| Antiquity |
The Prehistory |
| Fiery Lord |
| Chi-you |
| Yellow Lord |
| Xia Dynasty |
22-17th c. BC
1
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| 2070-1600 BC
2
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| 2207-1766 BC
3
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| Shang Dynasty |
17 c.-1122 BC
1
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| 1600-1046 BC
2
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| 1765-1122 BC
3
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| Western Zhou |
1134 - 771 BC
1
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| 1046 - 771 BC
2
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| 1121 - 771 BC
3
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| Eastern Zhou |
770-256 BC |
| 770-249 BC
3
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| Sping & Autumn |
722-481 BC |
| 770-476 BC
3
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| Warring States |
403-221 BC |
| 476-221 BC
3
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| Qin Statelet |
900s?-221 BC |
| Qin Dynasty |
221-206 BC |
| 248-207 BC
3
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| Western Han |
206 BC-23 AD |
| Xin (New) |
9-23 AD |
| Western Han |
23-25 AD |
| Eastern Han |
25-220 |
| Three Kingdoms |
Wei 220-265 |
| Three Kingdoms |
Shu 221-263 |
| Three Kingdoms |
Wu 222-280 |
| Western Jinn |
265-316 |
| Eastern Jinn |
317-420 |
| 16 Nations |
304-420 |
| Cheng Han |
Di 301-347 |
| Hun Han (Zhao) |
Hun 304-329 ss |
| Anterior Liang |
Chinese 317-376 |
| Posterior Zhao |
Jiehu 319-352 ss |
| Anterior Qin |
Di 351-394 ss |
| Anterior Yan |
Xianbei 337-370 |
| Posterior Yan |
Xianbei 384-409 |
| Posterior Qin |
Qiang 384-417 ss |
| Western Qin ss |
Xianbei 385-431 |
| Posterior Liang |
Di 386-403 |
| Southern Liang |
Xianbei 397-414 |
| Northern Liang |
Hun 397-439 |
| Southern Yan |
Xianbei 398-410 |
| Western Liang |
Chinese 400-421 |
| Hunnic Xia |
Hun 407-431 ss |
| Northern Yan |
Chinese 409-436 |
| North Dynasties |
386-581 |
| Northern Wei |
386-534 |
| Eastern Wei |
534-550 |
| Western Wei |
535-557 |
| Northern Qi |
550-577 |
| Northern Zhou |
557-581 |
| South Dynasties |
420-589 |
| Liu Song |
420-479 |
| Southern Qi |
479-502 |
| Liang |
502-557 |
| Chen |
557-589 |
| Sui Dynasty |
581-618 |
| Tang Dynasty |
618-690 |
| Wu Zhou |
690-705 |
| Tang Dynasty |
705-907 |
| Five Dynasties |
907-960 |
| Posterior Liang |
907-923 |
| Posterior Tang |
923-936 |
| Posterior Jinn |
936-946 |
| Posterior Han |
947-950 |
| Posterior Zhou |
951-960 |
| 10 Kingdoms |
902-979 |
| Wu |
902-937 Nanking |
| Shu |
907-925 Sichuan |
| Nan-Ping |
907-963 Hubei |
| Wu-Yue |
907-978 Zhejiang |
| Min |
907-946 Fukien |
| Southern Han |
907-971 Canton |
| Chu |
927-956 Hunan |
| Later Shu |
934-965 Sichuan |
| Southern Tang |
937-975 Nanking |
| Northern Han |
951-979 Shanxi |
| Khitan Liao |
907-1125 |
| Northern Song |
960-1127 |
| Southern Song |
1127-1279 |
| Western Xia |
1032-1227 |
| Jurchen Jin (Gold) |
1115-1234 |
| Mongol Yuan |
1279-1368 |
| Ming Dynasty |
1368-1644 |
| Manchu Qing |
1644-1912 |
| R.O.C. |
1912-1949 |
| R.O.C. Taiwan |
1949-present |
| P.R.C. |
1949-present |
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Ping-Jin Campaign
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, & White Terror vs Red Terror:
1) World War II, in both the East and the West, was the result of the inducement of the British, American[, and French] interest groups and syndicates, as well as the the result of the scheme by Soviet Russia. First there was the October 1925 Locarno Treaties which, per Jozef Beck, led to the opinion that "Germany was officially asked to attack the east, in return for peace in the west." Then in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China. Thereafter the September 1938 Munich Agreement. For what? Britain, France and the United States wanted Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, and wanted Japan to suppress China's nationalist movement and counter the Soviet Union. In both cases, Stalin out-smarted the Anglo-American and the French. Hitler attacked westward instead, and signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin to halve Poland; and Japan attacked Southeast Asia and Pearl Harbor after China, not the Soviet Union.
Half a year before the Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty of April 1941 and one year ahead of the Pacific War, Japan already reached a secret deal with the USSR to halve China, as evidenced by clauses of the Dec 1940 negotiations and treaty between Wang Ching-wei and Japan.
(More available at "Changing Alliances On International Arena", "Century-long American hypocrisy towards China", "Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese", "Joe Stilwell's Authorization To Assassinate Chiang Kai-shek", and "What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution".)
A rather simple explanation for the ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., Americans' hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce since Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. As Paul Reinsch and Arthur Young repeatedly said, the United States of America could have done just a little to help China, but chose to do nothing during WWI other than a Lansing-Ishii Agreement [which was to acknowledge that Japan had special interests (in the specified areas of China specified by the secret memorandum)], chose to do lip-service to Wu Peifu's ROC government while Russians equipped Feng Yuxiang and Sun Yat-sen's military factions with free guns; chose to do nothing after making sure China was to stay in the Second World War by merely granting the currency stabilization loan of 1940; and chose to use the Lend-Lease coercion to force China into throwing the crack troops at northern Burma just prior to the Japanese Ichigo Campaign in 1944.
2) Stalin was the evil genius of the 20th century. Stalin, after the 1929 war against Zhang Xueliang over the Chinese-Eastern Railway [which erupted over Russian and Chinese communist agitation in sabotaging Japan's attempt at building five additional railways in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia], quickly divested himself of the railway when Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th, 1931. After initially calling on world communists to militarily defend the Soviet Union from 1931 to 1933, Stalin subsequently designed the united front and popular front in 1935, and in the time period of 1936-1937 successfully lit the fuse of the Sino-Japanese War by means of repeated G.R.U. operations in northern China and Manchuria. To thwart Anglo-American attempts at using Japan against USSR, Stalin hijacked the American government policies by utilizing agents, saboteurs, provocateurs and sympathizers from the Institute of Pacific Relations. "16 out of 17 of the AMERICANS that were involved in creating the U.N. were later identified, in sworn testimony, as secret communist agents." The whole United States government was in fact taken over by the Comintern agents, including: Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White; Lauchlin Currie; Laurence Duggan; Frank Coe; Solomon Adler; Klaus Fuchs; and Duncan Lee."
John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore, i.e., two "Old China Hands" who were repeatedly cited by the Chi-com for substantiation of the cause and success of the Chinese communist revolution, had merely been Soviet Russian and/or Chicom tools. (Most of the Comintern spies of European and American background had been recruited during their stay in China during the turbulent 1920s. Lattimore's belief and orientation should have been shaped during his early years in Peking in 1920s. Fairbank, who had done everything Agnes Smedley had asked him to do other than putting his name on the roster of the G.R.U. (Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation), was a member of the Chinese League for the Protection of Civil Rights in late 1932 and early 1933, and further rafted with Comintern agent Harold Isaacs on the Jehol River in 1934 before the latter switched to the Trotskyite path. Working directly under Lattimore would be two Chicom spies called Chi Chao-ting and Chen Han-sheng who designed America's China policies.)
3) It was the century's misfortune for China to have to see that the Anglo-American interest groups and Russian/Comintern agents colluded with each other in subverting Nationalist China
--
the beacon tower for the independence of the Asian countries and people
, colonized or semi-colonized by the West,
as "...British Ambassador personally suggested to me [Albert Wedemeyer]
that a strong unified China would be dangerous to the world and certainly would jeopardize the white man's position immediately in Far East and ultimately throughout the world."
No matter it was the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, or the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War, the aforesaid parties, plus the Chinese communist henchmen, were the ONLY people who wanted Japan to invade China, albeit for different reasons and agenda at different stages and times.
In another word, the Japanese never realized that they had been brought up and used as a tool since Matthew Perry's timeframe, first as a tool against Russia in 1904-5 and then used by the Soviets as a tool against China.
"When other nations tried to bar ... [Japan] progress or slur ... [Japan] reputation," as commented by Count Hayashi:
"America always stood for ... [Japan] ...[America's] Stars heralded to the world the rising of ... [Japan] Sun..."
The warships and planes built and used against China in 1931/2 were the products of twenty years of military alliance between Britain and Japan,
following the American support of the Japanese ventures against Ryukyu and Taiwan in the late 19th century.
4) There is no truth in Stalin and Truman racing against each other as suggested by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. While Truman was blindfolded as to the making of the Atomic Bomb, the Russians had been receiving ships of uranium ore throughout the war, which was to make sure that the United States was not to become the nuclear monopoly. Stalin's American proxies already had Truman agree to the terms reached by Roosevelt at Yalta. United States had utterly no preparation for racing its army to Japan or Korea. "It was after US dropped two bombs onto Japan, on Aug 6th & 9th, respectively, that Rusk & Bonesteel, drew up the 38th Parallel on the map as an artificial division line separating the US sphere of influences from the USSR.
5) Japan already explored with the Soviet Russians for surrender. But the Soviets declined it. Otherwise, what's the need to enter Manchuria and Korea? Since the Russians were eager to invade Manchuria & Korea, Japan had to turn around to request with Sweden for relaying a message of surrender.
Japan was in self-denial over the prospect of the Russian entry into war. Intelligence already poured into Japan as to the Russian complicity at Yalta. Back on June 9th, 1945, Truman officially told TV Soong (Song Ziwen) that he was to honor the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Chinese were busy repairing the damages. Japan knew about it. Japan sent secret negotiators to Chiang Kai-shek multiple times in July-August of 1945 for peace talks. Looking in hind sight, China, separately, should have struck a partial peace with Japan to ward off the Russians.
6) Though, the Japanese emperor played a trick in surrender. He signed a "truce" order to his army and listing Britain, American and China and etc, but when he made the announcement on radio, he changed China to Chungking [Chongqing] the Chinese interim capital. We know Japanese have a problem with saving face. But the truth is known no matter how the professor wanted to discount the atomic bombs and gave weight to the Russian entry into the war. Professor Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, who skipped the name of China in his book title and ignored the death toll of 1 million Japanese on mainland China, should spend more time researching into the fate of more than half of the 500-600,000 Kwantung Army that had perished in Russian Siberia.
(Russians sorted out from Japanese Kwantung Army at least 30,000 Japanese cannons and medical staff and no less than two full Korean-ethnic Divisions for deployment by Chinese communists, not to count
the Outer Mongolian Cavalry and 100,000 fully-trained Korean mercenaries sent to China in 1947, with about 60,000-70,000 remnants shipped back to Korea prior to the Korean War of June 1950. According to Kim Il-sun, altogether 250,000 Korean mercenaries took part in the 1945-1950 civil war against the Nationalist Government, with 50-60,000 remnants returning to Korean for the 1950 Korean War.)
7)
Stalin and the Russians were behind each step of Mao in making sure that no peace could have a chance from the day of the Japan surrender. Cumulatively, Russians acknowledged in 1970s that they had given the Chinese communists 700,000 guns, with North Korea's arsenals open for free pickup throughout the Chinese civil wars. (On the 1947 anniversary date of the Russian Revolution, Russians already disclosed that they had given Chinese communists massive military aid - which the Americans refused to acknowledge.) At about the same time the Republican Party forced through the China Aid Act in 1948, Stalin officially stamped a loan for the Chinese communists of equivalent amount allocated by the China Aid Act, with no strings attached.
Stalin understood that the generation of brave Chinese during first part of 20th century was the flower that China ever had in the whole history of 5000 years, a force that must be destroyed so that the Russian scheme at world domination could succeed.
Didn't know the Russian cold-bloodedness? Read into Katyn Murder of 20,000+ Polish officers, and Stalin's plan to shoot 50,000 German officers- which Roosevelt echoed by lessening to 49,500.
As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section,
the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth"
involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men,
whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies,
b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion,
and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore
[and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in.
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The brave R.O.C. soldiers against the armed-to-the-teeth Japanese Army
After squandering the 1st tier troops of 1st-20th Shidans and 2nd tier troops of 100-120th Shidans in "yocho" action against China, the Japanese sent the demoralized Shidans
to the Pacific War graves, to the extent that by the time Japan surrendered, the Japanese homeland soldiers of 1-2 million new recruits possessed bamboo sticks and spears
for defense, while the Soviet/Comintern agents inside of the Japanese government/military, in the name of moving the duel battlefield to the mainland, hoarded large cache of weapons in Manchuria/Korea for free pickup by the Soviets and the
Chinese/Koreans.
Working as a secretary of Konoye Fumimaro the Japanese prime minister as one of five brain trusts, Stalin's spy Ozaki,
likening Japanese prime minister Konoe to Karenski (head of the 1917 transitionary Russian government),
wanted to turn Japan into a replay of the Soviet revolution.
Do you Japanese know that?
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The brave and victorious National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China chased the remnant communists to the north bank of the Sungari River.
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Americans sold out China in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. In late 1944, Leahy was probing China about the Russian demand for Dairen, Port Arthur and the railways. Roosevelt locked up the secret treaties in his drawer till his death. Both Hurley and Leahy merely knew part of the Roosevelt deals with Stalin. Truman pressured China numerous times regarding signing an agreement with Russians no later than July 1st, 1945. Late 1945, George marshall and the Americans continued to sell out China on the matter of the Russian pillage of Manchuria.
Marshall, in spring 1946, flew back to China to stop the Chinese army from moving beyond Sungari.
As disclosed by the documents at the George Marshall foundation, George Marshall, possibly the most hideous agent working on behalf of Stalin and the Soviet Union, saved the ass of the Chinese Communists with a threat to withhold the economic aid that was supposedly coming from the U.S. export-import bank, which never materialized.
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G Marshall, from 1946 to 1948, repeatedly probed numerous Chinese officials and generals as to who could be Chiang's successor.
The U.S. Department of State, run by Russian agents, were repeatedly sending out rumors about getting a succesor for Chiang. Marshall's hands had the blood of millions of Chinese killed in civil wars.
G Marshall, as Wedemeyer said, first armed China and then disarmed China. The U.S. arms embargo continued till the China Aid Act of 1948, and ammunition did not get released till Nov of 1948.
After weapons were shipped
out, Acheson and the undercover Russian agents further attempted to order the ships to turn around at Guam and Okinawa.
In Oct 1949, Acheson pleaded with the British, where the Cambridge Soviet Spy Ring was at work, for recognition of Communist China, which Britain did on Jan 1st, 1950.
After that, Acheson declared the Aleutian curvature, which directly led to the eruption of the Korean War.
Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950.
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Ping-Jin Campaign
Fu Zuoyi's KMT troops, totaling 520,000, originally had plans of either evacuating from coastal Tanggu or retreating to hometown Suiyuan Province in Inner Mongolia via Ping-Sui Railway. To prevent Fu Zuoyi from slipping away, Mao Te-tung deliberately adopted an early policy of either encircling the enemy cities only or segregating parts of the cities, with a specific order that communist forces could not take out all three key points to the west, i.e., Zhangjiakou, Nankou & Xinbao'an.. Mao Tse-tung was especially worried that Fu Zuoyi would succumb to Chiang Kai-shek's request for a relocation to southern China via sea, for which The final onslaught against besieged Du Yuming army group was delayed by two weeks.
In Peiping [i.e., Peking], Nie Rongzhen's city work department of Jinn-Cha-Ji CCP Central Bureau had been working on "peaceful pacification" of Fu Zuoyi's KMT troops since The spring of 1948. CCP underground activist Liu Ren first retrieved Nankai University student Zeng Changning for sake of manoeuvring her father Zeng Yanyi who was a classmate of Fu Zuoyi at Baoding Cadet. After failing to persuade Fu Zuoyi into a defection, Zeng Yanyi managed to have their common teacher Liu Houtong lobby with Fu Zuoyi. Before Liu Houtong acted on it, another communist contact Du Renzhi, with faciliation of student Yan Youwen acting as deputy office director inside of Fu Zuoyi's headquarter, had lobbied with Fu Zuoyi in vain. Du Renzhi then contacted Liu Houtong at the suggestion of brother Du Jingzhi who worked for Fu Zuoyi as a councillor. In September, Liu Ren dispatched messenger to Liu Houtong for asking Fu Zuoyi to follow the example of Wu Hualong's defection at the siege of Jinan. After communist victory in Jinzhou on Oct 15th, Du Renzhi disputed Liu Houtong's suggestion of selling a 'coalition government' to Fu Zuoyi. On Nov 2nd, Du Renzhi promised to Liu Houtong as to communist credibility. In early Nov 1948, Shen Diqing of CCP student work committee in Peking was called over to Bozheng town by Liu Ren for the task of accompanying Fu Dongju, i.e., Fu Zuoyi's daughter, to Peking.
More available at PingJinCampaign-v0.pdf.
Written by Ah Xiang
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US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
![At the time [when China fell under the alien rule],](http://imperialchina.org/0442201b51e71777df540167-resized.jpg)
![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
