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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
RED TERROR vs WHITE TERROR
China and Chinese lived in 'Red Terror' since Peng Pai and Mao Tse-tung launched rascal-proletariat peasant movements in 1927. Peng Pai had at one time claimed that communist law would be simply the execution of landlords once they were caught. Mao Tse-tung, directly responsible for the rascal movement in Hunan Province in 1927, would be the red-handed culprits in the Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League during 1930-1931, the Purge of Trotskyites during 1937-1941, and the Rectification Movement during 1942-1945. Simply said, CCP never stopped its bloody terror campaigns since inception in history, and its claws could be seen in the most recent crackdown on Falungong practitioners. Wen Yu, in his 1994 book "Leftist Catastrophe of China" (Cosmos Books Ltd., ISBN 9622577164, 1994, HK), summarized the leftist catastrophe of Chinese Communist Party from 1927 armed uprisings to 1978 Xidan Democracy Wall. Gao Hua, a Nanking University professor whose father fled the persecutions of the Cultural Revolution in Aug 1966, had presented the most comprehensive research into communist red terror in the book "How Did the [Red] Sun Rise over Yan'an ? - A History of the Rectification Movement" (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, 2000 edition). Dr. Sun Yat-sen, after Jan 26th 1923 Sun-Joffe Joint Declaration, had fallen into a de facto Soviet agent, sowing the seeds of struggles and conflicts between KMT and CCP as well as the disasters of the Chinese people in 20th century. In 1927, Nationalist Party (i.e., Kuomintang or KMT), Right-Wing and Left-Wing, purged the communists consecutively. In April, Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Hanmin's Nanking Government first initiated the purge of communists on the pretext that CCP had been pushing through anti-imperialism agenda, intending to attack extra-territories, organizing armed workers' patrolling forces in Shanghai, acting as proxy of USSR, and taking over control of KMT government. In July, Wang Jingwei's Wuhan Government (i.e., KMT Leftists) announced the separation of KMT and CCP under the pressure of Nanking's government as well as internal opposition to CCP's bloody land revolution in Hunan-Hubei Provinces. By late July of 1927, CCP endorsed armed rebellion which led to the August 1st Nanchang Uprising. On August 7th, the two new Comintern representatives, who had come to replace Borodin and Roy, would host the August 7th CCP Session and officially declared the start of armed rebellion and land revolution (which was earlier suppressed by Borodin and Wang Jingwei for sake of appeasing Wuhan military officials in face of Chiang Kai-shek betrayal). CCP deprived senior leader Chen Duxiu of the leadership and claimed that China's revolution was not at the stage of Russian 1905 Revolution but Russian 1917 Revolution. Mao Tse-tung, who was dispatched to Jiangxi-Hunan border area for organizing the Autumn Harvest Uprising, echoed Comintern's opinion that China had reached the stage of Russian 1917 Revolution. Bloody uprisings and crackdowns ensued, with KMT and CCP turning into sworn enemies till CCP obtained full victory over KMT in 1949 after clandestinely growing its strength during the 1937-1945 Resistance Wars Against Japanese Invasion. Zhu Daonan, a CCP provincial leader in Shandong, wrote a book entitled "In The Torrents of The Grand Revolution" which was shot into famous movie "Da Lang Tao Sha" (i.e., Big Waves Washing Sands). Zhu Daonan's account traced how he, with his Shandong natives (sworn brothers), left Shandong Peninsula for southern China's revolutionary movements, witnessed the revocation of British extraterritory in Hankou of Hubei Province, joined the Northern Expedition armies, underwent the KMT-CCP split in Wuhan of Hubei Province, joined Zhang Fakui's army for relocation to Nanchang of Jiangxi Province where CCP staged the 'August 1st 1927 Nanchang Uprising', rerouted towards Guangzhou (Canton) where CCP staged the 'Guangzhou Uprising' under the leadership of Zhang Tailei, and finally retreated through the land of Haifeng and Lufeng where they tried to seek help from peasant sympathizers who once followed senior CCP leader Peng Pai. Zhu Daonan described how the two camps, i.e., CCP [including Communist Youth League members] vs KMT members, constantly killed each other during sleep at night or when going to toilet at daylight, inside of the army camp. Sadly, patriotic and hot-blooded youth became the victims of ideological struggles. Peasant Revolution: Shen Dingyi, Peng Pai & Mao Tse-tung On the matter of peasants, Mao Tse-tung (Mao Tse-tung) was not the only nor the first person who had heralded the peasants' movement. Per Harold Isaacs, "the peasants had also begun to stir and group themselves into organizations before the revived Kuomintang made its appearance in 1924. The modern Chinese peasant movement was cradled in Haifeng, in the East River districts of Kwangtung, by Peng Pai, one of the most appealing figures of the Chinese revolution." Peng Pai, similar to Mao, was born in a landlord's family. Peng Pai, originally a school teacher who lost his job due to leading his students on the May Day demonstration in 1921, joined the CCP and went back to the countryside where he organized the Haifeng Peasant Association. Again, per Harold Isaacs, "thus begun, the organization spread rapidly to neighboring districts and the framework of a Kwangtung Provincial Peasant Association was already in existence before the middle of 1923... Peasant struggles against the landlords, against the magistrates, police, and soldiery, multiplied throughout the East River districts and ignited similar conflicts in the west and north of the province... Demands (for) reduction of land rent passed over almost immediately to demand for its total abolition. " Per anthology "Seventy Year Wind & Cloud Records of CCP" (Chinese Periodical Publication Inc, San Gabriel, Calif, 1992 edition), the first peasant movement leader should be ascribed to Shen Dingyi who, a Shanghai CCP founder, donated his family fortune to the revolution and later returned to his native town of Yaqian-zhen Town, Xiaoshan-xian County, Zhejiang Province where he set up an elementary school and recruited 68 year old peasant called Li Chenghu for establishing a peasant association on Sept 27th of 1921. Eight villages in Xiaoshan-Shaoxing area had imitated Yaqian in setting up peasant associations within one month, with full set of Yaqian peasant association declaration and guidelines transcribed. The government cracked down on the peasants' movement for its demands like "reduction in land rents", and Li Chenghu was arrested and tortured to death in prison on Jan 24th of 1922. "New Youth" magazine and Shanghai newspapers had reports on this incident. (Shen Dingyi went on a four person Dr Sun Yat-sen Delegation tour of USSR with Chiang Kai-shek. After communist leader Qu Qiubai seduced his daughter-in-law in 1924, Shen took another turn by joining the West Hill faction and joined senior KMT leaders for a meeting in front of Sun Yat-sen's altar in Peking. Expelled from CCP as well as disliked by Chiang Kai-shek's KMT, Shen Dingyi was assassinated in Aug 1928. See Keith Schoppa's "Blood Road: The Mystery of Shen Dingyi in Revolutionary China", Berkeley, 1995.) Exploiting the land & peasant problems of China, Mao Tse-tung's Land Revolution (i.e., Peasant Revolution or Agrarian Revolution), which was supposed to strive for the happiness of the masses of people, had inflicted only pains on the Chinese peasants and enslaved the Chinese peasants into a caste of uneducated, obedient and poverty-stricken people who had been deprived of both their land and their right to leave the land. This caste society was covered in another section where we discussed the formation of 'agricultural cooperatives' three years after the victory of communist revolution. Beginning from late 1924, Mao Tse-tung delved himself into the peasants movement. Mao Tse-tung returned to his home-village, Shaoshan in Feb 1925, established a night school for peasants, organized peasant association, and set up CCP Shaoshan Branch. Chen Yuansen stated that Mao Tse-tung, often depicted with an traditional Chinese oil-paper umbrella in early portraits, might have used the umbrella as a secret society signal in his tour of the countryside where he organized peasants into over twenty so-called 'peasant associations', a form of organization that was built upon the experiences of secret societies. Thereafter, Mao Tse-tung launched the movement of "stopping landlords from exports of grains and forcing the landlords into disposal of grains to local peasants at discounted price". When Hunan Governor-general Zhao Hengti cracked down on Mao's peasant associations, Mao Tse-tung, in Oct of 1925, fled to Canton where he worked under Wang Jingwei's KMT propaganda Ministry. In Canton, Mao Tse-tung wrote for semi-monthly magazine "Revolution" an article entitled "An Analysis Of Various Classes In The Chinese Society" in which he first classified Chinese people into different classes and raised the question as to friend versus foe during the class struggle. Hunan Land Revolution By Rascal-Proletariat After March 20th 1926 Zhongshanjian Warship Incident, Chiang Kai-shek forced KMT leftist leader, Wang Jingwei, into an exile and re-organized the KMT executive committee after a compromise among Borodin, CCP, KMT leftists and KMT rightists. Mao Tse-tung, being forced to abandon his propaganda ministry post, then worked as director or president of the "Peasant Movement Lecture and Practice School" and hosted the 6th Session for activists of peasant movements on May 3rd of 1926. (Peng Pai was responsible for organizing five training sessions of activists prior to that.) In Hunan-Hubei provinces, communists organized massive worker and peasant movements. Per Chen Yuansen, peasants' movements were in full motion by the time Northern Expedition armies of the KMT government passed through Xiangjiang River in June of 1926, and peasant associations grew by 7-8 folds when Tang Shengzhi supported the peasant movement as a result of peasants' active role in helping the northern expedition armies. Other than Tang Shengzhi, Borodin and communists tried to win over the support of military leaders by conferring the governorship of Jiangxi Province onto Zhu Peide and that of Anhui Province onto Li Zongren. Chen Yuansen further stated that by Sept of 1926, Mao Tse-tung's graduates were dispatched to Hunan Province where they demanded that landlords reduce land rents etc and that as a result of landlords' resistance, peasants began to organize their 'self-defense military forces'. Meanwhile, CCP launched First Shanghai Workers' Uprising on Oct 23rd, to be followed by two more in early 1927, prior to Chiang Kai-shek's advancement on Shanghai city. Kang Sheng [i.e., Zhao Rong], a CCP from Shanghai University, led the student movement in Shanghai; and Zhou Enlai was dispatched to Shanghai in late 1926 for leading the workers' uprising. In year 1926, communist-led strikes totaled 535 across China, with the participation of about 1 million workers. After Chiang Kai-shek launched the northern expeditions, union activities were restricted in the home base of Canton where Li Jishen was the garrison commander. Borodin, after the move to Wuhan of Hubei Province, would organize over 200 unions among 300,000 workers. When merchants in Wuhan threatened a strike, Borodin would then inhibit the out-of-control worker movement in Wuhan. Per Zhang Yufa, Wuhan citizens, on Jan 4th 1927, had charged at the British settlement in Hankou for a recovery of sovereignty under the orchestration of Liu Shaoqi. Two days later, on Jan 6th, Jiujiang citizens, in Jiangxi Province, recovered the British settlement. In Nov 1926, Mao Tse-tung was dispatched to Shanghai as director for CCP's peasant movement committee. In Hunan Province, each "xiang" [shire] had a peasant association, which basically acted as autonomous local government with "self-defense forces". Peasant Associations upheld a slogan stating that "Whoever possessed land must be a grand landlord, and whoever behaved gentry-like must be a bad-behavior oppressor". The owners with 50 Chinese acres of land were automatically classified as land-concentration landlords or 'grand landlords'. Hu Qiuyuan biographical account stated that "struggling against landlords" was a direct consequence of Borodin's inflammatory speeches; that reluctant peasants were coerced into "struggling against landlords"; and that in southern Anhui Province, peasants self-organized "red spear society" killed lots of radical communists. On April 13th, scholar-landlord Ye Dehui was killed by communist activists for writing a satiric poem. Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that 3rd Comintern had secret order that each county must execute a "grand landlord" for fermenting "revolutionary climax". Upon hearing the death of Ye Dehui & Wang Baoxin, famous scholar Wang Guowei committed suicide in Peking on June 2nd 1927, claiming to deposed Manchu emperor Puyi that no other person had committed suicide within 20 years. Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that in his native Huangpi county of Hubei Province, a landlord by the name of Li was paraded and killed in front of his family members. When one county opposed to demolition of a Buddhist monastery, Wuhan government dispatched Zhou Yanyong and troops to the crackdown. Zhou Yanyong, a schoolmate of Hu Qiuyuan at Wuhan University, later recalled how he was ordered to have soldiers fire on peasants. (Zhou Yanyong and his pretty girlfriend, both communists, later transferred to Shanghai where Zhou Yanyong told Hu Qiuyuan that they had been trapped too deep into CCP organization to leave it alive. Often visiting Hu Qiuyuan at Fudan University and sleeping in the dormitory for relaxation in 1928, Zhou Yanyong would disappear for good after one such visit.) After Wang Jingwei and Borodin/CCP rebuked the Hunan peasant movements as 'out of control', Mao Tse-tung toured Hunan countryside from Jan 4th to Feb 5th 1927. After touring Hunan Province for 32 days as the secretary for CCP's peasant movement committee, Mao authored an article, praising the rascals as the revolutionary forerunners and encouraging the violent acts against landlords, including "parading the landlords for mass persecution, penalizing landlords by slaughtering their poultry and confiscating grains, beating landlords, ransacking landlords' residencies, digging up landlords' ancestral tombs, and expelling landlords". Chen Duxiu and Peng Shuzhi were against the radical communist approaches to land revolution. Qu Qiubai wrote an article to rebut Peng Shuzhi. With the backing of Mao Tse-tung, KMT's Hunan provincial party secretariat passed the "Act of Punishing Land-Concentrating Owners & Bad-Behavior Gentry". In March of 1927, Mao authored for "Soldier Magazine" a counter-attack article entitled "An Inspection Report On The Peasants' Movement In Hunan Province" in which Mao Tse-tung, per Chen Yuansen, had even instructed the rascal-turned peasant activists in "daring to stamp your feet and rolling your bodies on the ivory-decorated beds of the daughters and concubines of the landlords". (What a mean approach that had inevitably turned on the rascal-proletariat in the countryside !) On April 13th, Mao's crony, 19-year-old Liu Zhixun, hosted a public sentencing session in the name of peasant associations in Changsha city and executed a famous scholar-landowner called Ye Dehui on the spot. Comintern representative Roy and KMT agriculture minister Tan Pingshan (CCP member) passed through Changsha en route to Wuhan from Canton and eulogized Hunan's peasant movements, and various county-level special courts were set up to try "'tu hao li shen'" (i.e., land-concentrating owners & bad-behavior gentry), leading to peasants-organized lynching events with massive scale torturing and executions of landlords. About 1000 peasant activists under Liu Zhixun would mobilize 2 million Hunan peasants for this land revolution. Chiang Kai-shek Purging Communists In Jan 1927, Chiang Kai-shek went to Mt Lushan in Jiangxi Province for a reconciliation talk with various KMT commissars. In Feb, Chiang Kai-shek conceded to Wuhan in having the National Government sit at Wuchang and KMT party headquarters sit at Hankou. Nationalist army, having taken over Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province on Feb 18th, campaigned against Songjiang-Shanghai beginning in March, with two corps of 19th Corps and 26th Corps. Lu-jun (Shandong Province army), led by Chu Yuepu, Zhang Zongchang and Bi Shucheng, marched southward to assist Sun Chuanfang. Bi Shucheng, however, also tried to obtain peace by negotiating with Nationalist Army. Li Baozhang, a division chief under Sun Chuanfang of northern warlord lineage government, expressed his wish to defect to the nationalist government as well as resist Lu-jun army [Shandong Province army]. Chiang Kai-shek conferred the post of chief of 18th Corps onto Li Baozhang. On March 14th, Yang Shuzhuang, Shanghai's navy commander under Sun Chuanfang, was conferred the post of Navy Commander-in-chief by Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist government as well. Sun Chuanfang's army retreated to Fengjing of today's Jinshan-Songjiang counties, and Wuxing and Yixing near Suzhou. On Mar 15th, revolutionary army laid siege of Liyang of Jiangsu Province. The next day, Bai Chongxi ordered an attack at Songjiang & Shanghai. Bai Chongxi, to counter Sun Chuanfang’s Russian armored army, would arm freight train with cannons for an attack at Songjiang town. On Mar 21st, Songjiang was sacked. Seagrave, in his "The Soong Dynasty", had skipped the fight with Russian mercenaries in Songjiang as if it never happened, claiming that Chiang Kai-shek waited out the communist defeat during Feb 19th-20th Strike/Uprising at about 25 miles to the west of Shanghai without regard for the truth that Nationalist army had merely taken over Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province on Feb 18th. Communist-led Worker Uprising In Shanghai 
Meanwhile, CCP, having failed the 2nd Uprising [more a strike] on Feb 19th-20th, had conducted the Third Shanghai Workers' Uprisings on March 20th.
Altogether, 50000 workers were organized into picket columns to be headed by Gu Shunzhang, with 2000 selected for military training in the French extraterritory. Musket type rifles were smuggled into Shanghai and 300 shooters were equipped.
Communists intended to take over Shanghai two days ahead of scheduled arrival of Chiang Kai-shek's troops, i.e., Whampoa lineage army which was already infiltrated by communists.
Just prior to the uprising, American mayor Fessenden [Fei-xin-dun] was fetched by the French for a meeting with Du Yuesheng, which was for sake of approving the transportation of 5000 guns to the gangster forces through the "international settlement" zone. Further, the French, who received about 150000 dollar monthly kickback from gangster's 6.5 million opium and cocaine trade, already knew in advance what the true intent of Chiang Kai-shek was, per Seagrave. With Zhou Enlai in charge of leading the 3rd uprising, 5000 workers' patrol army under communists took over the center and outlying areas of Shanghai in small contingents by March 21st, defeating 5000 strong remnant northern warlord lineage army. Zhou himself the 300 rebels in sacking the police bureau. Later, on March 27th, communists established an interim Shanghai municipal government consisting of Wang[1] Shouhua, Yang Xinfo, Luo Yinong, Heh Luo, Zheng Shuxiu, Gu Shunzhang and Hou Shaoqiu etc. (Gu Shunzhang received training in USSR after his exceptional performance during May 30th 1925 movement in Shanghai.) Nationalist Army 21st Division departed Wujiang for Suzhou, and took over the city by the afternoon. Meanwhile, Regiment Chief Hu Zongnan circumvented eastward to Minhang area of Shanghai, crossed the Huangpu River, and attacked the Zhi-Lu (i.e., Zhili and Shandong) relief army and White Russian mercenaries led by Bi Shucheng. After defeating the Russians, nationalist army sacked Xinzhuang, Longhua and Shanghai's weapon depot. Yang Shuzhuang's navy attacked the Yangtze River hindside of Sun Chuanfang’s army and Lu-jun army. Imperialist armies first dug defense positions for impeding the revolutionary army, and then retreated into their domains after the revolutionary army mounted a protest. The revolutionary army pushed into Shanghai and dismantled Bi Shucheng's 8th Corps in Zhabei area. On March 21st, Nationalist Armies closed in to Shanghai after communist insurgents, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, effectively occupied Shanghai via a third armed uprising. Xu Zhen stated that CCP had tried to disturb "international incident" by sending mobsters into the extraterritories for pillage and arson. On the afternoon of Mar 22nd, Hu Zongnan assembled regiment/battalion officers and armed soldiers, rode on captured vehicles for a tour of the city, intruded onto British/French extraterritories, and drove by the Racing Course (i.e., today's People's Square of Shanghai) and through Nanking Road. British/French, daunted by National Army's valor and Shanghai citizens' fervor, dared not stop the parade. Chiang Kai-shek himself, departing from Jiujiang of Jiangxi Province, entered Shanghai's Gaochangmiao Dock on March 26th via Warship Chuqian-jian. Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Bai Chongxi disband workers' armed forces; CCP lodged a protest with Wuhan government; and KMT Wuhan government supported the workers as policing force before Shanghai organized KMT military police column. On March 28th 1927, in Shanghai, KMT supervisory committee members, like Wu Jingheng, Li Yuying, Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Renjie and Gu Yingfen, held a meeting and proposed a policy to have CCP members purged from KMT. Chen Yongfa, apparently citing Zhang Yufa, pointed out that CCP, by the time of Chiang Kai-shek purge, had expanded to 58000 members nationwide, with 51% workers and 19% intellectuals. In Wuhan, Xu Xiangqian, lecturer at Wuhan Central Military & Politics Academy (i.e., 2nd Whampoa Academy), officially enrolled in CCP in March 1927. (Xu Xiangqian claimed that Chiang Kai-shek had visited Wuhan Academy twice but failed to win over the hearts of the students. per ZLA, Tao Xisheng, while working as an editor in Shanghai's Commerce Publication House in early 1927, suddenly received a wire from Zhou Fohai who was secretary-in-chief & politics director of Wuhan Central Military & Politics Academy, with the colonel-lecturer conferral letter bearing Chiang Kai-shek's signature.) Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that slogans and posters began to surface in Wuhan in early March of 1927, calling for removal of Chiang Kai-shek. At Wuhan University, Hu Qiuyuan and Yan Dazhu exited Communist Youth League as well as KMT Party as a result of resentment over radical students who organized protests, parades, meetings and persecutions on campus. However, KMT Party Apparatus, controlled by CP and KMT leftists, continued to rely upon Hu Qiuyuan for authoring propaganda articles. Sometime in April of 1927, Qian Yishi invited Hu Qiuyuan in writing for the provincial representative meeting. "Chinese Students" magazine invited Hu Qiuyuan as editor-in-chief but exempted him from routine communist meetings. After the Nationalist Army took over Nanking on March 25th 1927, Wuhan government issued an order in depriving Chiang Kai-shek of the post of commander-in-chief of the Northern Expeditions, per Xu Zhen. Eastern Flank of the National Revolutionary Army continued to push northward, and attacked Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province while the Central Flank sacked Nanking on March 24th. Sun Chuanfang fled across the Yangtze River to Yangzhou. On March 24th 1927, 6th & 2nd Corps of the Nationalist Army took over Nanking. Sun Chuanfang's army fled, and pillaging occurred in Nanking. Pearl Buck [Sai-zhen-zhu] had recalls about her ransacked residence in Nanking. Li Zongren memoirs stated that soldiers from communists-infiltrated 6th Corps and partial of 1st Corps had attacked British, American & Japanese interests in Nanking, injuring British consul, killing deputy principal of Jinling University and principal of Cathay University. Zhang Yufa claimed that Nanking citizens, under communist instigation, caused six dead and six wounded among the foreigners, which led to Chinese casualty of dozens to thousands when British-Americans bombarded Nanking as a revenge. British and American warships fired cannon balls into Nanking city from warships near Xiaguan Wharf on the pretext of punishing mobsters. Bombing led to a Chinese casualty of over 2000 people, i.e., Nanking Bloody Incident. Seagrave, who had shifted focus to Chiang Kai-shek & gangsters for capsizing the Grand Revolution, had pointed out "that gangsters were invoked for cracking down on the unionists and workers; that leftists and communists hit back at the gangsters; Nationalist army entered the city; and that turmoil ensued in the city of Nanking, with few foreign consulate officials and priests killed, and one European woman attacked by three soldiers of unknown army units". Seagrave mistakenly cited "American investigation" in pointing out that northern lineage troops pillaged foreigners for instigating the international invention though the KMT rightists blamed the 1927 Nanking Bloody Incident on the communists. - Dorothy Borg and Leighton Stuart were adamant that it was Chinese communists who perpetrated the crime of killing Westerners in Nanking. 30 Million Guaranteed Loans To Chiang Kai-shek Per Seagrave, on March 30th, in Hangzhou, gangsters destroyed the offices of the unionists, with some killing; but, in Shanghai, workers and communists were still hoping for a cooperation with Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek had expressed to Wang Jingwei quite some respect at the time the former opponent returned to China on April 1st. Merchants were said to have formed a consortium for loaning Chiang Kai-shek 3 million yuan for delivery on April 1st as a downpayment. Seven million followed. Then, another delegation promised to loan Chiang Kai-shek 30 million yuan currency for establishing a moderate government in Nanking. Zhang Yufa pointed out Shanghai bankers offered Chiang Kai-shek 15 million and 30 million loans after the purge by citing primitive documents, like "Moscow & Chinese Communists" (Robert C. North, pp.97), "The Tragedy Of The Chinese Revolution" (Isaacs, p. 151-152), and "A History Of China" (Wolfram Eberhard, p. 315). Purging Communists Back on April 1st, Wang Jingwei returned to Shanghai from overseas at the invitation of Borodin, KMT leftists and CCP. Wang Jingwei had been asked by Chiang Kai-shek etc not to go to Wuhan. When asked to adopt the same policy of purging communists, Wang Jingwei said that it should be decided by the KMT full session. Historians concluded that Chiang Kai-shek had the determination for the coup d'etat as a result of winning over the Gui-xi [Guangxi Province] armies. On April 2nd, another meeting was held in Shanghai, with Li Zongren, Huang Shaohong and Chen Guofu participating. KMT supervisory committee passed Wu Jingheng's purge proposal. On April 3rd, Li Zongren attended the Chiang Kai-shek meeting at Sun Yat-sen's former residency. Chiang Kai-shek was said to have obtained funds from Shanghai business leaders in lieu of Soviet aid. With financial backing from Shanghai as well as military support from Gui-xi, Chiang Kai-shek was determined for a coup. Wang Jingwei met Hu Hanmin on April 3rd and promised to stay the decrees of Wuhan KMT's 3rd Plenary of the Second National Congress. Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin agreed upon the date of April 15th for a new KMT Congress to be held. On April 5th, Wang Jingwei made a joint declaration with CCP leader Chen Duxiu and then left for Wuhan. Xu Zhen claimed that Wang Jingwei-Chen Duxiu declaration contained words like 'campaign against Nanking government'. Wu Jingheng, Li Yuying, and Cai Yuanpei went to see Hu Hanmin with KMT supervisory committee's decision of purging communists and invited Hu Hanmin for a meeting in Nanking. In Nanking, Hu Hanmin proposed the guidelines for purging communists and gave half a dozen categories of 'bad apples' (including communists). Hu Hanmin advocated a unification of KMT slogans to counter CCP's slogans. Hu Hanmin would later write numerous articles expounding Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles to counter Marxism/Leninism and communism. On Apr 6th, in Peking, 500 soldiers under Zhang Zuolin sacked the Russian embassy and arrested 60 communism activists including Li Dazhao and executed about 30 communists. Seagrave pointed out that twenty Chinese communists were arrested, including two daughters of Li Dazhao, with one such daughter hanged three years later the same way as her father. Zhang Zuolin adopted a concerted efforts for two purposes: clearing the threat of communist insurgency in northern China as well as sending a message of cooperation to Chiang Kai-shek. In Shanghai, police of International Settlement put up a cordon around the Russian consulate; and on April 11th, British and Japanese searched the hideouts of leftists and communists, and handed over the suspects for execution by Chiang Kai-shek per Seagrave. Zhang Yufa claimed that Chiang Kai-shek was justified in purging the communists since the thousand pieces of documents confiscated from Russian embassy in Peking had contained enough evidence as to Russian attempt at planting communism in China. Similar evidence was collected during April 7th search of Russian organizations in Tianjin. Zhang Yufa cited MacNair's "China In Revolution" in pointing out that from Feb 28th to March 1st, search of Russian ship Pamiat Lenina had yielded similar evidence. Bai Chongxi of Gui-xi Army closed down the Shanghai office of the National Army Politics Department, and Li Zongren directed his forces to Nanking from Wuhu in preparation for the purge. On Apr 9th, Chiang Kai-shek announced the office of Song-hu Martial Law Enforcement, with Bai Chongxi conferred the post of commander. (Note that Yang Hu was the garrison commander of Shanghai.) On April 10th, Chiang Kai-shek made a public wire demanding the dismissal of Wuhan KMT politics department. On Apr 11th, Chiang secretly ordered that all provinces must purge communists. On April 12th, Chiang Kai-shek officially purged the communists. Per Li Dongfang, Bai Chongxi ordered that 26th Corps disband workers' armed band at 2:00 pm on April 12th. In Shanghai, on April 12th, Chiang Kai-shek's army, including the gangster forces, sacked CCP-controlled workers' patrolling force headquarters and disarmed the workers. Seagrave, with only sight of "green gangsters", claimed that gangster-background army, upon the siren of Chiang Kai-shek's warship at 4 am, began the sweeping campaign against all communist strongholds and residencies, with an order to kill anyone carrying arms other than those wearing the arm-band of 'gong' [worker, i.e., those gangster-organized rivalry worker unions]. Communist document claimed that Chiang Kai-shek first sent rascals into workers' patrolling force headquarters for disturbance and then dispatched army against the workers on the pretext of maintaining peace. Seagrave wrote down a story of Chiang Kai-shek's army pretending to stand on the same side of worker but allowing the gangsters to kill the workers once they laid down the weapons. Back on the night of 11th, when Wang1 Shouhua entered Du's residency at an invitation, the gangsters killed the driver and bodyguard, and abducted Wang1 Shouhua to the western outskirts for a secret execution. Back on April 5th, gangster leader Du Yuesheng sent an invitation to CCP leader Wang1 Shouhua. (Li Dongfang made up a purported court martial on April 15th which sentenced Wang1 Shouhua to death. But, what’s Wang Shouhua doing in gangster’s house? Wang Shouhua, a ‘great’ communist, was a gangster himself an was executed for first loyalty to CCP and second loyalty to the gang.) Seagrave further pointed out that Zhou Enlai fled to "Shangwu [commercial] Publishing House" where 400 Reds fought against 1000 Greens till the noon, and that about 400-700 workers could have been killed within nine hours. Seagrave apparently erred in stating that Zhou Enlai had fled again after the publishing house was sacked, not to mention the exaggeration of 1000 Greens. On April 13th, when Zhou Enlai organized 10,000 workers' protests, Chiang Kai-shek's army cracked down on Shanghai workers, with over 100 people dead. Seagrave claimed that 300 dead filled up eight trucks during the crackdown. Zhou Enlai, doubtlessly caught by the KMT, would be released after Si Li the brother of Si Lie [i.e., the 2nd Division Chief of KMT 26th Corps responsible for bloody crackdown on communists on Baoshan Road] intervened by posting a public notice of "Wu Hao [Zhou Enlai] Severing Himself From Communist Party". Zhou Enlai, in his talk with Edgar Snow, stated that about 5000 people fell victims to Chiang Kai-shek's crackdown. Seagrave cited Snow's account in estimating that 5000 to 10000 people could have died in Shanghai since Oct 1926. Writer Han Suyin further blamed Du Yuesheng on selling 6000-8000 wives and daughters of victims to prostitution or coolie labor. - What a mess Seagrave and Han Suyin was creating. The first crackdown happened in Anqing of Anhui Province right after Chiang Kai-shek's warship passed through, en route to Shanghai, after Chen Lifu gave the greenlight. The purge was meticulously designed by Chen Lifu by having the left-wing KMT members set up opposing unions, student associations and peasant societies for sake of inducing the secret-identity communist members into an open argument, fights and sabotage. In Shanghai, "gong jing hui" members set up opposing unions. Only after distinguishing communists did the purge begin. The bloody crackdown in Shanghai happened after disarming the workers' armed forces, i.e., the second day, when Zhou Enlai organized workers' strike. Establishing The Nanking Government Chiang Kai-shek further banned publication of 'communist manifesto'. Purge extended to cities like Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen [Amoy] and Guangzhou [Canton]. On 15th, Chiang Kai-shek's KMT executive meeting failed to convene a meeting due to lack of committee members. On 17th, Wuhan government and left-wing KMT Central revoked Chiang Kai-shek's party membership; however, in Nanking, right-wing KMT executive meeting declared Hu Hanmin as the chairman of the National Government. On April 18th, Chiang Kai-shek made Nanking the capital of the National Government and ordered the purge of communists nationwide. A ceremony was held at Dingjiaqiao the former site of Jiangsu provincial parliament. In the name of KMT Central Politics Meeting, Nanking government called upon Waang Jingwei & Tan Yankai for a relocation to Nanking from Wuhan. Other than departments of civil administration [Xie Wubi], diplomacy [Wu Chaoshu], justice [Wang Chonghui], finance [Gu Yingfen] and college board [Cai Yuanpei], Nanking government stipulated a separate secretariat of which Niu Yongjian was in charge. Chiang Kai-shek was proclaimed to be the commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, with Wu Zhihui acting as political commissar. Four clauses for "National Revolution" were put forward, calling for i) a close cooperation between the revolutionary army and the people; ii) an upright and honest government; iii) a policy of protecting domestics enterprises; and iv) a policy of guaranteeing and promoting the interests of peasants and workers. Additionally, Nanking issues a secret most-wanted list of communists and leftist-Nationalists including Borodin, Chen Duxiu, Xu Qian, Deng Yanda & Wu Yuzhang. On 21st, Chiang Kai-shek announced that the military committee officially relocated to Nanking from Canton. KMT leftists, with their headquarters in Wuhan of Hubei Province and in the name of KMT Central executory committee and military committee, proclaimed a campaign against Chiang Kai-shek on 22nd. CHEN JIERU's ACCOUNT: To counter Wuhan, Chiang Kai-shek conspired with Mme Kong Xiangxi in instigating the defection of her brother [i.e., KMT finance minister Song Ziwen]. Chen Jieru claimed that Mme Kong Xiangxi, i.e., Soong Ai-ling, arrived in Jiujiang for a 24-hour secret talk with Chiang Kai-shek on board a ship owned by Bank of China. It was during this talk that Soong Ai-ling demanded that 1) Chiang Kai-shek marry Soong Mei-ling, 2) Kong Xiangxi be offered the job as a prime minister equivalent, and 3) Song Ziwen be offered the post of finance minister in exchange for the financial support from Song & Kong families and the financiers of Shanghai Bund. Hence, Chiang Kai-shek forcefully sent Chen Jieru to US on the pretense of a five-year separation. To force out Chen Jieru, Chiang Kai-shek displayed 'love letters' between Soong Mei-ling & Chiang Kai-shek dated March 19th 1927. Thereafter, "blue jacket" agents mounted an arson attack at finance ministry in Wuhan for Song Ziwen to exit Wuhan government as an excuse. Song Ziwen, after arriving in Nanking, began to run the mint factory around the clock for printing paper currency [i.e., 'fa bi' or legalized currency]. Zhang Jingjiang was awarded the post of chairman for Zhejiang Province. Split of CCP From KMT Leftist Government Having examined the land revolution in Hunan Province, one might derive an easy conclusion that it was Mao communists' fault to have provoked the KMT in the first place. Partially right. We have to bear in mind that Sun Yat-sen's KMT was mostly a loose organization of people with different agenda and that Sun Yat-sen was the only person possessing the necessary charisma for holding his party members together. The 'Zhongshan Warship Incident' on March 20th of 1926 had already revealed the irreconcilable differences between USSR/CCP and Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Right Wing. It was Stalin/Borodin's superstitious belief in a so-called stage of bourgeois revolution that had held the rift together for the time being. Harold Isaacs mentioned that "the (CCP) Central Committee in Shanghai and the Kwangtung (CCP) party vigorously opposed" Borodin's concessions to Chiang Kai-shek and that "in Moscow, the Opposition led by Trotsky had already begun to demand the liberation of the Chinese Communists from the strait jacket of the Kuomintang". Trotsky, entangled in a power struggle against Stalin since Lenin's death on Jan 21st 1924, had proposed a more radical approach by suggesting that Chinese communists exit from the KMT institution immediately. The dissension between Stalin and Trotsky would spell over to China and the world communism to yield to similarly bloody confrontations between their followers. Wang Jingwei's KMT Left-Wing, however, suffered a dilemma as far as their party orientation went. Unwarranted being the case as to CCP's ultimate armed rebellion against Wuhan KMT leftist government, the irreconcilable differences between USSR/CCP and Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Right Wing would be the same matter that existed between USSR/CCP and Wang Jingwei's KMT Left Wing. KMT Left Wing would later split into communism-sympathizers like Song Qingling (i.e., Mme Sun Yat-sen) and the so-called 'gan-zu-pai' ('re-organized KMT leftists'). When communists first purged political enemies in guerilla bases (i.e., rural enclave), it would be Anti-Bolshevik League and Re-organized KMT Leftists who would be exterminated. In the following, we will examine how CCP split from and rebelled against KMT Leftist Government of Wuhan. The three month reign by KMT generalissimo Wang Jingwei, from April to July of 1927, was a time period often shrouded in ambiguity. Prevalent writings often lumped together the purge of communists by Chiang Kai-shek's Right-wing KMT and Wang Jingwei's Left-wing KMT, i.e., "qing [purge] gong [communist]" versus "fen [split from] gong [communist]". Philosopher-turned Scholar Shan Shaojie, for example, had echoed Mao Tse-tung's generalization that young communists of China had committed a grave 'subjectivist mistake of the Confucian-apprentice rank' prior to 1927 by paying attention to mass movement, not military movement. (See "Mao In Power (1949-1976)", Mirror Books, 2000, Carle Place, NY, ISBN 962-8744-31-3). The natural cause-effect, per Shan Shaojie, would be that CCP central committee, during the Aug 7th emergency session in Wuhan, officially endorsed the policy of armed rebellion against KMT's slaughter and massacre. (Xiang Zhongfa, a communist of worker background, attended the meeting.) Apparently left out here would be the context of August 1st 1927 Nanchang Uprising that occurred before the Aug 7th meeting. Wen Yu, similarly, never reflected on the context of the so-called consecutive betrayals to the 'Grand Revolution' by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei, respectively. Recent communist disclosures pointed that Chinese Communists had colluded with Outer Mongolia in organizing a military force from 1925 to 1927, as well as instigated the mutinies in Sichuan Province after the provincial military leaders agreed to be re-organized under southern government. The separation of Chinese Communists from Wuhan government was triggered by Stalin's order to organize a military force among workers and peasants. So to say that Shan Shaojie was wrong in assuming the innocence of Chinese Communists as far as mass movement vs military movement was concerned. "KMT-CCP Land Act" By Wuhan's KMT Left-wing Government Wuhan Government Holding a Second "Oath of Northern Campaigns" Xu Kexiang Purging Communists In Changsha on May 21st Comintern Rep M.N. Roy Disclosed to Wang Jingwei a Secret Document from Stalin Zhu Peide's Courteous Expulsion of Communists From Jiangxi Province Tang Shengzhi's Eastern Campaign against Nanking August 1st Nanchang Uprising 
More available at Nanchang Mutiny. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Chiang Kai-shek's Step-down & Re-gaining Power On Aug 8th 1927, Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Li Jishen etc proposed that Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government converge with Nanking government after sharing common ground on the matter of purging communists. Wang Jingwei stated that Chiang Kai-shek must step down before Wuhan government could come to Nanking. On Aug 8th, Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government passed resolution as to purge of communists and issued a most wanted list which would include 197 communist members. On Aug 12th (13th?), Chiang Kai-shek agreed to stepping down for party unity's sake. (Li Zongren memoirs stated that Chiang Kai-shek's personal emissary, i.e., Chu Minyi, had shuttled between Wuhan and Nanking numerous times, with an understanding that Chiang must step down to appease Wuhan. However, rumor flied that Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Heh Yingqin had pressured Chiang into a step-down. Writer Liu Feng adopted this rumor which Li Zongren, in his memoirs, had claimed to have disputed with Chiang Kai-shek few times whereas Chiang Kai-shek dissuaded it by refusing to pierce it publicly.) Before the step-down, Chiang Kai-shek visited Chen Jieru in her mother's house in Shanghai on Aug 1st, with a request that Chen Jieru go to America for five years so that he could marry with Soong Mei-ling. Per Chen Jieru, Chiang Kai-shek cursed himself by stating that he would be willing to be banished overseas should he fail to retrieve Chen Jieru within 10-20 years. On Sept 16th, National Commissar meeting, on basis of Aug 22nd Jiujiang Meeting, was held in Nanking for expanding the 47 person military commission to 96 members. Nanking and Wuhan governments hence merged together. However, Hu Qiuyuan pointed out that Wang Jingwei & Tang Shengzhi maintained KMT Wuhan Politics Sub-committee for preserving their independence. Chen Jieru boarded ship President Jackson on Aug 19th. On the same day, Reuters reported that Chiang Kai-shek had agreed to step down for his dereliction (i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's Defeat At Xuzhou) in the continuous campaigns northward; that Chiang Kai-shek would depart for Germany soon; and that British dispatched 150 marines to Nanking for self-protection. On Sept 19th 1927, in San Francisco, Chen Jieru first read about Chiang Kai-shek's denial of existing marriage with her, and on Sept 24th, in New York, Chen Jieru read about Chiang Kai-shek's plan to go to Japan for obtaining the approval from Soong Mei-ling's mother so that he could marry with Soong Mei-ling. On Sept 28th, Chiang Kai-shek left for Japan. On Oct 6th, Zhang Fakui gave a public wire against the KMT special commission, and On Oct 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of politics committee separate from Nanking's National Government. On Oct 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of politics committee separate from Nanking's National Government. On Nov 1st, Jiang Dingwen assumed the post of 1st Division Chief and departed for north of Yangtze from Hangzhou. On Nov 4th, military committee ordered that Fourth Route and Fifth Route, headed by Cheng Qian and Zhu Peide, campaign against Tang Shengzhi in the west. Li Jishen in Guangdong and Huang Shaohong in Guangxi echoed National Government in campaigns against Tang Shengzhi. When Tang's two generals, Heh Jian and Li Pingxian, refused to follow order, Tang Shengzhi declared a step-down on Nov 12th and fled to Japan thereafter. KMT's Western Expedition army took over Wuchang of Hubei Province. On Nov 10th, Chiang Kai-shek returned to Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek obtained the support of Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan in restoring his post as commander-in-chief. Li Zongren pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek had intentionally stepped down for sake of having Wang Jingwei exercise control over Tang Shengzhi because Tang Shengzhi's "Eastern Campaign" held a slogan of getting rid of Chiang Kai-shek only. (Li Zongren memoirs stated that two generals under Tang Shengzhi, i.e., Liao Lei & Ye Qi, later disclosed that Tang had secret negotiations with Sun Chuanfang & Jiang Baili for a joint attack at Nanking from west and north. However, Sun Chuanfang launched an attack at Nanking without waiting for Tang Shengzhi in the attempt of "being a king as the first who sacked the capital". Li Zongren's conclusion is that Chiang Kai-shek stepped down with a good prediction of ultimate return after Wang Jingwei & Tang Shengzhi was to have their internal strife.) On Dec 10th, KMT 4th Plenary of 2nd Congress restored Chiang Kai-shek's post. See Second Northern Expedition for details. In early 1928, Xia Zhishi, a veteran of 1911 Xin Hai Revolution, visited Nanking area in the hope of reviving his political career. After losing power in 1920 in Sichuan Province, Xia Zhishi had established a middle school called Jinjiang Public School [the name of which his wife Dong Zhujun, later on March 15th 1935, appropriated to found the now famous "Jinjiang Restaurant" in Shanghai]. From 1920 to 1923, Xia Zhishi indulged himself in gambling and tacked on opium which eventually led to the divorce between him and Dong Zhujun. Incidentally, in 1923, Dai Jitao had an unsuccessful suicide by jumping into the Yangtze River while on his way to Sichuan. [Dai Jitao committed suicide again in Canton prior to communist takeover in 1949.] Xia Zhishi and Dai Jitao spent quite some time together for sharing the same kind of "downturns in political careers". Dai Jitao [Dai Chuan xian], i.e., Jiang Huiguo's birth-father, would become stepfather of Dong Zhujun's children. Dong Zhujun, owning to her husband's acquaintances, often received warlord visitors including Yang Sen who had a notoriety of killing two concubines for their "extra-marital affairs". Later in 1949, Dong Zhujun was responsible for persuading Yang Hu into giving up Shanghai to CCP, while Yang Hu, having enjoyed a few days as top guest of communist government, ultimately died in the hands of communists for his complex relationship, multiple concubines and rebellious character. CCP Armed Rebellions Borodin, being on the verge of total disaster, did not forget to ask Wang Jingwei stamp out a 'performance report' for him to bring back to USSR. Chen Duxiu refused to go to Moscow in July. On July 23rd of 1927, two new Comintern representatives, 29-year-old Lominadze (a Georgian native of Stalin) and 25-year-old Nuo-yi-man (Heinz Neumann? a German), arrived in Hankou of Hubei Province, with a mission and a direct order from Stalin and Bukharin who had finally realized that USSR had lost their case of an ally in KMT. The two new guys would replace Borodin and Roy, deprive Chen Duxiu of CCP leadership, blame all past errors and mistakes on Chen Duxiu's opportunism, and institute Qu Qiubai as the new CCP leader. (Qu Qiubai, a Jiangsu Province native, had visited USSR in 1920 as reporter for Peking's "Morning Post", later transcribed the song 'Internationale' into Chinese, and firmly supported Comintern during the 'grand revolution'. Li Weihan memoirs stated that Qu Qiubai was selected for his adamant criticisms of Chen Duxiu/Peng Shuzhi and Dai Jitao perspectives.) After the meeting, Li Weihan etc repeatedly requested that Chen Duxiu go to Moscow; however, Chen refused to go and later on Nov 15th 1929, Chen Duxiu, veteran secretary general for 5 CCP Sessions, was expelled from CCP for splitting CCP. Also going onto Trotsky path would be senior CCP activist Gao Yuhan, i.e., party admission witness for both Li Kenong and Qian Xincun [Ah Ying]. Ah Ying, who fled to Wuhan of Hubei Province from Wuhu of Anhui Province, would soon embark on another escape journey to Shanghais after communist-led Nanchang Uprising was smashed in Jiangxi Province. Comintern, back on July 14th, had passed resolutions demanding that
2) CCP re-initiates land revolution, 3) CCP fight the opportunists inside of the party etc. On Aug 7th, 21 CCP members, including Qu Qiubai, Li Weihan and Deng Xixian [aka Deng Xiaoping], attended the meeting into which the Georgian and two Russians were brought inside one by one within three consecutive days for avoiding attraction by outsiders. per WY, this meeting, having affirmed the new Comintern policies of land revolution and armed rebellions, also led to the start of CCP extreme-leftist approaches, i.e., 1) continuous urban armed rebellions targeted at cities, 2) elevating anti-bourgeois to the same level as anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, 3) emphasis on the importance of CCP leadership's worker descent background, and 4) start of using individual CCP leaders as scapegoats. During the one day meeting, Mao made a speech as to the importance of armed rebellion, and Mao declined entry into politburo by emphasizing his departure for leadership of autumn harvest uprising. On Aug 8th, Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government passed resolution as to purge of communists and issued a most wanted list which would include 197 communist members. 
On Aug 9th, CCP interim politburo decreed that Qu Qiubai, Su Zhaozheng and Li Weihan be the members of the standing committee of CCP central committee at the suggestion of Lominadze and that CCP central committee relocate to Shanghai. Aug 7th Meeting, basically stating that China's revolution had reached the stage of Russian 1917 Revolution rather than 1905 Revolution, would propagate the new party guidelines across China for launching into a full motion of armed rebellions as well as movements among workers, students and women.
(Interim CCP Central, on Sept 19th, decreed to discard the 'flag' of the Nationalists, and promulgated the launch of "Chinese Soviets".)
Autumn Harvest Uprising In Sept of 1927, Mao Tse-tung (Mao Tse-tung), conferred the title of 'special commissar', was dispatched to Jiangxi-Hunan border for organizing Autumn Harvest Uprising, with an objective of attacking Hunan provincial capital, Changsha. Mao Tse-tung had a short meeting with his wife Yang Kaihui who, together with his sons, went into hiding when Mao Tse-tung returned from Hubei after attending the CCP August 7th Meeting. Yang Kaihui accompanied Mao Tse-tung into Changsha on August 16th, and by the end of August 1927, Mao Tse-tung circumvented to Tonggu via Anyuan under the escort of Chen Zhi'an for leading the 'Autumn Harvest Uprising'. While on the road, Mao was at one time caught by two local gentry soldiers, and he somehow slipped away after bribing the captors with all his silver dollars. Note Mao's autumn harvest uprising was not a pure peasants' rebellion, but a military action orchestrated under the leadership of 22-year-old Lu Deming, i.e., regiment chief for the Garrison Regiment of Wuhan National Government. Lu Deming's Garrison Regiment was established in June 1927 under the sponsorship of Zhang Fakui, but at the suggestion of Ye Ting. Lu Deming, late for Aug 1st Uprising, stationed his troops at Wuning of Jiangxi Province and then joined Mao in the autumn harvest uprising. Lu Deming, at Xiushui area, converged with workers and peasants into so-called First Division of Workers and Peasants Army (WPA), with 4 regiments organized. Mao, as "te pai yuan" (i.e., special commissar), took over the leadership and directed First WPA Division of 5000 men against provincial capital Changsha on lunar calendar Mid-Autumn Festival. Mao, however, was recorded to have declined Zhang Ziqing's offer of a pistol by emphasizing his political functions. At Changsha city, 5000 workers had acted as internal support for the rebellion. Lu Deming died in action shortly thereafter though. Mao, by late Oct 1927, led remnants towards Jinggangshan Mountain where he converged with the banditry of Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo. (Yang Kaihui was caught by Heh Jian in Oct 1930 and executed on Nov 14th of 1930 for her refusal to denounce her husband.) Wuhan Government, Nanking Government, & KMT Re-Organizers On Sept 15th 1927, Wuhan Government, Nanking Government, and KMT re-organizers in Shanghai held a three-party conference for organizing "purging communist special commission" and officially deprived communists of their party membership inside KMT. As a precondition for Nanking & Wuhan KMT governments to reconcile, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down and left for Japan on Sept 28th. Mao etc, however, would be restored membership in KMT, without advance notice to CCP, by KMT censoring committee in June 1938 in the aftermath of second cooperation between KMT and CCP. Zhang Fakui, who had claimed to cooperate with communists FOR EVER, would sever himself from combined KMT government. On Oct 6th, Zhang Fakui gave a public wire against the KMT special commission, and On Oct 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of politics committee separate from Nanking's National Government. On Nov 1st, Jiang Dingwen assumed the post of 1st Division Chief and departed for north of Yangtze from Hangzhou. On Nov 4th, military committee ordered that Fourth Route and Fifth Route, headed by Cheng Qian and Zhu Peide, campaign against Tang Shengzhi to the west. Li Jishen in Guangdong and Huang Shaohong in Guangxi echoed Nanking National Government in campaigns against Tang Shengzhi. When Tang's two generals, Heh Jian and Li Pingxian, refused to follow order, Tang Shengzhi declared a step-down on Nov 12th and fled to Japan thereafter. KMT's Western Expedition army took over Wuchang of Hubei Province. On Nov 10th, Chiang Kai-shek returned to Shanghai. On Nov 17th 1927, in Canton, Zhang Fakui's Huang Qixiang army rebelled by announcing a slogan of 'Fighting neo-Gui-xi Warlord'. Li Jishen and Wang Jingwei disagreed over the cause of Zhang Fakui action. Meanwhile, Chiang Kai-shek obtained the support of Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan in restoring his post as commander-in-chief. On Dec 10th, KMT 4th Plenary of 2nd Congress restored Chiang Kai-shek's post. CCP Going Straight To "Socialist Revolution" On Nov 9th, CCP interim politburo held an expanded meeting in Shanghai, attended by a new Comintern rep called Mi-te-kai-wei-qi who was sent over to replace the Georgian. This meeting passed Lominadze's resolution stating that China, not possessing the conditions for a transitionary stage of bourgeois revolution, had to go straight to socialist revolution. Qu Qiubai authored articles including "What Kind Of Revolution Is China's Revolution", "On Armed Rebellions", and "Was China's Revolution At Distressed Stage?". CCP Politburo hence ordered general strikes or general uprisings in such major cities as Guangzhou, Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin and Changsha. This would yield the following actions: peasant uprisings in Yixing and Wuxi of Jiangsu Province, Shanghai peasant uprisings in Jinshan-Fengxian counties, Wuhan City Uprising, and Shunzhi Uprising in northern China. Chen Yun, after the April 12th purge, returned to his hometown of Liantang of Qingpu county [in today's Shanghai], bordering Dianshanhu lake. Using alias Chen Ming, Chen Yun tacked on the post of CCP party representative for "peasant revolutionary army of Songjiang segment of Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway" in Jan 1928. After the aborted uprising, Chen Yun assumed the post of CCP party branch secretary for Qingpu county [of Jiangsu Province]. Per Tao Zhucheng, Wan Yijun, who put on drama "The Hatred Of Koreans Over Loss Of Country". and acted as Korean assassin An Jung-geu [An Chongwen] during 1919 May 4th student movement, died during 1928 Yixing Uprising. Rebellions near the outskirts of Shanghai, i.e., Fengxian-Jinshan counties, were led by early CCP leader called Liu Xiao. My late grandma mentioned how one communist insurgent, while attempting to throw a grenade over high-rise wall of a landlord's home, died in front of her home, with intestines flowing out of the belly as a result of the self-explosion of a grenade. The peasants had burnt down the whole town during the uprising, and current township layout was completely rebuilt after 1927 CCP arson. At the spot where this guy died, ghost was spotted, and township people used to offer some sacrificial food whenever their kids fell ill. (During my childhood, I often spent summer breaks there and heard how the local people touted Liu Xiao as a hero who might someday humbly paid a visit to the countryside to give them some favor or save them from hardship. Having traveled across the entire Hangzhou Bay area, I had observed over a dozen dilapidated so-called 'wan ren keng', i.e., 10,000 people mass grave yards, with victims of innocent Chinese massacred by Japanese invaders who landed on the muddy beach of Jinshanwei in 1937 to thwart KMT's 3-month-long frontal Shanghai defense. In contrast with those dilapidated monuments, often in the shape of an electric pole, CCP had erected a high-rise sword-shape revolutionary monument standing on a tall hill, something called "people's hero monument" in remembrance of the martyrdom of the 1927 'nameless' insurgents.) Canton Uprising In Guangzhou, Zhang Tailei, an early communism activists who followed Yang Jingzai to Russian Far East for reporting China's communism activity to the Comintern in Spring of 1921 and later attended Comintern Third Congress in Moscow in June of 1921, led an uprising against Zhang Fakui by taking advantage of Zhang Fakui's campaign against Li Jishen (chief of 4th Corps) and other contesters. The uprising, originally scheduled for Dec 13th, pulled ahead due to divulsion of the scheme. Before that, Xu Xiangqian had arrived in Guangzhou (Canton) from Shanghai in late September and was responsible for training workers' armed forces. More available at Canton Commune. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Qu Qiubai's Policy Of Perpetuating Armed Rebellions Rebellions, pronounced 'bao dong', was also a word often ridiculed by Hongkongers in reference to the Red Guards' attempts at overthrowing British rule in HK during the 1960s. 
Communist fervor in the uprising could be seen in one scene recalled by Xu Xiangqian: Peng Pai's wife, by the name of Xu, at one time put down her sibling and demanded that she joined her husband in the siege of Huilai city.
Xu Xiangqian himself had deliberately allowed his wife [Cheng Xunxuan] to be arrested, interrogated and executed by Zhang Guotao clique during the second wave of the Anti-Bolshevik League Purge. Xu Xiangqian, having barely returned from abortive Red Army Second Western Expedition, would be subject to further suspicion and persecution in Yan'an, with most of his Red Army Fourth Flank followers executed for implication with Zhang Guotao.
One more example to show how communists were made of "special material" would be Xiang Ying's personal shooting death in May 1938 of his former wife [Zhang Liang] who, being arrested together with Qu Qiubai in 1935 and suspected of having betrayed Qu Qiubai, had just returned to Xiang Ying after a release from years of KMT prison life.
Communist men and women simply had no regard for their own lives as well as the others.
From Nov 9th to 10th of 1927, Lominadze hosted an interim CCP politburo meeting in Shanghai, proposing "uninterrupted [i.e., perpetual] revolution" instead of "two-stage revolution" for application to the Chinese case. This meeting passed Lominadze's resolution stating that China, not possessing the conditions for a transitionary stage of bourgeois revolution, had to go straight to socialist revolution. 
Qu Qiubai authored articles including "What Kind Of Revolution Is China's Revolution", "On Armed Rebellions", and "Was China's Revolution At Distressed Stage?".
In Wuhan, CCP Hubei Province branch and CCP Yangtze Area Bureau had already blamed Luo Yinong etc for missing the opportunity of uprising one month earlier, which was an attempt at taking advantage of Tang Shengzhi's entangles with and consequent defeat in the hands of Nanking Government. In Changsha, CCP Hunan Province issued an order on Nov 24th for a general provincial uprising. On Dec 1st, a decision was made for the start of a strike on Dec 7th. On Dec 10th, railroad workers began to strike under the personal supervision of CCP provincial commissar. A dare-to-die column, consisting of 200 men, would be mobilized for attacking the electricity company, the provincial military council and the provincial capital garrison headquarters. On the same night, the uprising was quelled after Zhang Fakui sent over a division. Wen Yu pointed out that CCP's rebellion guidelines spelled out such clauses as burning and killing in Hunan-Hubei and Jiangsu provinces. In Hanchuan area of Hubei Province, CCP leaders were instructed to burn villages, towns and cities; in Hunan areas, CCP leaders were instructed to kill all KMT re-organizers (Wang Jingwei's faction), worker traitors, detectives, and reactionaries; and in Hubei extra-territories, CCP leaders were instructed to attack foreigners. Turn-Of-The-Year Uprisings By Zhu De & Chen Yi Conversion With Mao Tse-tung On Mt Jinggangshan Qu Qiubai's Continuing Li Lishan's Centralized Control Over CCP Uprisings On Hainan Island Uprisings In Xiang-E-Xi [western Hunan-Hubei provinces] Uprisings In E-Yu-Wan [Hubei-Henan-Anhui] Weinan & Huaxian Uprising in Shaanxi Province Canton Commune Remnants In Dec 1927, after the failure of Canton Commune, Xu Xiangqian caught up with the retreating rebels at Taiheyu, and then marched on towards Huaxian county. They entered Huaxian county capital after defeating local gentry-organized forces and stayed put for 3 days. Local forces had hide-and-seek warfare with communists continuously. Xu Xiangqian stated that they had about 1440 persons left, with communists taking up 10-20% and KMT leftists taking up the rest. Further, only two, Xu Xiangqian and Wu Zhan, were from Whampoa Academy First Session. Ye Yong, who was made into division chief, was graduated from 3rd Session. The components of this army were mostly from Whampoa 4th Session and Wuhan Academy. They named it Red Army 4th Division, with Yuan Guoping acting as party commissar, and three regiments of 10th, 11th and 12th were organized. Red Army 4th Division was supposedly based on the fact that Zhu De's Nanchang Uprising army was 1st Division, another portion of Nanchang Uprising army which remained at Hailufeng was 2nd Division, and communist guerilla forces in Qiongya (Hainan Island) was Red Army 3rd Division. Red Army 4th Division, having tried in vain to get in touch with Zhu De three times, decided to converge with Red Army 2nd Division in Hailufeng area. After crossing Dongiang River [East River], they captured county magistrate Qiu Guozhong at Zijin county and executed him. Along the road, local gentry forces set up signs stating 'welcome entry and welcome exit'. By Jan 1st 1928, they converged with Peng Pai's 2nd Division at Haifeng county. Peng Pai, a graduate of Waseda University, had undertaken three uprisings from 1924 to 1927. With the help of Red Army 2nd Division, i.e., about 1000 soldiers who were led to the south by Dong Lang and Yan Changyi from Nanchang Uprising, assisted Peng Pai in attacking Haifeng and Lufeng in Oct 1927. CCP East River Bureau organized a 10,000 people welcome party for the 4th Division. At the meeting, Peng Pai claimed that CCP's laws would be execution of landlords once they were caught. Xu Xiangqian would remain in this area till Jan 1929 when last remnants of Red Army 2nd & 4th Divisions were reduced to a dozen people and had to evacuate to Shanghai. This would not be Xu Xiangqian's last time of becoming "bald commander" as he would lose his Red Army during the Western Expedition for purpose of retrieving heavy weaponry that Comintern had transported to Russian Alma Ata [A-la-mu-tu] on the border of New Dominion Province. On the road to HK, Xu Xiangqian's team split into two halves, with the other half never making their way to HK. After arriving in Shanghai, Xu Xiangqian was dispatched to Hubei-Henan-Anhui border areas for organizing Red Army 4th Flank Base. Pingjiang Uprising by Peng Dehuai & Zhang Yunyi (July 1928) Bai'se Uprising by Deng Xiaoping (1929) KMT White Terror On April 5th 1927, KMT supervisory [censoring] committee, on basis of April 2nd Wu Jingheng's purge proposal, ordered that Nationalist armies monitor communist activities in their respective domain. Li Zongren stated that wavering armies were relocated away from Shanghai, including Chiang Kai-shek's crony armies while Guangxi Province army, i.e., the only army that was immune from communist penetration, was deployed in Shanghai and Nanking area for checking on wavering armies as well as purging the communists. Huang Shaohong & Li Jishen immediately notified Guangxi and Guangdong provinces with the purge decision. In Guangxi Province, per Li Zongren, a cousin by the name of Li Zhenfeng was executed as a communist together with the rest of "leftists" and communists. (Li Zongren later blamed Guangxi Province for not following the "monitoring" guideline of the KMT supervisory committee decision and claimed that Guangxi Province had possessed more "leftists" and just a few communists.) On Oct 14th 1927, in Guangxi Province, 9 communists, including Xie Tiemin [i.e., Xie Hegeng's brother], were executed at Lize-men city gate of Guilin. In Nov 1927, Zhou Enlai organized CCP "special task force" for dealing with traitors, security issue, and KMT White Terror. On Sept 15th 1927, Wuhan Government, Nanking Government, and KMT re-organizers, in Shanghai, held a three-party conference for organizing "purging communist special commission" and officially deprived communists of their party membership inside KMT. On Sept 16th, National Commissar meeting, on basis of Aug 22nd Jiujiang Meeting, was held in Nanking for expanding the 47 person military commission to 96 members. Nanking and Wuhan governments hence merged together. However, Hu Qiuyuan pointed out that Wang Jingwei & Tang Shengzhi maintained KMT Wuhan Politics Sub-committee for preserving their independence. On Oct 6th, Zhang Fakui gave a public wire against the KMT "special commissar commission", and On Oct 21st, Tang Shengzhi declared that his Wuhan branch of politics committee separate from Nanking's National Government. Communists, who refused to repent over their deeds and belief, would be executed. Major communists caught and executed would include Chen Yannian [caught 6-26-1927], Zhao Shiyan [i.e., Li Peng's uncle-in-law, caught 7-2-1927], Chen Qiaonian [another son of Chen Duxiu, caught 2-17-1928], Xu Baihao [caught 2-17-1928], Peng Pai & Yang Yin [caught 8-24-1929]. Li Zongren gave the following observations about Chiang Kai-shek:
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)