deserve a seat at the Combined military meetings or at the future U.N. security council. Atcheson who, with feed from nobody other than communists, filed reports on September 9th and 11th, 1943, claiming that "an important element in the Kuomintang" was planning to pass a KMT plenary resolution urging action against the Chinese communists by taking advantage of the Soviet-German wars. Earlier, in July, Atcheson filed a report with a claim that Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) sent him word that the government had sent seven more divisions to the border area with the communists. Even earlier, about November 20, 1942, Jack Service claimed that "Chou En-lai and Lin Biao in a conversation with John Carter Vincent and the undersigned (i.e., Service)" wanted the Americans to intercede in the civil wars, ostensibly, but with main objective being none other than a statement that "Communist armies receive a proportionate share of American supplies". Service through 1943 filed memorandum and reports to advocate for the Chinese communist cause and the "positive military value of the Communist army". On August 19th, 1943, Hornbeck informed TV Soong of a rumor to the effect that some official agent of another power (i.e., Soviets) told the U.S. embassy official in Chungking that the U.S. and U.K were urging Chiang to take action against the Communists. The Soviets in Moscow, through the angle of Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov's words in his memoirs, might not have coordinated with the Soviet Chungking embassy officials whose actions were more aligned with Zhou Enlai and the Chinese communists. That is, the Chinese communists just myopically wanted the American military supplies but the Soviets in Moscow wanted to play the Chinese communists' card for influence and role in the post-war settlements among the powers.
     
    Hornbeck, later in 1944, in a comment on an embassy despatch which was attached with another Service-drafted memo regarding the Wallace visit to China and utilization of the visit to pressure Chiang Kai-shek on the matter of allowing a U.S. Dixie Mission to visit the communists in Yenan, "turned to refresh my [Hornbeck's] knowledge of its author [Jack Service]," which was to do with Jack Service's memo termed "memorandum of January 23, 1943." This was a controversial memo which the State Department had to go back and forth between Chungking and the State Department to modify into an acceptable copy for records inserted into the archives of "Foreign Relations, 1943, China" (United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States: diplomatic papers, 1943. China (1943)). On page 193-199 of "Foreign Relations, 1943, China," Service, in the memo entitled "Memorandum by the Third Secretary of Embassy in China (Service), Temporarily in the United States," claimed under the heading "Kuomintang-Communist Situation" that "It is now no longer wondered whether civil war can be avoided, but rather whether it can be delayed at least until after a victory over Japan (p. 193)"..."The possible positive military value of the Communist army to our war effort should not be ignored...(p. 195)" ..." The Communists themselves (Chou En-lai and Lin Biao in a conversation with John Carter Vincent and the undersigned about November 20, 1942) consider that foreign influence (obviously American) with the Kuomintang is the only force that may be able to improve the situation...Another suggestion is some sort of recognition of the Chinese Communist army as a participant in the war against fascism... The Communists hope this might include a specification that the Communist armies receive a proportionate share of American supplies sent to China...(p. 197)" (Stanley Hornbeck, a disciple of Paul Reinsch and sympathetic with the Chinese cause, in light of constant criticisms of and rampant innuendo against China at the U.S. State Department, pointed out back in 1943 that the Chinese were thinking with their eyes, their hands, their tired bodies, and their empty pocketbooks rather than with their ears.)
     
    The State Department in August of 1943 informed the American Embassy in Moscow that there were "three Russian approaches in Chungking," namely, three visits of the U.S. embassy. As noted by Feis, Hornbeck on August 18th, 1943, telegrammed Hull at Quebec that "he found it meaningful that in recent press statements the Soviet government was for the first time openly championing the cause of the Chinese Communists. According to Feis, from the summer of 1943, the Soviet policies towards China were changed to that of hostility, heralded by Vladimir Rogov's article in the trade union journal War and the Working Class, that was copycatted to T.A. Bisson's Far Eastern Survey on July 14, 1943, Louis Budenz's Daily Worker on August 12, 1943, and on Amerasia in September of 1943. Chiang's speech at a KMT plenary meeting on September 13th, 1943, that stressed the policy that the communist problem was a purely political one, not to be resolved militarily, seemingly quietened the chatters, that ran rampant in the diplomatic circles of several countries and in the press in the United States; however, Atcheson, who claimed credit for himself, appeared to have continued to cry wolf about civil wars in the future, with the filings with the State Department to morph into a U.S. policy of shepherding China into a democratic and constitutional government under the premise that "the Kuomintang must qualify itself to keep power and popular support by self-improvement and social and economic reforms" per Feis. Note that the KMT executory committee resolutions were no secret to the communists since stenographer Hu Anna was sent to KMT senior leader Zhu Jiahua for infiltration into the KMT Central Party Headquarters in Wuhan in 1938.
     
    Prior to the Cairo and Tehran meetings, Cordell Hull did something that he thought important for China, i.e., the United Nations organization in which "both China and the Soviet Union were to be formative participants" per Feis. In light of the flaring-up Sino-Soviet hostility over Chinese Turkestan since late 1942 and inability of the two countries to engage in talks, Hull wanted to have the powers make a pledge in regards to China's post-war position, namely, be restored the territory China lost to Japan and granted a high place among the nations. This was likely taken to have partially offset the bad effect from declining China's request to be an equal in the military councils such as at Quebec. After the Tehran meeting (November 28-December 1, 1943), the U.S. told China that the Chinese news media should synchronize with the U.S. on the matter of "Germany First & Far East Second." In late 1943, on a day that could be Sun Yat-sen's deceased birthday, Soviet ambassador Aleksandr Semyonovich Panyushkin visited Mme Sun yat-sen, with wide discussions of various issues including the Moscow Declaration of October 30th, 1943; Chiang Kai-shek's change of attitudes towards the Soviet Union before and after the four-power declaration, with Chiang initially angry over non-invitation to Moscow; Zhou Enlai's claim that the recent KMT-CCP military conflicts led to death of one thousand communist troops; the madam's receiving a visit from American ambassador Gauss who promised to explore the possibility of supplying medical supplies to the communist army; Theodore White's observation of waning Soviet influence in Chinese Turkestan; the Chinese temporary blockade of the British embassy in Chungking and a possible Chinese delegation to be sent to London; Da Gong Bao newspaper's report of the battle front; and the possibility of American armies' military actions in China and the Far East; Chiang Kai-shek's paying a visit to her; and T.V. Soong's bad mood for his bad relations with Chiang Kai-shek after quarreling over the Stilwell matter.
     
    On June 21st, 1944, the U.S. Vice President, Wallace, came to see Chiang Kai-shek and emphasized the need of cooperation with the CCP in three rounds of talks. Roosevelt, back in May, asked Harriman to see Stalin for sake of drawing the Chinese and Soviets into friendly understanding while sending Wallace to seeing Chiang Kai-shek on a mission of "get the Chinese Nationalist and Communist armies to stop fighting." This was after Chiang requested with Roosevelt to intervene after the Soviet Red Army attacked the Chinese army along the border of Chinese Turkestan with Outer Mongolia in the spring, in addition to alarms raised over the Chinese communists' attempted attack at Xi'an (Sian) along the Southeastern Yellow River Bend and transfer of the Japanese Kwantung Army to China proper after the Soviet rapprochement with Japan (i.e., a Soviet-Japanese treaty on Sakhalin fisheries on March 30th). Wallace, after listening to Chiang's words of no confidence with Stilwell as a result of Stilwell's refusal to provide petrol for the Chinese air force to counter the Japanese Ichigo Campaign, recommended to Roosevelt to send a special representative, which led to Patrick Jay Hurley's visit to China. In the report to the president, Wallace realized the irreconcilability of the communists and Kuomintang and suggested a coalition for Chiang's government to include the non-communist third party elements. Vice-President Henry A. Wallace and Chiang Kai-shek made a statement on "requirements for peace in the Pacific area" on June 24, 1944, before going on to Kunming, New Delhi and back to D.C. The Wallace visit would make it possible for the U.S. "Military Observer's Mission," aka the Dixie Mission, to visit Mao Tse-tung in Yenan. This was after repeated U.S. requests for such visits were declined by Chiang early in the year and Harriman obtained Stalin's nodding to contact the Chinese communists direct for bringing together the Nationalists and Communists, a mission impossible as Chiang Kai-shek had two conditions of united military command and united administrative command while the communists wanted the reorganized communist troops to be "kept together in eighteen divisions within the government army" and the government to recognize the "popularly elected" communist regional and local regimes in the areas under the communist control, etc., some two main items among numerous other demands put forward to Robert S. Ward by communist Border Region Government chairman Lin Zuhan (Lin Tsu-han) on June 30th, 1944. (The number of eighteen divisions, using a reinforced Chinese army division structure of 15,000 men per division, appeared to be the communist army's true headcount which deviated from Vladimirov's tally of close to 400,000 men by one third.)
     
    This turned out to be a Soviet scheme to turn around the events in China as the American mission, mostly pro-communists, CPUSA or Soviet agents, later in 1945 played the role of flying all communist commanders to the civil war battlefields from their hibernation and rectification movements in Yenan. More, those pro-communist Americans stayed till the last minute that the 1947 Battle for Yenan was to start, serving voluntarily as human shields to make sure that the American planes would fly out all explicit-identity communists from the government-controlled areas to Yenan. The Dixie Mission was responsible for steering away the Korean Restoration Army, which was trained by the Republic of China at the wartime capital city of Chungking, to the Chinese communist side. Those Koreans, after the Japanese surrender, became the so-called 'Yenan faction' in the occupation of North Korea, to be purged by Kim Il-sung after Khrushchev's secret 1956 speech and about the time the Chinese communists pulled out the 'volunteer' army in 1958. Only two Koreans, who were cadets of the Whampoa Military Academy, followed the communist Long March to Yenan, with one surviving the later wars to go back to North Korea. (In Korea, there was the native Korean Communist Party faction. In Korea, there was the native Korean Communist Party faction. Kim Il-sung, who separately arrived at North Korea under an alias after the Japanese surrender, a name of a martyr, did not publish his real name 'Cheng [meaning accomplished, and pronounced 'sung' in the Sinicized Korean] zhu [pillar]' and was not officially acknowledged by Stalin and the Soviet Union to be a North Korea communist party leader till two-three months after the arrival in North Korea. Namely, the cause of Kim Il-sung's being accused of being an impostor.)
     
    As disclosed by John Service, he was the pawn at the front to push for the American mission to be sent to Yenan. On record, it was John Davis, i.e., Jack Service's best pal, who sent a memo to Stilwell on January 15th, 1944, in regards to sending an American mission to the communist area, with two objectives, namely, the ostensible pretext as to gathering military information on the communist forces, the Russian operations in North China and Manchuria and the Japanese positions, and the ulterior purpose "to break down the isolation of the Communist areas" -- that purportedly forced the Communists into "dependence on the Soviet Union" per Feis. Davis claimed that the American presence would act as detente to any government army's attempt at liquidating the communists, and urged action before the communists changed mind to rescind their invitation. Hopkins, Marshall and Leahy all read the memo, ending in Roosevelt's raising an official request with Chiang on February 9th. The State Department on February 16th inquired with Gauss about the same, and Stettinius on the 17th raised the same issue with the War Department. On February 22nd, Chiang deflected Roosevelt's request for gathering intelligence on the Japanese in North China and Manchuria by offering assistance in anywhere that the Chinese government's political authority extended and the army was located. On March 2nd, Roosevelt repeated the request but using the Sinkiang border troubles as a ruse. Stilwell separately delayed the departure of Chinese air cadets to the United States as a means of exerting pressure on Chiang who did not bulge. Chiang, however, approved the Chinese and foreign press correspondents to visit Yenan, with the first batch flying to Yenan in mid-May and mass-producing a series of fake communist propaganda materials of democracy, democratized spheres, democratic China and democratic foundations in the ensuing months on such publications as New York Times (by Brooks Atkinson), New York Herald Tribune (by Harrison Forman), Christian Science Monitor (by undercover GRU agent Gunther Stein), and Political Affairs, etc. As Chiang Kai-shek would allow the Americans go anywhere in North China other than the communist territory, Service and Adler (i.e., the Comintern agent at the Treasury Department), devised a means to pressure Chiang by using Wallace's visit as well as the assistance from George Marshall. To solve the "the question of getting permission to go to Yenan," Service thought Marshall's message would be taken by Chiang to be something from the White House, namely, more forceful to the ears of Chiang Kai-shek. Wallace's visit was counted as another try. So Service, et al., "drafted a message referring to various earlier messages," mentioning that Chiang had concurred previously with a request from the White House to allow them to "go to north China, any areas under Kuomintang control" which "of course ... was not what we [they] wanted." Service, et al., "drafted a message to the War Department for [General George] Marshall summing up all this and suggesting that Wallace's visit would be a good time for a push. We [they] got a message back which, as I [Service] recall, simply said that the White House had agreed that our [their] message could be given to Chiang Kai-shek as being from the White House." Other than the channel of George Marshall, Service disclosed that Davies had attempted to use James, Roosevelt's son, as a figurehead to lead a delegation to visiting the communists in the attempt of breaking the communist isolation. On June 21st, i.e., the first day of Wallace's talk with Chiang, Stilwell's Chungking office, where Ferris was, wired to the War Department about having Wallace raise the issue of visiting Yenan on the pretext that George E. Stratemeyer and Kenneth S. Wolfe needed information "in regards to the Japanese order of battle, weather, airfields, location of friendly troops, and other matters," etc., that were implied to be possibly acquired from the communists. Roosevelt radioed Wallace; however, Wallace already got it done on the 23rd under Harriman's instructions, i.e., Stalin and Molotov's consent to have the Americans contact the communists direct. Wallace, with Ferris and Service, confirmed with Chiang and TV Soong in the afternoon that it was a done deal, with the Americans to go to Yenan as soon as organized.
     
    Jack Service, who purportedly reconciled with wife back in the trip to the U.S. and ended his adulterous affairs with a 'leftist' [or actually communist] woman by the name of Yun-Ju, offloaded the communist woman to military attaché Willie Hanen who had a daughter born in 1946 with this woman whose full name was Zhao Yunru. Zhao Yunru, together with cousin Zhao Qingge, was one of Zhou Enlai's seductress spies, with the latter responsible for seducing writer Lao-she (Shu Qingchun) who was made into a figurehead of the leftist drama and troupe association at wartime Wuhan in 1938. This young baby was in 1948-1949 sent back to communist China where she went through extremely torturous life under the communist rule, was rescinded the college admission in 1964 for refusal to denounce her never-met American father, sent to Chinese Turkestan where she was attacked by a rifle gun butt and dumped onto the desert where she regained consciousness in three days, was time and again obstructed in accessing the U.S. foreign liaison office newly-setup in Peking in the 1970s, and was able to leave communist China in 1978 through the direct intervention of President J. Carter, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and consul C. Ogden. This would be Teresa Buczacki (Haan Xiu), author of Refraction: An American Girl in Mainland China.
     
    Communist China, always looking for a straw to repair its bloody image in the world community, cited Service's memo as vindication of the American viewpoints. See http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2011-06/30/content_22890344_4.htm.
     
    On July 22, 1944, Jack Service, et al., and the Dixie Mission finally arrived in Yenan. The team was headed by Barrett. Per Service, he "had earlier on had a talk with Stilwell and suggested that the logical man to go was Barrett, and Stilwell agreed." The Dixie Mission consisted of sixteen people purportedly canvassed from "the various operating agencies in the theater ...--the Twentieth Bomber Command, the people in Chengdu, the B-29's, the Fourteenth Air Force, the OSS of course. Then there were various OSS groups that were put under Fourteenth Air Force, air grand rescue service, and photo, something like photo--and specialists that the Fourteenth Air Force didn't have that OSS was able to supply." The Fourteenth Air Force did not send anyone. Among the CPUSA or Soviet agents sent to Yenan as the Dixie-OSS staff would be William Hinton (1919-2004) who converted his Cornell roommate Ewrin Engst (1918-2003) to the communist cause and later made arrangement for Engst to come to China on the UNRRA project for hopping to Yenan in 1946 as well as introduced Engst to sister Joan Hinton (1921-2010), a Manhattan Project participant and an atomic science doctorate who ultimately forfeited her scientific prospect to join Engst in Shenxi and become a lifelong cow farm operator. The Soviet-hijacked Office of Strategic Services already hijacked both Chennault's air service intelligence and Miles' navy intelligence operations in China. During Barrett and Bird's secret mission to Yenan on December 14th, 1944, Donovan's Office of Strategic Services promised to equip 25,000 communist guerrilla fighters.
     
    The Dixie Mission was doomed from the beginning as far as the objective of bringing together the two parties was concerned-- since the communists demanded "eighteen divisions within the government army" in one intact order of battle and retention of the "popularly elected" communist regional and local regimes in opposition to Chiang kai-shek's two conditions of united military command and united administrative command. From a higher level, the Soviet spies achieved the aim of driving a wedge between the United States and China as John Carter Vincent endorsed Oliver Edmund Clubb's notorious June 15th directive which was to the effect that "the American government was not committed to support the National Government of China in any and all circumstances". On June 20th, Service, whose objective was more than helping to break the communist isolation, wrote a memo proclaiming a widespread view of situation by the American military and embassy in China: that a progressive breakdown was taking place in China; that the Kuomintang was proving itself incapable of averting the collapse; that the crux of all Chinese problems was democratic reform; and that the American government ought to base its support [of Chiang Kai-shek apparently] on a policy of attempting to further the needed changes (i.e., forcing the democratic reform), etc. On August 27th, Mao Tse-tung confided in Service that there was no use to pretend that the Dixie Mission's chief importance was nothing other than "its political effect upon the Kuomintang."
     
    Here, Stilwell's objective was to command all Chinese armies including the communist army; Service and Davis' objective was to help break the communist isolation at minimum plus to shift the American policy of support away from Chiang Kai-shek's national government towards that of the communists; and the communists' objective was actually to get equitable or additional share of the American Lend-Lease weaponry and whatever freebies. As recalled by David D. Barret, Mao Tse-tung and the communists did not give a damn about Stilwell when the news spread to Yenan that Stilwell was sacked. Stilwell, who controlled the Lend-Lease program, refused to even replenish Chennault’s Flying Tiger airforce, not to mention Chiang Kai-shek's ROC troops. Stilwell, who was kicked out of China in October 1944, had no interest in giving aid to China other than the direct control over the Chinese army, and was only interested in giving aid to the Chinese communist army. Stilwell and Dorn were involved in a scheme of assassinating Chiang Kai-shek, an order from Roosevelt during the Cairo meeting, with the anti-Chiang Kai-shek scheme continuing through 1946 according to James Liley. In Wuhan, in 1939, Stilwell, who cohorted with the Soviet spies and the Wuhan gangs, often spread innuendo against China, for which Stilwell was called over to the Chinese government and given a censure. Stilwell, a sick man who suffered from Sigmund Freud's Oedipal complex symptom and who repeatedly described Mme Chiang Kai-shek as "Snow White" in his dogshit diaries (i.e., what George Creel termed by Stilwell's doggerel), apparently hated Chiang Kai-shek over jealousy and anger -- unlike General Chennault who loved Mme Chiang Kai-shek like Lancelot to King Arthur's Queen Guinevere.







     
     
    The Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1945)
     
    Peng Dehuai and Li Rui were commented to have said that Mao Tse-tung had adopted a much civilized approach to the Yan'an Rectification Movement, with a slogan called "not a single person to be arrested and not a single person to be executed." Is that a joke? (Li Rui, who was Mao Tse-tung, Chen Yun and Gao Gang's secretary, consecutively, he might not have counted the death of 100 "serious offenders" in 1947. Though, Li Rui, who read Tang Zong's Diaries in 1950 and knew that the KMT government had not a single spy in Yenan, acknowledged that in the "Yenan Arts and Thoughts' Rectification" movements of 1942-1944, the communists routed 15,000 spies and suspects. Li Rui was arrested as a reactionary in April, 1943, while working at the communist Liberation Daily in Yenan. Fan Yuanzhen, i.e., Li Rui's wife, divorced him to be Deng Liqun's mistress, with Deng Liqun's wife Luo Liyun running into the adultery in a cave house. Deng Liqun was a teaching department director at the communist Marxism-Leninism Institute in Yenan.)
     
    The outside world did not learn of the CCP's terror during the Yan'an Rectification Movement till Hu Zongnan's army, after taking over control of Shenxi & Shanxi, dug out bodies of four foreigners from a well in Yongping of Shanxi Province. The three Russians and one Serbian (?), caught by the CCP in early 1944 while trekking through the communist territory, were executed as a burden during the CCP retreat. Likely, the four victims could be escapees from Stalin's gulag in Siberia, similar to those escapees, including a Pole rounded up from the Soviet-controlled territory of the NAZI-Soviet Pact, who fled across Tibet into India as depicted by the movie The Way Back. Gao Hua cited Shi Zhe's memoirs in stating that CCP security section chief Zhou Xing took the blame when the news broke out nationally. Also executed by the CCP would be over hundred so-called "serious offenders" who were imprisoned as a result of the Rectification Movement. Among those victims decapitated prior to the communist fleeing Hu Zongnan's invasion would be the bookworm Wang Shiwei. Gao Hua cited Wang Suyuan's writings on the CCP History in stating that Kang Sheng, while fleeing towards Linxian county of Shanxi Province, received authorization to execute over 100 "serious offenders" in the Security Section's custody on the bank of the Yellow River. (Exempted from the death fate would be 100 "serious offenders" that Chen Gang [aka Liu Zuohu] and Chen Long brought along on their 'barefoot' trip to Manchuria on November 9th, 1945, and another 300-400 captives, deemed "less-than-serious offenders," were freed in 1946 and re-assigned jobs. Per Jung Chang's "Wild Swans," her father Zhang Shouyu [alias Wang Yu] was ordered to walk to Manchuria one month after the Japanese surrender. After two months, they arrived in Chaoyang in Nov, a region in southwestern Manchuria that bordered with Inner Mongolia. Very likely, Jung Chang's father belonged to the 100 "serious offenders" for the implication at the Marxism Research Institute in Yan'an as a colleague of Wang Shiwei. It was communist deputy Liu Shaoqi who had reversed Mao's southern advance strategy to steer the communist resources for Manchuria --while Mao was in Chungking, and the communist New Fourth Army was not done with fighting the civil war in the Zhejiang-Anhui-Jiangxi borderline, an order effective from the 1944 Japanese Ichigo Campaign timeframe to re-establish the Soviet enclaves in southern China. Chen Gang [aka Liu Zuohu] was Mao Tse-tung's henchman since the Futian Mutiny Incident of the 1930s, to be persecuted to death in the cultural revolution for knowing too much about the communist dirts.)
     
    Gao Hua stated that in Heh Long's Jinn-Sui [Shanxi-Suiyuan] CCP Enclave, the CCP executed a batch of "serious offenders" who were imprisoned as a result of the Rectification Movement, including, among others, a 29-year-old youth who was once among so-called the "five patriotic youths" of Xi'an.
     
    Mao had only luckily survived his 4-year-long terror as a result of the Moscow intervention. The Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1945) was merely called off after Georgi Dimitrov sent an urgent telegraph on December 22nd, 1943, for saving Wang Ming from Mao Tse-tung's persecution on the pretext that Kang Sheng might be a "possible KMT spy bent on destroying the CCP from inside out." Two months earlier, on October 28th, 1943, with Mao's approval, Vladimir, i.e., the Comintern rep at Yan'an, dispatched his personal doctor [Ao-luo-fu] on a trip to checking Wang Ming's health, and Wang Ming was recorded to have burst into cries in front of his Russian master and disclosed that he was poisoned by Mao. However, Moscow did not know that Mao deliberately hired Kang Sheng for exercising the red terror so that Mao, a real monster, could thoroughly control his party. On January 2nd, 1944, Mao telegraphed Dimitrov and claimed that the CCP had no intention to expel Zhou Enlai from the party while Wang Ming was unreliable because Wang Ming was at one time in the 1930s caught and released by the KMT. Two days later, Mao invited the Vladimirov couple over for watching a Peking opera, tried to correct his previous stance by expressing respect for Stalin and gratitude for Dimitrov (see Vladimirov's "Yan'an Diaries"), and inquired whether Mao could take back his statements made two days ago. (On June 10, 1943, the Executive Committee of the Comintern officially announced the dissolution of the Comintern, with the puppet communist parties shuffled to the International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.)
     
    Here, by the Vladimirov couple, sinister, preposterous and disgusting Chinese communists meant for a Chinese woman designated for the Soviet agent as a temporary sexual companion, not Vladimirov's wife who was back in the U.S.S.R. Georgi Dimitrov, a former hero of the Reichstag trial in Leipzig, was sent back to Bulgaria as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party from 1946 to 1949 after WWII but was recalled to Moscow for a meeting with Stalin in December 1948, after which he died on 2 July 1949 in the Barvikha sanatorium near Moscow, which was suspected by Jonathan Brent in Inside the Stalin Archives: Discovering the New Russia to be part of Stalin's purge of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee gang that started with Solomon Mikhoels and Andrei Zhdanov in 1948. The murder of Solomon Mikhoels was said by Orlando Figes in The Story of Russia to be related to Stalin's suspicion of the Jews for the Zionists' siding with the Americans on the matter of the launch of Israel, and Zhdanov's death was used by Stalin as a ruse to purge the Jews in the Doctors' Plot of 1952, that claimed that every Jew could be a potential American spy, a hysteria that was fortunately averted with Stalin's death on March 5th, 1953. The Soviets gave the Zionists weapons and ammunition in the founding of Isreal with a false belief that the Zionists were true socialists who would make Israel a socialist republic.
     
    To understand how serious the terror campaign was, just check out Bo Yibo's memoirs. Gao Hua cited Wang Suyuan's "Beginnings & Endings Of the Shan-Gan-Ning [Shenxi-Gansu-Ningxia] Rescue" in stating that 15,000 out of 30,000 CCP members, intellectuals and cadres, taking up a ratio of 50%, had been "rescued" by Kang Sheng & Mao Tse-tung's terror campaign. Bo Yibo's mother, who followed his son to Yan'an, once told his son: "Son, this [Yan'an] is not a good place to live. Every night, I heard people howling." Bo Yibo, father of CCP corrupt official Bo Xilai, went to check out the howling and found out that several hundreds of intellectuals were in custody in several cave houses (i.e., yao dong) down the hill, and those victims of the Yan'an Rectification were all in psychic and schizoid status as a result of political purge movements. 100 nameless victims executed on the bank of the Yellow River nevertheless, numerous others had disappeared in Yan'an, including a young girl called Wang Zunji who, being a nephew of traitor Wang Kemin of the Peking puppet government, arrived in Yan'an at age 19 in 1939, only to disappear in the custody of Kang Sheng's CCP Social Department. Numerous memoirs talked about the communist special agency sending live political prisoners to the hospital for use as live vivisection materials.
     
    The Yan'an Rectification Movement: Precursor To the Anti-Rightist Movement
    In 1942, Mao Tse-tung organized the "Wen-yi (arts) Zuo-tan (round-table discussion equivalent) Hui (meetings)" and proposed the "Zheng-feng (thoughts rectification) Yun-dong (movement)" by claiming that criticisms of the communists were needed for improving the work, hence starting the "Yenan Arts and Thoughts' Rectification" movements of 1942-1944. Mao's arts' talk at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art was published on the "Liberation Daily" in May 1942. At the "Marxism Research Institute," a bookish intellectual, by the name of Wang Shiwei, initiated some public posters and wrote articles criticizing the privileged way of life among the communist cadres, such as the different food standards. Mao Tse-tung soon felt offended, and called Wang Shiwei a KMT spy and a Trotskyist. The "Marxism research institute" was shut down. Zhang Shouyu, a colleague of Wang Shiwei, was only spared when Ai Siqi classified the nature of the mistake as "naivety." Zhang Shouyu would be sent to the CCP Central Party Academy for teaching history thereafter. At the Lu Xun Arts' School (or Academy) controlled by Mao's henchman Zhou Yang, among 1788 students, 440 persons were filtered out as spy suspects by May of 1944, with numerous people or their family members committing suicide. Officially, the communists caught 29 KMT spies from the Lu Xun Arts School, with 52 persons forced to make confession as spies. (Li Rui, who knew from Tang Zong's Diaries that the KMT government had not a single spy in Yenan, claimed that the forty plus persons from the KMT "Zhan-gan Tuan" (battle work corps), who came to Yenan at the nationalist government's order, should not be counted among the KMT "secret agents" or spies, nor the non-communist overseas returnees who came to Yenan but did not harbor the same political beliefs as the communists. The KMT government during the early years of the resistance war, had official presence in the Yenan area, including several county magistrates and post offices, etc., till the communists harassed and expelled those magistrates and administrators. A Nationalist army representative was still seen in Yenan when the American Dixie Mission visited Yenan in 1944.)
     
    When Lin Biao returned to Yan'an from Moscow on February 8th, 1942, Mao Tse-tung personally went to the airport for receiving him. In the ensuing party, on February 17th, Lin Biao cited Georgi Dimitrov in claiming that the CCP must unite around Mao Tse-tung the same way as the Soviet Communists united around Stalin and expressed support for the Yan'an Rectification Movement in fighting against "subjectivism" and "factionalism" by means of "proletarian materialism." (During the stopever in Xi'an, Hu Zongnan secretly called over spy chief Dai Li to Xi'an, where Lin Biao, Wen Qiang and Dai Li had an undisclosed meeting, something that Taiwan was to find out after the news of Lin Biao's death in a plane crash on September 13, 1971, in Mongolia. Earlier, in 1966, Lin Biao sent three letters to Taiwan for probing Chiang Kai-shek's taking him back, with Jiang Jingguo not showing too much enthusiasm and Lin Biao's Hongkong emissary disappearing in mainland China after carrying a message back from Taiwan. Purportedly, Tao Zhu also sent a letter to Chiang Kai-shek during the cultural revolution. Apparently, Wen Qiang, a remote cousin of Mao's, during the captivity under the communists, never disclosed the meeting between Lin Biao and Dai Li.)
     
    For five years, Zhang Shouyu would undergo the Rectification Movement for the implication as a colleague of Wang Shiwei at the "Marxism research institute," and he eventually was spared the "political mistakes" by the CCP for dispatchment to Manchuria when Japan surrendered in August of 1945.
     
     
    The KMT, the CCP versus Democratic Parties
     
    Chiang Kai-shek failed to win the hearts of leftists and/or undercover communists at times of war. Though, Chiang Kai-shek had tried very hard at doing it, and notable events would be attempts to retrieve the intellectuals at the time of fall of HK in December 1941 and to persuade intellectuals into an evacuation from mainland China in 1948-1949.
     
    The Chinese Democratic League of Political Organizations
    Chu Anping, i.e., later leader of a democratic vase party, would lose his pretty wife Duanmu Luxi to Cheng Cangbo while Chu was studying in Britain. After Chu lodged a complaint with Wu Zhihui, Chiang Kai-shek deprived Cheng Cangbo of the chief post for the KMT's "Central Daily Newspaper," a post that Cheng had held since 1932. (KMT's "Central Daily Newspaper" was first published on February 1st, 1928 in Shanghai.)
     
    Hu Feng was ordered by Zhou Enlai to depart for HK as part of protests against the KMT crackdown on the communist-controlled New Fourth Army during the Wannan [Southern Anhui Province] Incident (Jan 1941). Zhou Enlai deliberately evacuated intellectuals of the leftist or undercover communist background to i) Yan'an and ii) HK as a protest against the KMT government.
     
    On March 19th, 1941, with clandestine support from the communists, the so-called "Chinese Democratic League of Political Organizations" was established in Chongqing the interim capital. Among the activists would be Huang Yanpei, Zhang Lan, Liang Shuming, Zuo Shunsheng, Zhang Junli, Zhang Bojun, Luo Longji, Li Huang, Qiu Zhe, Deng Chumin, Huang Songling, Ma Zhemin, Zhang Nanxian, Li Shucheng & Xie Hegeng. Huang Yanpei was made into chairman of the 5-member standing committee. A 13-member executive committee was chosen among participants from the Chinese Peasant & Worker Democratic Party, the Chinese People's Society For Rescuing Nation, the Chinese Vocational Education Society, the Countryside Construction Faction, the Chinese Youth Party, the National Socialist Party, and etc. Xie Hegeng, i.e., an underground communist agent, who claimed this organization was the forerunner of the "min [democratic] ge [revolutionary party]," was discouraged from organization activity for preserving his covert identity. Per Wang Jianji & Wang Yuanchao's "100 Years Of China," the League was built on the "Comraderie Society For the United Construction of Nation" that was established on November 23rd, 1939, with reluctant approval by Chiang Kai-shek. As a protest against Chiang Kai-shek's "restrictions on the alien parties" in the aftermath of the Wannan Incident, the League announced its founding publicly and launched the "Guangming [brightness] Bao [newspaper]" in HK on September 18th, with a call for nationalization of the military and the democratization of politics. The Communist "Liberation Daily" in Yan'an (Yenan) praised the League as the "invigorating force for the Chinese democratic movement."
     
    Hu Feng, who was sent to HK by Zhou Enlai after the "Wannan Incident," would flee the Japanese occupation of HK in early January of 1942 under the help of the communist-controlled Dongjiang [East River] Guerrilla Force, or actually a safe pass arrangement made between communist spy Pan Hannian and the Japanese special agency. Hu Feng arrived in Guilin of Guangxi Province in early March. In Guilin, Hu Feng and his leftist colleagues, like Mao Dun & Shen Zhiyuan, obtained special permission from Zhou Enlai to accept 500 yuan worth of money that was given by KMT official Liu Baimin as transportation fee for travelling back to Chongqing the interim capital. Pressured by the KMT propaganda ministry, Mao Dun left Guilin for Chongqing in December 1942, and Hu Feng followed in March 1943. Hu Feng immediately received 30,000 "legalized currency" from Zhou Enlai for re-launching the "July" magazine. Three days after arrival in Chongqing, Hu Feng was notified by Liu Baimin that Chiang Kai-shek wanted to meet five "intellectual people," i.e., Mao Dun, Shen Zhiyuan, Hu Feng and Qian Nashui et al; however, Chiang Kai-shek never succeeded in winning the hearts of the leftists or undercover communists. Mao Dun and Hu Feng, with Zhou Enlai's acquiesce, joined Zhang Daofan's ROC propaganda Ministry to work as special contributors to the "Cultural Movement Committee." The Cultural Movement Committee was set up by Chiang Kai-shek in September 1940 to house the leftists or undercover communists [like Guo Moruo, Yang Hansheng, Feng Naichao, Du Guoxiang & Tian Han] after Zhou Enlai threatened Zhang Zhizhong with a request to truck them to Yan'an. (Zhou Enlai's threat was actually an attempt to transfer key personnel which was a masking of Mao's stealthy plan to organize the communist Eight Route Army and New Fourth Army to turn west to attack the interim capital Chungking.)
     
    Per Jin Chong, the Cultural Movement Committee, from January to September 1941, held multiple forums and intellectuals among the intellectual arena, which pushed the communist agenda beyond the propaganda and agitation activities that were conducted under the 3rd Division of the KMT Politics Department.
     
    The Chinese Democratic League
    In Chongqing the interim capital, numerous leftist or undercover communists printed their magazines, including "The Central Plains" [Guo Moruo] and "The Masses" [Qiao Guanhua, aka Qiao Mu]. Xu Zhucheng pointed out that Guo Moruo published the article "Three Hundred Year Anniversary Of The Fall Of Ming Dynasty [in 1644]" in 1944, and likened Chiang Kai-shek's government to rebel Li Zicheng who exited Peking after losing the fight to Wu San'gui and the Manchus on April 22nd of 1644.
     
    Hu Feng got acquainted with Shu Wu [Fang Guan] through the introduction of Lu Ling. When Hu Feng obtained the KMT approval to publish magazine "Hope" in May 1944, Shu Wu's article "Discourse On Subjectivism" was included in the first edition that got published on December 31st, 1944.
     
    On September 19th, 1944, "The Chinese Democratic League of Political Organizations" was re-organized into "the Chinese Democratic League," with a call for terminating one party dictatorship and opposing the KMT-CCP strife and conflict. As John Service had disclosed, the Chinese communists were behind the reorganization, with the propaganda articles authored by Zhou Enlai's assistant and handed over to John Service for polishment. This push for the coalition government, per Vladimirov Diaries, was a direct result of John Service's manipulation in organizing the Dixie Mission and travelling to Yenan to sell the crap to the Chinese communists. Vladimirov's impression was that Service had the authorization from Roosevelt and the White House to sell the coalition or joint government idea - which was fallacious as the United States advocated for the constitutional government. Note that Service was living with Comintern and Soviet spies in the same residence at the time and having an extramarital affair with a Chinese actress by the first name of "Yunzhu" (Yun-Ju/Zhao Yunru, i.e., Teresa Buczacki (Haan Xiu)'s mother) who could be an undercover Chinese communist agent.
     
    After the Battles Of Guilin & Liuzhou [Guangxi Province], the Japanese army launched an attack at Dushan [Guizhou Province] in the winter of 1944 as a last ditch effort of its war on mainland China. After sacking Dushan, the Japanese went on to threaten Duyun. People in Chongqing the interim capital as well as in Guiyang the provincial capital of Guizhou were shaken. The Chongqing government hinted that they would fight on by moving onto Mt E'meishan. Claiming that the KMT might surrender should the Japanese invade, Zhou Enlai made arrangement for some leftists or undercover communists to prepare for entry into the mountains while having some leave for Yan'an. (The Japanese, however, then rerouted southward for launching the continental corridor to Southeast Asia.)
     
    In Chongqing, the Chinese communist party and the "Chinese Democratic League" called upon Chiang Kai-shek in forming a so-called "joint government" [i.e., a coalition government], a crap sold to the communists by the communist fellow traveler Jack Service. The ROC propaganda Ministry revoked the "Cultural Movement Committee."
     
    Shu Wu's article "Discourse On Subjectivism" caused a stir among the leftists or undercover communists. At a meeting, Mao Dun & Yi Qun attacked the article. Hou Wanlu continued to blast at the article. Later, at a party held inside of the CCP representative office, Hu Feng and his colleagues sought for arbitration with Zhou Enlai. While Zhou Enlai put aside the issue, CCP theorist cadre Hu Qiaomu, who accompanied Mao Tse-tung to the peace talk in Chongqing on August 28th, stayed on in Chongqing and later engaged in an heated argument with Shu Wu in front of Hu Feng. During Mao Tse-tung's stay in Chongqing, Hu Feng had two brief talks with the monster who would launch the "Anti-Hu Feng Movement" in the early 1950s and imprisoned Hu Feng for close to three decades. (Mao Tse-tung returned to Yan'an on October 11th, 1945. Hu Feng's fate of long-term imprisonment could have something to do with his status as a disciple of communist party founder Li Dazhao in the 1920s, i.e., like the ranks of Zhang Guotao, Chen Hansheng and Luo Zhanglong, as well as his double agent identity as a member of the Japanese Communist Party.)
     
    In late 1945, the CCP's army harassed the Ping-Han [Peking-Wuhan] railroad lines and raided the KMT positions in Shanxi, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. The Japanese at Tianjin [Tientsin] resisted communist attempt at disarming them. (The Japanese at north of the yangtze bank also resisted the communist' attempt at disarming them at the end of the 1945, which could be considered the last battle for the Japanese army.) The first echelon fought the Japanese at Shanhaiguan Pass and entered Rehe (Jehol) and Manchuria in late August of 1945. Claiming that Manchuria did not belong to the truce area, the CCP mounted major campaigns in Manchuria, taking over Yingkou on the coast, Sipingjie, Changchun, Harbin, Andong, Jilin and Qiqihar [Qiqihar], etc. The CCP forces stopped the American marines and American transport ships which, packed with the ROC government troops, attempted to offload the troops ashore. The CCP received the Japanese weapons depot from the Russians [Soviets] and established various governments. At coastal Huludao, a city about 15 kilometers away from Jinzhou, the communist forces successfully drove back the Nationalist Army which had landed ashore with the help of American transporters. About 50000 American marines took charge of controlling the major railways around Peking-Tianjin and Shanhaiguan areas.
     
    The Crackdown In Kunming On December 1st, 1945
    On November 25th, 1945, in front of the library of Southwestern United University [SUU], the communists orchestrated a gathering by about a purported number of 6000 students and teachers from several colleges and universities including SUU and Yunnan University. Fei Xiaotong, Qian Ruisheng, Wu Qiyuan & Pan Dakui made speeches against the KMT government in regards to corruption, dictatorship and conspiracy for the civil wars. The police surrounded the crowds, cut off electricity, and fired warning shots. The students, under the communist agitation, continued the gathering with kerosene lights. The second day, Guan Linzheng the provincial garrison commander blamed the turmoil on the communist banditry. 30000 students from 30 schools declared a strike, with demands that the American military vacate from China and that the KMT's Central News Agency correct its slanderous report. On the 28th, the joint strike committee of Kunming students declared an open-end strike. (Alternative to the above communist account pointed out that with the surrender of the Japanese, professors and students from all exile universities were packing up for return to hometowns, and the Chinese communists could not mobilize enough headcounts for political agitation. The aftershock of the crackdown, however, would be Chiang Kai-shek's order to dismiss Guan Linzheng, one of his favorite Whampoa students, from important military posts as punishment, which had short-changed Chiang as far as selection of lieutenants was concerned for directing the later wars. Guan was said to be one of the candidates for the top job in Manchuria.)
     
    To counter the continuous student movements on the 29th & 30th, the government agents organized a counter-strike commission. The police broke into campuses on December 1st. Per communist recitals, at SUU, a middle school teacher, by the name of Yu Ran, was purportedly killed by a grenade. At the Normal College of SUU, government agents were said to have fired shots at the students: student Li Lulian was purportedly hit to death after receiving a gunshot wound, and female student Pan Yuan was purportedly pierced to death after suffering a grenade wound per communist records. 17 year old Zhang Huachang of Kunhua Middle School purportedly died of shrapnel. Communist records claimed that 4 people died and 20 were injured on this day.
     
    The "Joint strike committee" demanded punishment of Guan Linzheng & Li Zonghuang (who replaced provincial chair Long Yun after the Japanese surrender). CCP's "New China Daily" published an editorial in regards to the government's acceptance of student demands. Purportedly, 400 professors and teachers declared a strike. On December 2nd, a funeral was held for the four martyrs. In Yan'an, Mao & Zhou talked about relief to the Kunming students. Across the country, students in Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu, under the communist agitation, echoed their support. On December 7th, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched education minister Zhu Jingnong and governor Lu Han to Kunming for a negotiation with the strike committee. Guan Linzheng & Li Zonghuang were relieved off duty or relocated elsewhere. On January 27th, 1946, the Kunming students declared an end to the strike.
     
    Assassination of Wen Yidu & Li Gongpu
    On January 14th (? January 10th per the communist record), 1946, under the pressure of George Marshall, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [CPPCC] was held, with 38 participants from the KMT [8], the CCP [7], the Youth Party [5], the Democratic League [9], and various social activists [9]. Ten meetings were held from January 10th onward. The CPPCC, by the end of Jan, reached five resolutions including the termination of one party dictatorship. Chiang Kai-shek's statement of observing the CPPCC resolutions was published on the Central Daily Newspaper on February 1st. Chiang Kai-shek promised to reorganize the joint government [i.e., coalition government] and accused regional powers and private armies of being pseudo-democracy and anti-democracy.
     
    Per communist records, during the CPPCC, Chiang Kai-shek's secret agents had intruded into the residencies of Huang Yanpei & Zhang Shenfu (i.e., leaders of the Democratic League [a communist front organization] headed by Zhang Lan). Huang Yanpei of the Democratic League, on January 27th, had at one time refused to continue with the CPPCC. After the CPPCC, on February 10th, Chiang Kai-shek's secret agents purportedly disturbed a populace celebration of the CPPCC resolutions, and inflicted physical injuries onto about sixty celebration meeting participants, including Guo Moruo, Ma Yinchu, Shi Fuliang, and Li Gongpu, et al. Zhou Enlai attended a night meeting for raising protest against Chiang Kai-shek in the name of eleven renowned figures. Communist records claimed that Chiang Kai-shek, hearing that Zhou Enlai, Zhang Junli, Chen Qitian & Li Zhuchen were to pay a visit, would fly away from Chongqing the second day. (Many of those Democratic League leaders would suffer from the communist persecutions during the Anti-Rightist Movement later.)
     
    The government agents also purportedly sabotaged CCP's "New China Daily Newspaper" agency as well as the Democratic League's Min-sheng [people's livelihood] Newspaper agency. On February 23rd, Zhang Lan wrote to Chiang Kai-shek with a request that the government special agents' organization be disbanded, while Chiang Kai-shek, per Tang Zong's Diaries, believed that the league members were communists. (Dai Li, i.e., chief of the secret agents, would die in a plane accident shortly thereafter, and Tang Zong discovered a vault of gold nuggets and U.S. dollars in Dai Li's residence.)
     
    In Manchuria, the Chinese communists, with the Russian soldiers' facilitation, killed Chinese engineer Zhang Xinfu in the process of dismantling the equipment. Li Shenzhi, recalling a massive nationwide protest movement against the U.S.S.R. in early 1946, pointed out that elementary and middle school students in the countryside of Chengdu-Chongqing waved flags denouncing the Russian [in fact, the Chinese Communist] barbarity. This turned out to be a Chinese communist scheme to sow discord between Stalin and Chiang Kai-shek so that the Soviets would anger the Chinese so much that a Sino-Soviet reconciliation became impossible. Meantime, the CCP-controlled "New China Daily Newspaper," in its Chongqing edition, published an article entitled "Patriotism Is Not Equal To Excluding the Foreigners [i.e., the Russians]." The Communist students, who had launched December 1st, 1945 student protest in Kunming just one month ago, would refrain from denouncing the Russian killing, pillaging and raping in Manchuria.
     
    On July 11th, 1946, secret agents purportedly assassinated Li Gongpu, one of the Democratic League leaders, and four days later, assassinated another leader, Wen Yiduo, who had just attended Li Gongpu's funeral. Li Gongpu was one of the "seven gentlemen" of 1936, while Wen Yiduo was professor of Southwestern United University [i.e. Lienda University]. Fei Xiaotong, who had joined the Chinese Democratic League in 1944, issued a public denunciation of Chiang Kai-shek's regime. When news of Wen Yiduo's death came, Fei Xiaotong, Pan Guangdan & Zhang Xiruo, et al., sought asylum inside of the U.S. consulate, a citadel of the allied American-Communist scheme against the republic of China since the early 1940s. Fei Xiaotong wrote on Chu Anping's "Observer" magazine that he had turned into an ally of the CCP by then.
     
    While there was evidence purportedly implicating provincial government agents in the death of Wen Yidu, Li Gongpu's death could be a communist plot. The fishy part of Li Gongpu's assassination could be seen in John King Fairbank's role in the commotion surrounding the sequence of events prior to, during and after the assassination. Days before Li Gongpu's death, Fairbank personally visited communist Guo Moruo with a warning that the United States government could yield to pressure to offer aid to Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist Chinese government unless something was to be done to stop it. John King Fairbank's role was like a successor to Owen Lattimore, running the pro-communist American O.W.I. (Note that other than the communist hijacking of the American O.W.I, the American O.S.S. was a hotbed of communists and pro-communist American leftists. The American Dixie Mission's planes were the Chinese communists' chartered planes.)
     
    According to Hao Xinqing's research, communist Zhu Jieqin of Yunnan University's Arts College personally disclosed to his student Zhang Junda that the communists orchestrated the assassination of both Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo for stirring up the Americans' public opinions against the R.O.C. government. Zhang Junda, who fled to Hongkong during the cultural revolution, disclosed that Zhu Jieqin was an agent and division-level cadre of the communist social department.
     
    After the death of Dai Li, Tang Zong, i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's attaché, was authorized to investigate into the assassination. "Tang Zong's Diaries" disclosed that the "jun tong" [military statistics agency] told him that the Kunming city's garrison commander office (led by Huo Kuizhang) might be implicated. Tang Zong flew to Kunming of Yunnan Province on July 23rd & July 31st, carrying Chiang Kai-shek's message of anger over Huo Kuizhang as well as exploring ways of pacification. President Truman sent over a warning on August 10th, and Marshal rebuked Chiang Kai-shek over the assassination, too. Chiang Kai-shek was said to have an intellectual pass on the condolence to Wen Yiduo's brother later. (There are some people who claimed that the CCP could be behind the assassination for sake of stirring up the anti-KMT swirls; however, a Democratic League investigator, i.e., Liang Suming, after meetings with the Kunming investigators, stated at the August 25th news conference that the authorities had disclosed that some lower level officials had conducted assassination on their own accord. Tang Shiliang and Li Wenshan, i.e., two scapegoats, were executed to appease the populace's resentment. However, Shen Zui, i.e., a government secret agent under the communist custody, failed to find evidence of government agents' implication.)
     
    Communist's Maneuvering Of the Intelligentsia Nationwide, HK & Overseas For Participation in the Communist-hosted "Political Consultative Conference" in Peking
    Before the fall of Peking, Chiang Kai-shek sent top-weight scholar ministers to Peking for fetching the university and college professors and renowned intellectuals. Some special chartered planes, which used a temporary air strip that was built near the Forbidden City, flew out batches of the intellectuals. Professor Ye Qisun, a student of Arthur Compton, H. Palmer burichiman, and et al., who was considered the founding father of Communist China's physics and radioactive science, decided to stay on to serve the communist regime even though he always harbored doubts about the cause of death of his favorite student Xiong Dashen in the communist hands in 1938. In the other parts of China, the communists did their utmost to persuade China's top-notch atomic scientists and physicists to stay on. Near Shanghai, Professor Wu Youxun, who just returned to China from the U.S. not long ago and was specifically named by Chiang Kai-shek for protection and movement to Taiwan, fell into the communist propaganda and tricks, and hid himself away with the help of the communist agents. Chiang Kai-shek had the radio stations broadcast a message to Wu Youxun for months after the communist takeover of Shanghai, with instructions about how to escape to the south via the safe passage routes. Wu Youxun ultimately was responsible for detonating China's first atomic bomb. (Chiang Kai-shek's efforts in researching into the Atomic bombs could be corroborated by an incident in Taipei, i.e., the communist agents' poisoning defector Cai Xiaoqian with some pen that was contaminated by the radioactive materials, much earlier than the poisoning death of Alexander Litvinenko, a former officer of the Russian Federal Security Service, in London.)
     
    Hu Feng and his family finally flew back to Shanghai on February 25th, 1946. Two days ago, on February 22nd, the students mounted a protest in Chongqing. Government agents were said to have launched a counter-parade, burnt down a retail stand of the communist-controlled "Xin Hua [New China] Daily" as well as the Democratic League's "Min [people] Sheng [livelihood] Bao [newspaper]," and caused injuries to four people. Similar counter-parades were held in major cities in the name of anti-communism and anti-USSR. In Peking, government agents had purportedly harassed the CCP peace talk rep Ye Jianying on February 21st. The KMT launched the 2nd Plenary of the 6th National Congress from March 1st to the 17th. On March 17th-18th, the CCP pointed out that the CPPCC resolutions must be upheld. On April 1st, Chiang Kai-shek claimed that the "political consultation" meeting was not a "constitution drafting meeting."
     
    In early November of 1946, in Shanghai, CCP Shanghai leader Zhang Hanfu, having foreseen the closure of the CCP's "New China Daily Newspaper," ordered that Li Shenzhi buy a train ticket for Nanking and then take ride of the American Dixie Mission' plane for Yan'an. Zhang Hanfu cautiously told Li Shenzhi that should the communist cause go well, they could have a reunion in either 10 or 8 years, but should things go out of hand, then it would be a final farewell. They never expected to see a communist victory in 3 years. The only determinant of the Chinese civil wars was the thousands of cannons that Stalin transferred to Mao Tse-tung - note it.
     
    In Shanghai, Hu Feng spent one year fighting for the right to reclaim his old residency. When some acquaintances in HK criticized his opinions, he published an article entitled "Discourse On Realism" as counter-attack. Per Mei Zhi's memoirs, the CCP's Shanghai office on the Sinanlu Road was shut down when the KMT-CCP peace talks broke off. Hu Feng was ordered to fly to HK for asylum in late November of 1948. Then, Hu Feng was ordered to go to the "liberated areas" in Manchuria. After the CCP victory in China, Hu Feng wrote the poem "Time Has Started !" in September 1949. (However, the fate for Hu Feng would be dozens of years of imprisonment by the communists: Hu Feng was punished in a harsh way for apparently knowing too much about the communist dirty deals than his admonition letter to Mao Tse-tung. More, Hu Feng, also a JCP member, was one of the early communism activists in Peking in the 1920s, equivalent to Luo Zhanglong, Chen Hansheng and Zhang Guotao's status under Li Dazhao, a fact often neglected by the communist history historians.)
     
    Under the helm of CCP spy master Pan Hannian, the communists began a massive maneuvering to have the intelligentsia nationwide, in HK & from the overseas come to Peking for participation in the Communist-hosted "Political Consultation Conference." In HK, Heh Yaozu, together with Huang Shaohong, Long Yun, Liu Fei (undercover communist mole) & Hu Shuhua, about 44 former KMT officials and generals, made a declaration against Chiang Kai-shek for the communist camp on August 13th, 1949. The KMT adversaries and disillusionists, like Long Yun & Heh Yaozu, either returned to China for the October 1st communist regime founding or in the winter of 1949. Wei Lihuang, who had colluded with the communists during the Liao-Shen Campaign, procrastinated his return till years later. Pan Hannian chartered several ships for sailing to Manchuria from HK via a stopover in North Korea. Numerous pictures showed the excitement of those intelligentsia, third parties' activists and KMT adversaries who surely believed that they would be both top guests of the communists and would assume some cabinet posts in the future "People's Government." At the time of the "Political Consultation Conference," Liu Shaoqi, per Zhao Pu, cunningly claimed that the Chinese communists were merely one of the democratic parties.
     
    The Chinese communists' instigation went as far as the United States. Qian Xuesen (Hsue-Shen Tsien), a student of jet propulsion expert Theodore von Karman, together with communist agents Xie He'geng and Wang Ying, et al., were later exchanged for the American prisoners of war from the Korean War, and were repatriated to mainland China. Qian, when he first arrived in the U.S. in the 1930s, had contacts with the Pasadena Communist Party, such as American Jews Frank Friedman, Frank Oppenheimer and J. Robert Oppenheimer. Qian Xuesen was the architect of communist China's missile technology. (J. Robert Oppenheimer was touted as the person who brought nuclear and physics scientists Enrico Fermi and Niels Bohr, et al., into the Manhattan Engineer District. J. Robert Oppenheimer purportedly declined numerous Soviet recruitment attempts. Per Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev, J. Robert Oppenheimer "was, in fact, a concealed member of the CPUSA in the late 1930s." In Southern California, still a radical-leftist cradle today, there was the Pomona College [1916] in Claremont, where Chen Hansheng, i.e., Chen Han-seng/Geoffrey Chen, was converted to the communist cause in the 1920s. The Japanese painter under Sorge received arts training in the Los Angelese area as well.)
     
     
    The Bloody Land Reform (1946-7)
     
    Quite some American leftist writers, including Pearl Buck, had written about Chinese peasants, with such works as "Grand Earth." One such figure who directly involved himself in the CCP Bloody Land Reform of 1947 would be William Hinton [Han Ding], i.e., author of "Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village." The word 'fanshen' literally meant the turning around of a body that was previously pressed down to the ground by force (i.e., landlords). CPUSA William Hinton (1919-2004), who converted his Cornell roommate Ewrin Engst (1918-2003) to the communist cause, doomed brother-in-law Ewrin Engst and sister Joan Hinton (1921-2010) to a lifelong farmer and cow milk farmer in China, with Ewrin Engst and Joan Hinton starting with agricultural experiments in northern Shenxi in 1949 while the bulk of the communists left Shenxi for the civil wars. (William Hinton's daughter is Carma Hinton who made the documentary "The Gate Of Heavenly Peace" with Richard Gordon.)
     
    Communist records claimed that "in order to mobilize all available forces for smashing the attacks by KMT reactionaries, ..., CCP abolished the [moderate WWII-era] agrarian policies of rent reduction and interest reduction and enforced the new policies of 'land reform'..." This was said to be in response to Chiang Kai-shek's plan for wholesale civil wars during April-May 1946. Land Reform was first launched in the provinces of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and "liberated areas" of Central China. In Shi Zhe's memoirs, Mao and the Chinese Communists were recorded to have told Stalin that in lieu of exiling the Chinese landlords to 'Siberia' as the Soviets did, they were to hand off the landlords to the people for re-education so as to turn them into a labourer. What happened was the whole-sale massacre across the communist-controlled territories. Shi Zhe recorded a conversation between Mao Tse-tung and Heh Long, during which Mao claimed that the over-kill could be a leftist mistake while Heh Long rebutted Mao, saying isn't it a good thing to do it [killing] as a side job to the land reform. See how the mass murderers treated the human life !
     
    On May 4th, 1946, the CCP Central issued "Instructions In Regards To Countering Spies, Liquidation [? i.e., massacre of landlords] & Land Issues." Dubbed "The May 4th Instruction," this order required that the landlords' land must be distributed to peasants in the liberated areas. 18 clauses were spelled out, with a claim that "zhong [medium] nong [peasant]" should not be infringed upon while "fu [wealthy] nong [peasants]" should be mandated a rent reduction instead of land deprivation; that the landlords whose children had joined the communist revolution should be dealt with on a discretionary basis; and that the mid-level & petit-level landlords should be differentiated from the grand [hegemony] landlords... The Communist records claimed that by February 1947, 2/3 of the liberated areas had completed the 'land reform': 10,000,000 peasants in Jinn-Cha-Ji (Shanxi, Chahar and Jehol), 15 million peasants in Manchuria, 1 million in Jinn-Sui (Shanxi and Suiyuan), and 15 million in Su-Wan (Jiangsu-Anhui) had been allocated the land. The Peasants, once distributed the land, would answer the communist cause in fighting the government so that they could safeguard the "fruits of victory." For the bloody land reform, see how a landlord called Jin Tingquan was burnt to death in southern Manchuria as so-called "huan-xiang-tuan," i.e., the landlord gentry-organized brigand who returned to the home village for retaliation against the peasants who ate the grains from the landlords' barn. From July 17th to September 13th, the CCP Central held a meeting in Xibaipo of Hebei Province, and stipulated the "General Guidelines of the Land Act of China," with a call for eliminating the "land system of the feudal & semi-feudal societies". On October 10th, 1947, and about the time the communists in Manchuria already launched the land reform for three months, Mao Tse-tung and the communist Central Committee promulgated the "General Guidelines of the Land Act of China" (Zhongguo Tudi-fa Dagang), which ordered equalization of all land and culminated in the bloody land reform across the territories under the communist control.
     
    According to Li Rui, the communists flipflopped in the 1947 land reforms in northern China and Manchuria, with Gao Gang pressing the brake pedal over radical landlord reform enforcement in Jehol when he visited Jehol to oversee Cheng Zihua's communist Ji-Re-Liao (Hebei-Jehol-Liaoning) subbureau in October-December of 1947 and with Soviet jeeps, something attributed to Li Rui's timely editing of Gao Gang's speech with the new CCP Central directives concerning the class of "medium-level peasants" -- something Cheng Zihua recalled as an ultra-leftist blunder on the part of Gao Gang in resentment over Gao Gang's revoking Cheng Zihua's subbureau secretary job. During Gao Gang's absence in Jehol, Kai-feng (Heh Kaifeng), who took over the CCP Northeastern Bureau's land reform, was responsible for executing and murdering over 100,000 people in merely several counties alone near Harbin of northern Manchuria per Li Rui. Through March 10-31 of 1948, Gao Gang, for whom Li Rui was to serve as a secretary in Gao Gang's CCP Northeastern Bureau when visiting Harbin in early 1948, made a report titled "Northeastern Bureau's Preliminary Conclusion on the Movement of Equalizing the Land" at a joint-seat communist secretaries' meeting of nine subprovinces and two municipalities. This was a meeting of the communists shifting blame to themselves for low-IQ comprehension of mass murderer Mao Tse-tung's talk points of uniting 90% of the people. At the meeting, Huang Kecheng criticized Kai-feng's land reform as more ultra-leftist than the ultra-leftism in the Jiangxi Soviet of the 1930s. Deputy bureau secretary Chen Yun made self-criticisms over the ultra-leftist mistake in Liao-dong (eastern Liaoning peninsula), i.e., murdering the "wealthy peasants" and "medium-level peasants," etc., which started in November of 1947 and reached climax the following two months per Chen Yun. Li Rui, who stayed at Pockmark Gao's house and feared that Gao Gang might sexually assault his wife like with the women in Gao wife Li Liqun's Cadres' Children Elementary School of Harbin, later in October of 1948 resigned the secretary job to work for deputy Northeastern Bureau secretary Chen Yun as political secretary. Chen Yun, at the time when Shenyang (Mukden) fell to the communist hands, tacked on an additional job as director of the Military Control (i.e., martial law) Committee of Shenyang (Mukden) in addition to communist Northeast (Manchuria) Finance & Economy Committee.
     
    By the first half of 1949, 100 million peasants were allocated the land. 2.6 million peasants joined the People's Liberation Army in northern China and Manchuria. 10 million peasants provided logistics to the communist warfare. In Manchuria, the communists claimed to have recruited an army of 1.6 million within four years (1945-1949) in addition to mobilization of a logistic auxiliary support horde of 3.13 million civilians in Manchuria, namely, the fodder that the communists never hesitated to push against the fire power of the nationalist army during the civil war.

    This sounded like a whole-hearted movement. The truth was that under the red terror, there was not a single able-bodied man or boy left untouched in the communist-controlled territory. The passers-by, who walked across Manchuria and the North China country for the south during the continuing civil wars, had made observation that the only able-bodied man he had met in a restaurant/inn was a man without fingers. This webmaster, in California, encountered an old man who fled the Shandong communist "liberated" area for Shanghai as a teenager and learnt of the horror story from this old man to the effect that his grandmother was hung on a tree till some gold bar was tendered as ransom, that his grandmother was then allowed to travel to Shanghai [by then, communist-controlled as well] for union with the other refugee members of the family, and that around 1958 he was approached on the street by a Shanghai communist policeman with extraction of additional gold for a pass to the Luohu border area of Guangdong, where the communist for-profit underground police network arranged the border crossing for him and his family to escape to Hongkong. Not having seen the old man again, this webmaster regretted about not asking for his name to be forever recorded as that among hundreds of millions of the victims of the communists, that should be pinned to the communist pillar of shame for ever in the Chinese history.

     
    As recalled by Hu Zunuan, all sub-county-level shire and village officials were rounded up and executed by the communists no matter how many days the victims were ever on the post during the nationalist government's rule. Hu Zunuan's father and uncles, i.e., graduates of colleges from major metropolitan cities, were rounded up and killed as part of the elimination of the gentry class.
     
    The Nationalist Army colonel-level officers, about one tenth of the total captives rounded up in the communist provincial quasi-prisons since the 1950s, survived the execution, torture and hunger to get amnesty in 1975. Lu Shiyang, i.e., Hu Zunuan's cousin, was executed by the communists in 1951 simply because he was a former Nationalist Army company commander even though he left the army after the victory over Japan in 1945 and never ever fought against the communist army. Lu Shiyang's wife, who was locked up by the communist thugs, broke out of confinement and rushed to the execution ground, only to see her husband's skull shot by bullets and broken in peices. Picking up pieces of the skull bone and holding her dead husband to the chest, the woman spent one whole night in the wilderness. The wife was a teenager girl who volunteered for working in the field army hospital during the 1937 Battle of Shanghai, fell in love with the brave soldier who had a bullet extracted without anesthetics, and waited full eight years to get married with Lu Shiyang after the VJ day. After the death of her husband, the woman wore double and triple sewn pants with dead knots to prevent the communist thugs from repeated attempts at sexual assault, and later fled back to Shanghai from Sichuan. The communist thugs, more barbaric than the Mongol and Manchu barbarians' conquest of China, killed the male victims and took over the women and girls for sex. In 2014, at high age, the woman returned to retrieve her husband's corpse but found nothing, collected the mud instead and bid farewell to the land of sorrow one last time.
     
    Hu Zunuan, fleeing home and wandering in the mountains of southwestern China, was at last rounded up by the communists and put to the same prison camp as the KMT nationalist army officers in today's Guizhou province. While wandering in the wilderness, Hu Zunan met a teenager girl with similar fate and got love of his life. The two lovers were separated by the communists after being sent to the communist gulag; however, Hu Zunuan, after release from the gulag, never ever found his woman again and spent dozens of years searching for her trace. Hu Zunuan witnessed the fate of those veteran army officers throughout the various stages of political movements, persecution and hunger. (The southwestern prison camps were the same mercury mines that China worked on during the WWII for barter trades with America. Knowing that he had a late-stage cancer, Hu Zunuan contacted Professor Tan Song to have his stories and his family and relatives' stories forever recorded. Tan Song, who was just sacked by Chungking Normal University, spent months walking with Hu Zunian to revisit the mountain roads Hu Zunuan roved in the 1950s. Hu Zunuan's stories, as well as Lu Shiyang couple's stories, being so much saddening, caused this webmaster enormous heartache to the extent of suffocation.)

    After the communist takeover of the country, the bloody land reform was implemented across the country. The communist government would use a quota for determining the number of the 'class enemies.' Noteworthy would be the campaigns launched by Tao Zhu in Guangdong Province which boasted a large overseas Chinese population. A certain percentage of the 'wealthy' people would have to be filtered out as landlords to be shot to death or killed in the barbaric ways in each and every village. This is called 'Cun Cun Jian Xue,' namely, each and every village must have blood-letting. The Chinese communists linked up the movement of the "elimination of reactionaries" and "land reform" to the "Korean War" via citation of a trinity movement. Mao claimed that the Korean War was a lifetime opportunity to take out the class enemies. The 1950 crackdown started with the so-called "18 March 1950 Instructions As To Severely Cracking Down On the Reactionaries,' and the 'Double 10 Instructions," namely, a decree on October 10th, 1950. On basis of the CCP National Session paper, Chen Yuansen concluded that altogether 2 million landlords and relatively wealthy peasants were executed during the 1950 land reform storm. According to the economic chronicles (edited by Ma Hong, published July 1982), by August of 1952, altogether 0.3 billion peasants were distributed the land and the land reform was completed in the 90% percentile nationwide. By November of 1953, altogether 4 to 20 million people were executed. Luo Ruiqing, minister for the communist public security bureau, disclosed that 4 million were executed from 1948 to 1955. Luo Ruiqing was monster Mao Tse-tung's henchman who was responsible for killing the Red Army wounded and sick staff by hundreds along the road of the long march. By November of 1953, altogether 4 to 20 million people were executed. (These figures do not include the so-called 2.7 million KMT armed bandits who were destroyed from 1950 to 1952.)
     
    Wu [no] Wang [forgetting] Zai [at] Ju [the Ju fort]
      Peasant Revolution: Shen Dingyi, Peng Pai & Mao Tse-tung
    Hunan Land Revolution By Rascal-Proletariat
    Split of CCP From KMT Leftist Government
    Chiang Kai-shek's Stepdown & Re-gaining Power
    CCP Armed Rebellions
    Qu Qiubai's Policy Of Perpetuating Armed Rebellions
    KMT White Terror
    Mt Jinggangshan - Mao Tse-tung's Guerilla Warfare
    Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League (1930-1931): Phase I
    Chiang Kai-shek Quelling Internal Enemies Before Resisting Foreign Invaders
    Red Terror & Chinese Soviet Republic
    Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League (1930-1931): Phase II
    Zhang Guotao's Purge In Hubei-Henan-Anhui borderline Soviet
    Xia Xi's Purge In Western Hunan-Hubei Borderline Soviet
    Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds
    The 'Long March'
    Purge In Shan-Bei [Northern Shenxi Province] Communist Base - 1935
    Communist Instigation & Guangxi Province Trotskyists
    Communist Infiltration Into Shanxi Prov
    Xi'An Incident - Turning Point Of Modern History
    Red Army Western Expedition
    Purge Of Zhang Guotao Path
    Purge of Trotskyists during 1937-1941
    KMT-CCP Frictions & Confrontations
    Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1945)
    KMT, CCP versus Democratic Parties
    Bloody Land Reform (1946-7)

     

     
    Written by Ah Xiang
     
  •  


    Copyright reserved 1998-2023:
     
    This website expresses the personal opinions of this webmaster (webmaster@republicanchina.org, webmaster@imperialchina.org, webmaster@communistchina.org, webmaster@uglychinese.org: emails deleted for security's sake, and sometime deleted inadvertently, such as the case of an email from a grandson of Commander Frank Harrington, assistant U. S. naval attache, who was Mme Chiang Kai-shek's doctor in the 1940s). In addition to this webmaster's comments, extensive citation and quotes of the ancient Chinese classics (available at http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/ftmsw3) were presented via transcribing and paraphrasing the Classical Chinese language into the English language. Whenever possible, links and URLs are provided to give credit and reference to the ideas borrowed elsewhere. This website may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, with or without the prior written permission, on the pre-condition that an acknowledgement or a reciprocal link is expressively provided. This acknowledgment was for preventing future claims against the authorship when the contents of this website are made into a book format. For validation against authorship, https://archive.org/, a San Francisco-based nonprofit digital library, possessed snapshots of the websites through its Wayback Machine web snapshots. All rights reserved.
    WARNING: Some of the pictures, charts and graphs posted on this website came from copyrighted materials. Citation or usage in the print format or for the financial gain could be subject to fine, penalties or sanctions without the original owner's consent.
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.
    This is an internet version of this webmaster's writings on "Imperial China" (2004 version assembled by third-millennium-library; scribd), "Republican China", and "Communist China". There is no set deadline as to the date of completion for "Communist China". Someone saved a copy of this webmaster's writing on the June 4th [1989] Massacre at http://www.scribd.com/doc/2538142/June-4th-Tiananmen-Massacre-in-Beijing-China. The work on "Imperial China", which was originally planned for after "Republican China", is now being pulled forward, with continuous updates posted to Pre-History, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties, offering the readers a tour of ancient China transcending space and time. Discussions and topics on ancient China could be seen in the bulletin boards linked here --before the Google SEO-change was to move the referrals off the search engine. The "June 4th Massacre" page used to be ranked No. 1 in the Google search results, but no longer seen now; however, bing.com and yahoo.com, not doing Google's evils, could still produce this webmaster's writeup on the June 4, 1989 Massacre. The Sinitic Civilization - Book I, a comprehensive history, including 95-98% of the records from The Spring & Autumn Annals and its Zuo Zhuan commentary, and the forgery-filtered book The Bamboo Annals, is now available on Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook. Book II is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Check out this webmaster's 2nd edition --that realigned the Han dynasty's reign years strictly observing the Zhuanxu-li calendar of October of a prior lunar year to September of the following lunar year. The 2nd edition also cleared this webmaster's blind spot on the authenticity of the Qinghua University's Xi Nian bamboo slips as far as Zhou King Xiewang's 21 years of co-existence with Zhou King Pingwang was concerned, a handicap due to sticking to Wang Guowei's Gu Ben Bamboo Annals and ignoring the records in Kong Yingda's Zheng Yi. This webmaster traced the Sinitic cosmological, astronomical, astrological and geographical development, with dedicated chapters devoted to interpreting Qu Yuan's poem Tian Wen (Asking Heaven), the mythical mountain and sea book Shan Hai Jing, geography book Yu Gong (Lord Yu's Tributes), and Zhou King Muwang's travelogue Mu-tian-zi Zhuan, as well as a comprehensive review of ancient calendars, ancient divination, and ancient geography. Refer to Introduction_to_The_Sinitic_Civilization, Afterword, Table of Contents - Book I (Index) and Table of Contents - Book II (Index) for details. (Table of lineages & reign years: Sovereigns & Thearchs; Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties; Zhou dynasty's vassalage lords; Lu Principality lords; Han dynasty's reign years; Chinese dynasties (Sexagenary year conversion table-2698B.C.-A.D.2018; 247B.C.-A.D.85) )
    Sinitic Civilization Book 1 華夏文明第一卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史 Sinitic Civilization Book 2 華夏文明第二卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史 Tribute of Yu Heavenly Questions Zhou King Mu's Travels Classic of Mountains and Seas
     
    The Bamboo Annals
    The Bamboo Annals
    From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts (天譴四部曲之三:從契丹到女真和蒙古 - 中原陸沉之殤)
    Epigraph|Preface|Introduction|T.O.C.|Afterword|Bibliography|References|Index (available at iUniverse|Google|Amazon|B&N)

    For this webmaster, only the ancient history posed some puzzling issues that are being cracked at the moment, using the watershed line of Qin Emperor Shihuangdi's book burning to rectify what was the original history before the book burning, filtering out what was forged after the book burning, as well as filtering out the fables that were rampant just prior to the book burning, and validating against the oracle bones and bronzeware. There is not a single piece of puzzle for this webmaster concerning the modern Chinese history. This webmaster had read Wellington Koo's memoirs page by page from 2004-2007, and read General Hu Zongnan's biography in the early 1990s, which was to have re-lived their lives on a day by day basis. Not to mention this webmaster's complete browsing of materials written by the Soviet agents as well as the materials that were once published like on the George Marshall Foundation's website etc., to have a full grasp of the international gaming of the 20th century. The unforgotten emphasis on "Republican China", which was being re-outlined to be inclusive of the years of 1911 to 1955 and divided into volumes covering the periods of pre-1911 to 1919, 1919 to 1928, 1929 to 1937, 1937 to 1945, and 1945-1955, will continue. This webmaster plans to make part of the contents of "Republican China, A Complete Untold History" into publication soon. The original plan for completion was delayed as a result of broadening of the timeline to be inclusive of the years of 1911-1955. For up-to-date updates, check the RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page. Due to constraints, only the most important time periods would be reorganized into some kind of publishable format, such as the 1939-1940, 1944-1945, and 1945-1950 Chinese civil wars, with special highlight on Kim Il Sung's supplying 250,000 North Korean mercenaries to fighting the Chinese civil war, with about 60,000-70,000 survivors repatriated to North Korea for the 1950 Korea War, for example --something to remind the readers how North Korea developed to threaten the world with a nuclear winter today. Note the fundamental difference between the 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards and the ethnic-Korean Chinese living in China. The communist statistics claimed that altogether 65,000 ethnic-Korean Chinese minority people, or the Korean migrants living in China, joined the communist army, with approximately 60% coming from the Jirin subprovince, 21% from the Sungari subprovince, and 15% from the Liaodong subprovince.
    China's conscience: Peng Zaizhou (Peng Lifa)'s crusading call against China's proditor
    Wang Bingzhang Gao Zhisheng Wang Quanzhang Jiang Tianyong Xu Zhiyong Huang Qi Shi Tao Yu Wensheng
    Peng Zaizhou (Peng Lifa)'s crusading call against China's imbecelic proditor and dictator: 不要核酸要吃饭, 不要封控要自由; 不要领袖要选票, 不要谎言要尊严; 不要文革要改革, 不做奴才做公民. Peng Zaizhou's
    crusading call
    against China's proditor

    (Yahoo; Slideshare;
    Twitter; Facebook;
    Reddit;
    RFA.org; news.com;
    WashingtonPost.com;
    NYPost.com;
    NewAmerican
    )
    Dr. Xu Zhiyong's 15-Nov-2012 open letter to Xi Jinping 許志永博士2012年致習近平的公開信:一個公民對國家命運的思考
    Dr. Xu Zhiyong's Jan 2020 letter calling for Xi Jinping to abdicate 許志永博士致習近平的公開信:習近平先生,您讓位吧!
    The objectives of this webmaster's writings would be i) to re-ignite the patriotic passion of the ethnic Chinese overseas; ii) to rectify the modern Chinese history to its original truth; and iii) to expound the Chinese tradition, humanity, culture and legacy to the world community. Significance of the historical work on this website could probably be made into a parallel to the cognizance of the Chinese revolutionary forerunners of the 1890s: After 250 years of the Manchu forgery and repression, the revolutionaries in the late 19th century re-discovered the Manchu slaughters and literary inquisition against the ethnic-Han Chinese via books like "Three Rounds Of Slaughter At Jiading In 1645", "Ten Day Massacre At Yangzhou" and Jiang Lianqi's "Dong Hua Lu" [i.e., "The Lineage Extermination Against Luu Liuliang's Family"]. Revolutionary forerunner Zhang Taiyan (Zhang Binglin), a staunch anti-Manchu revolutionary scholar, invoked Xin Shi (The History [Book] of Heart, a book written by Soong loyalist Zheng Sixiao who sank it in a tin-iron box into a well in the late 13th century A.D., and rediscovered about three and half centuries later), for rallying the nationalist movements against the Manchu rule. Additionally, revolutionaries in Sichuan often invoked 17-year-old prodigy-martyr Xia Wanchun's Xia Jiemin [Quan-]Ji (Complete anthology of Xia Wanchun's poems and prose) for taking heart of grace in the uprisings against the Manchus. This webmaster intends to make the contents of this website into the Prometheus fire, lightening up the fuzzy part of China's history. It is this webmaster's hope that some future generation of the Chinese patriots, including the to-be-awoken sons and grandsons of arch-thief Chinese Communist rulers [who had sought material pursuits in the West], after reflecting on the history of China, would return to China to do something for the good of the country. This webmaster's question for the sons of China: Are you to wear the communist pigtails for 267 years? And don't forget that your being born in the U.S. and the overseas or your parents and grandparents' being granted permanent residency by the U.S. and European countries could be ascribed to the sacrifice of martyrs on the Tian-an-men Square and the Peking city in 1989. (If you were the Chi-com hitting this site from the Bank of China New York branch or from the party academy in Peking, spend some time reading here to cleanse your brain-washed mind.)

    Beliefs Are Tested in Saga Of Sacrifice and Betrayal

    REAL STORY: A Study Group Is Crushed in China's Grip
    Beliefs Are Tested in Saga Of Sacrifice and Betrayal
    Chinese ver

    China The Beautiful


    utube links Defender of the Republic Song of the Blue Sky and White Sun Brave Soldiers of the Republic of China


    Republican China in Blog Format
    Republican China in Blog Format
    Li Hongzhang's poem after signing the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
    In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests. 俄羅斯暴政的命運,......是向亞洲擴張 - 征服亞洲,並最終在那裡,把自己複製分成雙胞胎兩半。
    Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    *** Translation, Tradducion, Ubersetzung , Chinese ***   Peasant Revolution: Shen Dingyi, Peng Pai & Mao Tse-tung
    Hunan Land Revolution By Rascal-Proletariat
    Split of CCP From KMT Leftist Government
    Chiang Kai-shek's Stepdown & Re-gaining Power
    CCP Armed Rebellions
    Qu Qiubai's Policy Of Perpetuating Armed Rebellions
    KMT White Terror
    Mt Jinggangshan - Mao Tse-tung's Guerilla Warfare
    Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League (1930-1931): Phase I
    Chiang Kai-shek Quelling Internal Enemies Before Resisting Foreign Invaders
    Red Terror & Chinese Soviet Republic
    Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League (1930-1931): Phase II
    Zhang Guotao's Purge In Hubei-Henan-Anhui borderline Soviet
    Xia Xi's Purge In Western Hunan-Hubei Borderline Soviet
    Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds
    The 'Long March'
    Purge In Shan-Bei [Northern Shenxi Province] Communist Base - 1935
    Communist Instigation & Guangxi Province Trotskyists
    Communist Infiltration Into Shanxi Prov
    Xi'An Incident - Turning Point Of Modern History
    Red Army Western Expedition
    Purge Of Zhang Guotao Path
    Purge of Trotskyists during 1937-1941
    KMT-CCP Frictions & Confrontations
    Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1945)
    KMT, CCP versus Democratic Parties
    Bloody Land Reform (1946-7)

     

     
    Written by Ah Xiang
     
     

    Copyright reserved 1998-2023:
     
    This website expresses the personal opinions of this webmaster (webmaster@republicanchina.org, webmaster@imperialchina.org, webmaster@communistchina.org, webmaster@uglychinese.org: emails deleted for security's sake, and sometime deleted inadvertently, such as the case of an email from a grandson of Commander Frank Harrington, assistant U. S. naval attache, who was Mme Chiang Kai-shek's doctor in the 1940s). In addition to this webmaster's comments, extensive citation and quotes of the ancient Chinese classics (available at http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/ftmsw3) were presented via transcribing and paraphrasing the Classical Chinese language into the English language. Whenever possible, links and URLs are provided to give credit and reference to the ideas borrowed elsewhere. This website may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, with or without the prior written permission, on the pre-condition that an acknowledgement or a reciprocal link is expressively provided. This acknowledgment was for preventing future claims against the authorship when the contents of this website are made into a book format. For validation against authorship, https://archive.org/, a San Francisco-based nonprofit digital library, possessed snapshots of the websites through its Wayback Machine web snapshots. All rights reserved.
    WARNING: Some of the pictures, charts and graphs posted on this website came from copyrighted materials. Citation or usage in the print format or for the financial gain could be subject to fine, penalties or sanctions without the original owner's consent.
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.
    This is an internet version of this webmaster's writings on "Imperial China" (2004 version assembled by third-millennium-library; scribd), "Republican China", and "Communist China". There is no set deadline as to the date of completion for "Communist China". Someone saved a copy of this webmaster's writing on the June 4th [1989] Massacre at http://www.scribd.com/doc/2538142/June-4th-Tiananmen-Massacre-in-Beijing-China. The work on "Imperial China", which was originally planned for after "Republican China", is now being pulled forward, with continuous updates posted to Pre-History, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties, offering the readers a tour of ancient China transcending space and time. Discussions and topics on ancient China could be seen in the bulletin boards linked here --before the Google SEO-change was to move the referrals off the search engine. The "June 4th Massacre" page used to be ranked No. 1 in the Google search results, but no longer seen now; however, bing.com and yahoo.com, not doing Google's evils, could still produce this webmaster's writeup on the June 4, 1989 Massacre. The Sinitic Civilization - Book I, a comprehensive history, including 95-98% of the records from The Spring & Autumn Annals and its Zuo Zhuan commentary, and the forgery-filtered book The Bamboo Annals, is now available on Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook. Book II is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Check out this webmaster's 2nd edition --that realigned the Han dynasty's reign years strictly observing the Zhuanxu-li calendar of October of a prior lunar year to September of the following lunar year. The 2nd edition also cleared this webmaster's blind spot on the authenticity of the Qinghua University's Xi Nian bamboo slips as far as Zhou King Xiewang's 21 years of co-existence with Zhou King Pingwang was concerned, a handicap due to sticking to Wang Guowei's Gu Ben Bamboo Annals and ignoring the records in Kong Yingda's Zheng Yi. This webmaster traced the Sinitic cosmological, astronomical, astrological and geographical development, with dedicated chapters devoted to interpreting Qu Yuan's poem Tian Wen (Asking Heaven), the mythical mountain and sea book Shan Hai Jing, geography book Yu Gong (Lord Yu's Tributes), and Zhou King Muwang's travelogue Mu-tian-zi Zhuan, as well as a comprehensive review of ancient calendars, ancient divination, and ancient geography. Refer to Introduction_to_The_Sinitic_Civilization, Afterword, Table of Contents - Book I (Index) and Table of Contents - Book II (Index) for details. (Table of lineages & reign years: Sovereigns & Thearchs; Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties; Zhou dynasty's vassalage lords; Lu Principality lords; Han dynasty's reign years; Chinese dynasties (Sexagenary year conversion table-2698B.C.-A.D.2018; 247B.C.-A.D.85) )
    Sinitic Civilization Book 1 華夏文明第一卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史 Sinitic Civilization Book 2 華夏文明第二卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史 Tribute of Yu Heavenly Questions Zhou King Mu's Travels Classic of Mountains and Seas
     
    The Bamboo Annals
    The Bamboo Annals
    From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts (天譴四部曲之三:從契丹到女真和蒙古 - 中原陸沉之殤)
    Epigraph|Preface|Introduction|T.O.C.|Afterword|Bibliography|References|Index (available at iUniverse|Google|Amazon|B&N)

    For this webmaster, only the ancient history posed some puzzling issues that are being cracked at the moment, using the watershed line of Qin Emperor Shihuangdi's book burning to rectify what was the original history before the book burning, filtering out what was forged after the book burning, as well as filtering out the fables that were rampant just prior to the book burning, and validating against the oracle bones and bronzeware. There is not a single piece of puzzle for this webmaster concerning the modern Chinese history. This webmaster had read Wellington Koo's memoirs page by page from 2004-2007, and read General Hu Zongnan's biography in the early 1990s, which was to have re-lived their lives on a day by day basis. Not to mention this webmaster's complete browsing of materials written by the Soviet agents as well as the materials that were once published like on the George Marshall Foundation's website etc., to have a full grasp of the international gaming of the 20th century. The unforgotten emphasis on "Republican China", which was being re-outlined to be inclusive of the years of 1911 to 1955 and divided into volumes covering the periods of pre-1911 to 1919, 1919 to 1928, 1929 to 1937, 1937 to 1945, and 1945-1955, will continue. This webmaster plans to make part of the contents of "Republican China, A Complete Untold History" into publication soon. The original plan for completion was delayed as a result of broadening of the timeline to be inclusive of the years of 1911-1955. For up-to-date updates, check the RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page. Due to constraints, only the most important time periods would be reorganized into some kind of publishable format, such as the 1939-1940, 1944-1945, and 1945-1950 Chinese civil wars, with special highlight on Kim Il Sung's supplying 250,000 North Korean mercenaries to fighting the Chinese civil war, with about 60,000-70,000 survivors repatriated to North Korea for the 1950 Korea War, for example --something to remind the readers how North Korea developed to threaten the world with a nuclear winter today. Note the fundamental difference between the 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards and the ethnic-Korean Chinese living in China. The communist statistics claimed that altogether 65,000 ethnic-Korean Chinese minority people, or the Korean migrants living in China, joined the communist army, with approximately 60% coming from the Jirin subprovince, 21% from the Sungari subprovince, and 15% from the Liaodong subprovince.
    China's conscience: Peng Zaizhou (Peng Lifa)'s crusading call against China's proditor
    Wang Bingzhang Gao Zhisheng Wang Quanzhang Jiang Tianyong Xu Zhiyong Huang Qi Shi Tao Yu Wensheng
    Peng Zaizhou (Peng Lifa)'s crusading call against China's imbecelic proditor and dictator: 不要核酸要吃饭, 不要封控要自由; 不要领袖要选票, 不要谎言要尊严; 不要文革要改革, 不做奴才做公民. Peng Zaizhou's
    crusading call
    against China's proditor

    (Yahoo; Slideshare;
    Twitter; Facebook;
    Reddit;
    RFA.org; news.com;
    WashingtonPost.com;
    NYPost.com;
    NewAmerican
    )
    Dr. Xu Zhiyong's 15-Nov-2012 open letter to Xi Jinping 許志永博士2012年致習近平的公開信:一個公民對國家命運的思考
    Dr. Xu Zhiyong's Jan 2020 letter calling for Xi Jinping to abdicate 許志永博士致習近平的公開信:習近平先生,您讓位吧!
    The objectives of this webmaster's writings would be i) to re-ignite the patriotic passion of the ethnic Chinese overseas; ii) to rectify the modern Chinese history to its original truth; and iii) to expound the Chinese tradition, humanity, culture and legacy to the world community. Significance of the historical work on this website could probably be made into a parallel to the cognizance of the Chinese revolutionary forerunners of the 1890s: After 250 years of the Manchu forgery and repression, the revolutionaries in the late 19th century re-discovered the Manchu slaughters and literary inquisition against the ethnic-Han Chinese via books like "Three Rounds Of Slaughter At Jiading In 1645", "Ten Day Massacre At Yangzhou" and Jiang Lianqi's "Dong Hua Lu" [i.e., "The Lineage Extermination Against Luu Liuliang's Family"]. Revolutionary forerunner Zhang Taiyan (Zhang Binglin), a staunch anti-Manchu revolutionary scholar, invoked Xin Shi (The History [Book] of Heart, a book written by Soong loyalist Zheng Sixiao who sank it in a tin-iron box into a well in the late 13th century A.D., and rediscovered about three and half centuries later), for rallying the nationalist movements against the Manchu rule. Additionally, revolutionaries in Sichuan often invoked 17-year-old prodigy-martyr Xia Wanchun's Xia Jiemin [Quan-]Ji (Complete anthology of Xia Wanchun's poems and prose) for taking heart of grace in the uprisings against the Manchus. This webmaster intends to make the contents of this website into the Prometheus fire, lightening up the fuzzy part of China's history. It is this webmaster's hope that some future generation of the Chinese patriots, including the to-be-awoken sons and grandsons of arch-thief Chinese Communist rulers [who had sought material pursuits in the West], after reflecting on the history of China, would return to China to do something for the good of the country. This webmaster's question for the sons of China: Are you to wear the communist pigtails for 267 years? And don't forget that your being born in the U.S. and the overseas or your parents and grandparents' being granted permanent residency by the U.S. and European countries could be ascribed to the sacrifice of martyrs on the Tian-an-men Square and the Peking city in 1989. (If you were the Chi-com hitting this site from the Bank of China New York branch or from the party academy in Peking, spend some time reading here to cleanse your brain-washed mind.)

    Beliefs Are Tested in Saga Of Sacrifice and Betrayal

    REAL STORY: A Study Group Is Crushed in China's Grip
    Beliefs Are Tested in Saga Of Sacrifice and Betrayal
    Chinese ver

    China The Beautiful


    utube links Defender of the Republic Song of the Blue Sky and White Sun Brave Soldiers of the Republic of China


    Republican China in Blog Format
    Republican China in Blog Format
    Li Hongzhang's poem after signing the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
    In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests. 俄羅斯暴政的命運,......是向亞洲擴張 - 征服亞洲,並最終在那裡,把自己複製分成雙胞胎兩半。
    Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    *** Translation, Tradducion, Ubersetzung , Chinese ***