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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
WARS & CAMPAIGNS
1945-1949 Civil War Liao-Shen Campaign Korean War Vietnamese War Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, & White Terror vs Red Terror: Second Northern Expedition - 1928 Nationalist Army took over Shanghai on March 21st 1927. On the afternoon of Mar 22nd 1927, Hu Zongnan assembled regiment/battalion officers and armed soldiers, rode on captured vehicles for a tour of the city, intruded onto British/French extraterritories, and drove by the Racing Course (i.e., today's People's Square of Shanghai) and through the Nanking Road. British/French, daunted by National Army's velour and Shanghai citizens' fervor, dared not stop the parade. (During the battle for Shanghai, imperialist nations assembled an army of 23000 in Shanghai and dispatched over 90 warships towards Nanking. However, as Harriet Sergeant had pointed out, Shanghai, i.e., the 'Whore of the Orient', where you could expect to "buy a nine year girl at no cost" per Sterling Seagrave in addition to "688 whorehouses", had corrupted both the mercenaries and the Third Communist International agents. The venereal disease incapacitated Dr. McDonald's entire British regiment as a result of "everything [including sex] was so [dirty] cheap", with soldiers having to go through treatment in Weihaiwei before reunion with their wives and girl friends.) With Songjiang-Shanghai Campaign over, Nationalist Army pushed against Sun Chuanfang remnants as well as armies of Zhi-xi [Hebei Province] and Lu-jun [Shandong Province army] from all directions. Sun Chuanfang's generals already defected to the Nationalist Army camp in batches: 15th Division Chief Liu Baoti defected on Feb 20th, 6th Division Chief Chen Diaoyuan defected on Mar 4th, and Ye Kaixin and Wang Pu followed suit. Three Hunan Province armies participated in the campaign against Nanking, i.e., Tan Yankai's 2nd Corps, Cheng Qian's 6th Corps & Heh Yaozu's 2nd route army. Nationalist Army General Cheng Qian pushed against Wuhu and Yicheng on Feb 27th, took over Wuhu on Mar 6th and Dangtu on Mar 17th, and continued on against Nanking. On the other side of Yangtze River, Nationalist Army, in collaboration with Chen Diaoyuan, penetrated into the central Anhui Province and north of Huai-shui River. On March 24th 1927, 6th & 2nd Corps of the Nationalist Army took over Nanking. Sun Chuanfang's army fled, and pillaging occurred in Nanking. Pearl Buck [Sai-zhen-zhu] had recalls about her ransacked residence in Nanking. At this time, British and American warships fired cannon balls into Nanking city from warships near Xiaguan Wharf on the pretext of punishing mobsters. Cheng Qian fought back against the warships' bombardment. Bombing led to a Chinese casualty of over 2000 people, i.e., Nanking Bloody Incident. Japanese, headed by Shidehara Kijuro, refused to join the British, American, French & Italian in an ultimatum against Chiang Kai-shek. (On April 20th 1927, new Japanese Prime Minister, Tanaka Giichi, in contrast with his predecessor, had adopted a belligerent policy against Chiang Kai-shek's National Government by dispatching relief to Jinan of Shandong Province on May 27th.) Three Routes of Nationalist Army Pushing Against Northern Armies
More available at Northern_Expedition.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Wuhan's KMT Leftist Government Campaigning Against Nanking 
On June 23rd, Tang Shengzhi, i.e., leader of KMT Leftist army, assumed the post of commander-in-chief for a campaign against Nanking, with two flanks pushing along the Yangtze River. Tang Shengzhi was in charge of 8th, 35th & 36th corps, while Zhang Fakui in charge of 4th, 11th & 20th corps. Cheng Qian & Zhang Fakui marched along the southern bank, while Tang Shengzhi & Heh Jian the northern bank. Tang Shengzhi and Zhang Fakui, earlier, had relocated their armies from Henan Province after the Zhengzhou Meeting.
On June 27th, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the withdrawal of the siege of Linyi of Shandong Province and dispatched troops back to Nanking's defense. Li Zongren memoirs stated that he himself went to Nanking in early July while halting troops at their original positions. In Nanking, Li Zongren proposed to retreat back across Huai-shui River while Chiang Kai-shek was unwilling to give up Xuzhou city. Due to Chiang Kai-shek insistence, Li Zongren returned to Xuzhou, convened a meeting about defending the city with weaker corps under Wang Tianpei, and ordered the relocation of the stronger 7th Corps to Wuhu area. At this time, Zhang Fakui's Wuhan 2nd Front Army had reached Jiujiang of Jiangxi Province. Only communist rebellion at Nanchang on Aug 1st 1927 delayed the eastern thrust of Wuhan army. Japanese, taking advantage of KMT internal strife, dispatched 2000 soldiers to Jinan the Shandong provincial capital, while Sun Chuanfang counter-attacked Xuzhou and took over Xuzhou on July 20th. Wu Peifu's Fall From Power 
At Nanyang, 8th Corps Chief Yu Xuezhong, unable to control his forces, persuaded Wu Peifu into seeking asylum elsewhere while Yu Xuezhong himself defected to Feng-xi's camp to be chief of 20th Corps under Zhang Zuolin's Anguo-jun (pacifying country army).
While fleeing, Wu Peifu's longtime counselor and friend Zhang Qihuang was killed by Fan Zhongxiu's soldiers.
With the help of Zhang Liansheng at Xiangyang city, Wu Peifu went on a flee towards Sichuan Province. However, Zhang Liansheng, a follower of Wu Peifu, defected to Feng Yuxiang and assisted Feng Yuxiang in attacking Wu Peifu's 2nd regiment at a river crossing, leading to a loss of three ships and over hundred people on the part of Wu Peifu.
Wu Peifu's entourage then walked along small mountainside roads in northern Hubei Province, passing through numerous banditry dens, often with bandits serving as guide in respective domains and holding a sign with 'Wu Peifu' characters. At one time, some local army tried to disarm Wu Peifu. By July 13th 1927, Wu Peifu's 5000 men arrived at Ba-dong (i.e., eastern Sichuan Province) where Yang Sen offered asylum to Wu after assuring Chiang Kai-shek that Wu Peifu, as a personal friend, would act as civilian only in Sichuan Province. Yang Sen, who himself declared loyalty to the Nationalist Government already, would ask Wu Peifu make a public announcement to the nation about his hermitage.
Chiang Kai-shek's Defeat At Xuzhou & His Stepdown In northern China, after the relocation of nationalist 7th Corps, Zhi-Lu-jun armies [Xu Kun & Xu Yuanquan] and Sun Chuanfang army mounted a counter-attack. Nationalist 10th Corps incurred heavy loss at Lincheng. On July 27th, Xu Kun's northern army sacked Xuzhou. Wang Tianpei retreated to Suzhou of Anhui Province. Nationalist 2nd route retreated to northern Jiangsu Province along Long-Hai Railroad. Chiang Kai-shek, against Li Zongren's advice, insisted on a re-capture of Xuzhou by taking advantage of Wuhan-CCP entanglements. Chiang Kai-shek then personally led a campaign against Xuzhou with two divisions from 1st Corps, with a swear that he would not return to Nanking should he fail to take Xuzhou. Li Zongren, being worried about Chiang Kai-shek's emotions, left for Wuhu area for defense against Wuhan "eastern expedition" forces. On July 25th, Chiang Kai-shek left for the north. In early August, Chiang Kai-shek initiated a counter-attack with 10th, 27th, 32nd, 40th & 1st corps, while Bai Chongxi fought against Xu Yuanquan & Sun Chuanfang around Huai-shui River with 37th & 44th corps. Chiang Kai-shek fell into a trap by pushing his armies to the city gate of Xuzhou. Northern armies dispatched a column for a surprise attack from the rightside, while launching an attack at the front. Chiang Kai-shek fled all the way southward with no time to sabotage the Jin-Pu Railway. More available at Battle of Xuzhou. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Battle Of Longtan 
Sun Chuanfang came back toward Chuzhou in the south on Aug 15th. Northern armies returned via the Jin-Pu Railway and the Canal, and blasted the southern Yangtze bank for days. On Aug 21st, Zhang Zongchang went to Peking for briefing Zhang Zuolin as to Sun Chuanfang's actions. Zhang Zuolin dispatched Bo-hai Sea Fleet to Wusongkou the Yangtze River mouth. Sun Chuanfang then moved his command center to Luhe. On the night of 25th, Sun Chuanfang mounted a "Crossing Yangtze" campaign against Nanking. On the southern bank, Nationalist Army had disbursed the first route army to Wulongshan-Longtan-Qixiashan, the second route army to the upperstream Yangtze, and the third route army to the middle segment. Li Zongren, after his return, had ordered that Liao Lei dispatch an extra 8 regiments to Mt Wulongshan.
More available at Battle of Longtan. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Second Northern Campaign On Dec 11th, communists, under leadership of Zhang Tailei and Soviet Consulate, staged "Canton Commune" rebellion in Guangzhou of Guangdong Province. On Dec 12th, Heh Yingqin's 1st Route began to attack Xuzhou and took over the Xuzhou airport, and four days later, took over Xuzhou with sacrifice of life by 65th Regiment Chief Cheng Shi in the Battle of Zhilan. On 14th, KMT Government rescinded all relationships with USSR. KMT leadership had dispute in regards to Soviet involvement, with Wu Jingheng and Whang Jingwei against each other. Senior KMT leaders, including Deng Zeru and Gu Yingfen, rebuked nine KMT commissars including Whang Jingwei. Whang Jingwei resigned his post for an overseas trip on Dec 17th. More available at 2nd Northern Campaign. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
National Humiliation Memorial Day At Jinan, Japanese army, which landed in coastal Qingdao in the summer of 1927 but evacuated in five batches after protests by Peking Government, would stage a comeback on April 27th 1928. Back in July [June 27th to July 7th per LDF] 1927, Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka convened an "Orient Meeting" in Tokyo. In Aug, Japanese consuls convened a Dalian Meeting inside China. On April 27th 1928, about 5000 Japanese from 2nd division-conglomerate landed in Qingdao. 400 Japanese were sent southward to Jiao-Ji Railway in Shandong Province from Tianjin's Japanese concession territory. Zhang Zongchang secretly sold out interests in Qingdao and on Jiao-Ji Railway to Japanese for help in fending off the Northern Expedition forces. (Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka, who coerced Manchurian Warlord Zhang Zuolin with construction of Jilin-Heilongjiang railway and later blasted Zhang Zuolin to death on June 4th 1928, would resign in July 1928 under the pressure of Japanese emperor.) In face of KMT Second Northern Expedition, on May 2nd, i.e., the second day after Jinan fell into revolutionary army, Japanese had taken up positions at Japanese consulate, Japanese school, Jinan Hospital, and Japanese-controlled "Jinan Daily" newspaper office. Japanese army set up barber wires and checkpoints throughout commercial districts of the city and shot dead any Chinese who approached them. Xu Zhen stated that on May 1st and 3rd, Heh Yaozu's 40th Corps had conflicts with Japanese army. Chiang Kai-shek convened a meeting in Jinan for sake of trying to avoid confrontations with Japanese. Hu Zongnan refused to take up the task of garrison for Jinan. On May 3rd, Japanese refused to let go negotiators sent by the nationalist Government and demanded that Nationalist Army retreat 20 kilometers away from Jinan city. At 9:37 am, Japanese attacked Chinese barracks. Fighting ensued for whole day. At night, Japanese army intruded into the office of KMT negotiators, bound the hands of all personnel, and executed them. Japanese soldiers broke the leg of KMT commissioner Cai Gongshi, hit off his teeth, cut the tongue, and shot him. Hu Qiuyuan mentioned that foreign minister Huang Fu was arrested by Japanese. Two regiments, 7th regiment of 3rd division and the first regiment, were disarmed by Japanese while under Chiang Kai-shek's order of "no fighting back". On May 4th, Japanese planes bombed the headquarters of the revolutionary army. When 40th Corps refused ceasefire order and fought the Japanese, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Hu Zongnan go to the 40th Corps for stopping the war with Japanese. On May 5th, Chiang Kai-shek, leaving an order that Li Yannian's regiment stayed in Jinan city for two days, secretly ordered that nationalist army crossed the Yellow River for the north. Hu Qiuyuan stated that Chiang Kai-shek relocated his HQ to Dangjiazhuang on May 6th and that Japanese Kwantung army came over around May 7th to surround Jinan city. At Yanzhou, Chiang Kai-shek and KMT party and administration officials made a decision to circumvent around Jinan for a continuous campaign towards Peking. Japanese, learning that nationalist army had crossed the river, waged a war against Li Yannian's regiment in an outrage. Li Yannian's regiment fought Japanese till 9th. On May 11th, while on their way of retreat, Li Yannian's regiment was attacked by Japanese without regard for a ceasefire, and about 500 soldiers broke through the siege. Japanese army consequently launched a massacre at Jinan city, shooting dead 200 wounded KMT soldiers at a hospital and killing over 2000 civilians. Unofficial account stated that as many as 101,062 soldiers and civilians were killed and wounded during "Jinan Bloody Incident". Nationalist Government later decreed that May 3rd be designated the "National Humiliation Memorial Day". Chiang Kai-shek blamed Jinan Incident on Heh Yaozu, and revoked Heh Yaozu's posts of garrison commander for Nanking and commander-in-chief of 3rd group army. After Tanaka resigned in July 1928 over the June 4th death of Zhang Zuolin, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched Wang Zhengting to goodwill negotiations with the relatively friendly Japanese prime minister Shidehara Kijuro [Biyuan Xichonglang in Chinese]. By March 28th 1929, Japanese foreign minister acknowledged the 'Jinan Incident' as a misfortune and agreed to withdrawing the troops from Shandong within two months. (Wang Zhengting would also be responsible for terminating the Belgian settlement in Tianjin on Aug 31st 1929 and the British lease of Weihaiwei on Oct 1st 1930.) Unification of China By mid-May, Nationalist Army approached Baoding and Dezhou. On May 30th, Zhang Zuolin's An-guo-jun army declared a general retreat towards Luan-he River area. The next day, 1st Group Army took over Baoding. On June 1st, Chiang Kai-shek held a meeting with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan at Shijiazhuang in regards to recovering Tianjin & Beijing. The next day, Zhang Zuolin sent a public wire about his exit from Peking. On June 3rd, Zhang Zuolin and his entourage of about 30 rode on train for Shenyang of Manchuria. However, at about 5:30 am, on the morning of June 4th, on the way home, Zhang Zuolin's train was bombed by 30 bags of yellow powder at Huanggudun train station near Shenyang city. Under the pressure, Kwantung army immediately placed two dead bodies at the scene and claimed that spies from southern China had blasted Zhang Zuolin's train. (Japanese later acknowledged that they did the assassination, while some scholar had claimed that it was the Soviet agents who laid the mine.) Manchurian army, i.e., Feng-xi army, swarmed out of Shanhaiguan Pass upon hearing the death of their commander. Zhang Xueliang stealthily returned to Shenyang on June 18th and assumed the post of commander-in-chief on July 4th. By June 6th, Yan Xishan's 3rd Group Army reached the outskirts of Peking. By June 8th, Sun Chu, an officer under Shang Zhen's rightside column of 3rd Group Army, led three regiments into Peking through Xuanwumen City Gate. 7th Corps Chief Zhang Yinwu entered Peking next and was conferred the post of garrison commander. Revolutionary army then converged upon Tianjin. At Tianjin, Zhang Zongchang and Chu Yuepu fled to Luanhe, and remnants, about 200,000, surrendered to the revolutionary army without a fight. On June 20th, KMT central politics meeting decreed that Zhili be renamed Hebei, and Beijing [Peking] be renamed Peiping [Beiping]. Beiping and Tianjin cities were put under special jurisdiction. Also in June, Governor-general Yang Zengxin, in Chinese Turkestan, declared a change of flag to Nanking Government's "blue sky and white sun flag". On June 9th, Chiang Kai-shek issued a public wire as to resigning the posts of commander-in-chief of the northern expedition army and chairman of the military committee on the pretext that northern expeditions were accomplished. The public wire called for a demobilization. On June 12th, Chiang Kai-shek announced the relinquishment of the post as chairman of KMT Central Politics Meeting. Ding Weifen of KMT Party Affairs Department followed suit with a resignation announcement; navy commander Yang Shuzhuang submitted his resignation; and 1st Corps Chief Liu Zhi applied for overseas studies in Europe. Also on June 12th, Feng Yuxiang, being still angry over Yan Xishan's control over Peking-Tientsin area, would first send a wire for dissuading Chiang Kai-shek as to resignations. Seeing no reply from Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang further wired to express a wish to resign together should Chiang Kai-shek be adamant about it. Thereafter, Yan Xishan, Bai Chongxi, Li Zongren, Heh Yingqin and Li Jishen etc sent in wires for a dissuasion of Chiang Kai-shek. On June 17th, Chiang Kai-shek revoked his resignations and returned to Nanking from his hometown. On July 2nd, Heh Yingqin first talked about contracting armies to 80 divisions from 300 divisions nationwide. Hu Zongnan's 22nd division was contracted to 2nd brigade under 1st division in Qufu of Shandong Province in late Aug. (Hu Zongnan was said to have retained 60 officers on his own payroll.) On July 3rd, commander-in-chiefs of four routes of Revolutionary Army entered Peking. On July 6th, four commanders went to Biyunshi Monastery on Mt Western Hill for paying respect to Dr Sun Yat-sen's altar. On July 8th 1928, Chiang Kai-shek declared that Dr Sun Yat-sen's coffin be moved to Nanking the capital. In Peking, Feng Yuxiang held a banquet inside of the Forbidden City. During the banquet, Feng Yuxiang suddenly ordered that hundreds of staff workers converge onto the dining hall and shout aloud to the guests, stating that Feng Yuxiang, after kicking out the last Qing Emperor, did not steal "national treasures" as the rumor said. On Aug 9th, KMT politics meeting decreed that Qinghai, Xikang [western Sichuan], Rehe, Chahar and Suiyuan be zoned as provinces. On Oct 8th, KMT standing committee made Chiang Kai-shek into chairman [president] of National Government. Tan Yankai, Hu Hanmin, Wang Chonghui, Dai Chuanxian [Dai Jitao] & Cai Yuanpei were made into ministers of five Government departments. On Nov 10th, Chiang Kai-shek inspected his crony 1st Division at Xuzhou where he probably first discussed the issue of neo-warlords. On Dec 29th 1928, Zhang Xueliang, son of late Zhang Zuolin, together with Zhang Zuoxiang and Wan Fulin, against Japanese threats and coercions, declared in a public wire that the four provinces of Feng [Liaoning], Ji [Jilin], Hei [Heilongjiang], & Ri [Rehe] change flag to that of the Republic of China, obey the National Government, and follow the "Three People's Principles". On Dec 31st 1928, Chiang Kai-shek conferred the "Manchuria border commander-in-chief" onto Zhang Xueliang, and further ceded Rehe Province to be under the jurisdiction of Manchuria. Fengtian was renamed to the Province of Liaoning. (Heh Chengjun, a disciple of Huang Xing while studying at Japan's Zhenwu Military School in 1904, was said to have been responsible for persuading Zhang Xueliang into this move. Li Zongren memoirs stated that Zhang Xueliang dispatched two emissaries [Xing Shilian & Wang Shuhan] to Peking on July 8th 1928 for peace talks with the four leaders of the Nationalist Army Groups. Li Zongren stated that he had advocated peaceful solution to Manchuria, while Feng Yuxiang & Yan Xishan deeply disliked Zhang Xueliang and proposed a military solution.) China was finally reunited again under the National Government of the ROC. In May-June 1929, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's bronze coffin was moved to Zijinshan Mountain of Nanking from Peking. Warship Weisheng-jian sailed through Pukou and delivered the coffin at Xiaguan Dock, next to Nanking, on June 28th, with honorary cannon shooting to the skies as salutes. Kong Xiangxi, who was reported to be a fat man riding a fat horse at the scene, personally led a staff of 32 men aboard Warship Weisheng-jian. Ships in Yangtze River, domestic and foreign, all fired cannons to show respect. 
Mme Sun Yat-sen, wearing all black, stepped onto Zhongshan Dock (with a newly built wharf) together with the funeral column. At the dock, Chiang Kai-shek was wearing white robe and black vest while the rest of KMT central executive committee members in blue robes and black vests, all barefoot as a show of respect. Then vehicles carrying the coffin drove to KMT party headquarters for the coffin-waiting ceremony. Three Song family sisters, with tears, followed the coffin in the vehicle column. Sun Yat-sen's long-time Japanese pals also participated. Above the coffin at KMT party headquarters was a banner stating "Spirit Forever Immortal". From May 26th to June 1st, a period of 'holding in peace' was declared, with innumerable civilians and soldiers participating in the coffin relocation ceremony. (Descriptions from "A Journey Through China - A Pictorial Walk, 1927-1997", Tian-Xia-Wen-Hua Publishing House, Taipei, Taiwan, 1997)
Wars Of Chiang Kai-shek versus Gui-xi (March 1929) KMT Government under Chiang Kai-shek, having barely united China, would be engaged in numerous rounds of civil wars with the communists as well as KMT opponents & adversaries [termed "neo-warlords" by Chiang Kai-shek]. In early years, however, Chiang Kai-shek had deliberately adopted the approach of "yang [multiplying] fei [communist banditry] zi [for enhancing selfish] zhong [important position of being indispensable]" per LZR. In 1929, Chiang Kai-shek launched two wars with Guangxi Province armies [i.e., 4th group army], and in 1930, Chiang Kai-shek engaged himself in the bloody War of the Central Plains. Li Dongfang claimed that Chiang Kai-shek incurred a casualty of 95000 while the opposing camp 150000. Yu Maochun cited Song Ziwen's bragging in front of US president in 1943 and pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek had won the civil wars as a result of Song Ziwen's decoding the opponents' telegraphs. (However, at the same time, communist moles, like Qian Zhuangfei, Li Kenong & Hu Di [Hu Beifeng], already penetrated into Chiang Kai-shek's spy network.) The direct consequence of Chiang Kai-shek's selfishness and intolerance would be: i) Communist disturbances; ii) Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi of Gui-xi [Guangxi Province clique] was counted as one of the four military groups together with Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army, Feng Yuxiang's Northwestern Army and Yan Xishan's Shanxi Province army. During the northern expeditions, Gui-xi, aside from home base in Guangxi Province [under Huang Shaohong & Huang Xuchu], directly controlled Hunan-Hubei Provinces, with Li Zongren controlling Xia Wei's 7th Corps, Tao Jun's 18th Corps, Hu Zongduo's 19th Corps, and Heh Jian & Lu Diping's troops in Hunan Province. Other than Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi extended his influence to troops in Peking, Tianjin and Tanggu to the north. Nationalist Army Re-organization & Shrinkage Meeting Chiang Kai-shek left Peking on July 25th. Li Zongren paid a visit to Kaifeng where Feng Yuxiang hosted the trip. On Aug 8th, KMT 5th Plenary opened session. At the meeting, Chiang Kai-shek and the rest KMT leaders disputed the issue of "centralized rule" versus "provincial autonomy". Five department system was set up, with Chiang Kai-shek made into president of the National Government. "Re-organization & Shrinkage of Armies" was proposed. Li Zongren suggested that Yan Xishan & Feng Yuxiang may not like to stay in capital permanently while he himself had no issue with staying put in Nanking. Li Zongren stated that it was easy to dismiss the soldiers, but not the officers, not to mention dismissing senior military leaders. Further, Li proposed an arrangement for senior military leaders to have overseas inspection or studies. However, Chiang Kai-shek did not heed Li Zongren's call as a result of Chiang Kai-shek’s plan to preserve his own group army at the expense of the rest. On Jan 1st 1929, Chiang Kai-shek officially convened the disarmament meeting in Nanking, termed "Nationalist Army Re-organization & Shrinkage Meeting", a meeting that would last for a whole month. Meeting began with an oath administered by Gu Yingfen; two drafts from Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan were proposed; and Yan Xishan was made into director of economic management team for the Re-organization & Shrinkage Committee. Feng Yuxiang objected to Chiang Kai-shek's plan to shrink his 2nd group army of 10 corps & 8 detached divisions [420000 soldiers] by pointing out that Chiang Kai-shek should shrink the 1st group army of 20 corps & 4 detached divisions [500000 soldiers]. Chiang Kai-shek proposed to adopt the draft system for the national military instead of solicitation and recruitment system. Soon, Feng Yuxiang, being against Yan Xishan's plan, asked his crony Xie Wubi to attend the meeting instead. Xie Wubi argued against Chiang Kai-shek's classifying the Northwestern Army as ill-disciplined rascals by pointing out that the source of soldiers for his 2nd Group Army had come from county magistrates. Chiang Kai-shek intended to reduce the headcounts of Yan Xishan's 2nd group army, Feng Yuxiang's 3rd group army and Li Zongren's 4th group army. Thinking he was more Muslim-related, Bai Chongxi, i.e., head of "Muslim patriotic society", at one time, had proposed to be assigned to "northwestern mobile military camp", but Chiang Kai-shek sent Cheng Qian to the Northwest, instead. Bai Chongxi, for fear of being caught by Chiang Kai-shek, deliberately sought excuses to avoid a trip to Nanking for the meeting. At this time, Li Jishen, who was pressured by Chiang Kai-shek into releasing the provincial chair post for Guangdong Province to Chen Mingshu on Nov 21st 1928, came to Nanking for the meeting. Li Jishen proposed a plan of dividing China into 5 military districts and 1 central military district, with airforce and navy subject to the central military district. First session ended on Jan 25th, with a decision to reduce the national military to 65 divisions, 8 cavalry brigades, 16 cannons regiments and 8 engineering regiments. Five regional Re-organization & Shrinkage Sub-Committee offices were to be established in Nanking, Kaifeng, Beiping, Hankou & Shenyang, with Heh Yingqin in charge of 1st Group Army, Lu Zhonglin the 2nd Group Army, Zhou Dai 3rd Army Group, and Bai Chongxi the 4th Group Army. 5th sub-committee of Shenyang was for Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army, while the 6th sub-committee was for Southwestern provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou Sichuan, and Xikang. Yan Xishan made a pretext for slipping back to Taiyuan of Shanxi Province. At the advice of counselor Zhang Fang [Zhang Boying], Feng Yuxiang pretended an illness by burning charcoal inside his bedroom and covering himself with two sheets of cotton bedsheet. Chiang Kai-shek personally visited Feng Yuxiang to check on the illness. On Feb 14th, Feng Yuxiang slipped across the Yangtze for Pukou where his armored train was waiting. "Nationalist Army Re-organization & Shrinkage Meeting" came to an end with no resolutions. The War of Chinese Eastern Railway In Manchuria, on May 27th 1929, Zhang Xueliang's troops raided Russian consulate in Harbin, confiscated 3rd Comintern documents, and arrested 39 Russian and Chinese communists. On July 10th [?], Zhang Xueliang's troops, with Chiang Kai-shek's acquiesce (?), took over China Eastern Railway, arrested Russian management and shut down Russian consulate and commerce centers. Li Dongfang claimed that Zhang Xueliang ordered that Luu Ronghuan suspend the Russian bureau chief post and replace it with deputy bureau chief Fan Qiguang on July 11th. Russian and Chinese communists [59 staff of Russian citizenship per LDF] were expelled from Manchuria. USSR issued an ultimatum on July 13th; China declined Russian demands on 16th; and USSR severed diplomacy with China on July 18th [July 17th per LDF], expelled Chinese diplomats from USSR, recalled Russians back home, claimed to enforce the 1924 agreement on the railway, and launched an invasion [i.e., the War of Chinese Eastern Railway] on July 20th. Throughout the time period to October, border clashes had occurred between Soviet and Chinese troops. In November, Soviet Red Army, with air support, occupied the Manchurian border city of Hailar. Russians occupied numerous cities including Suibin, Tongjiang, Lubin and Hailaer by Nov. Chinese communist leaders, like Liu Bocheng and Liu Ying, together with Korean/Japanese communists, volunteered to go to Sino-Russian border to fight Zhang Xueliang as a show of action in "militarily defending the USSR". Stalin, after a second thought, forbade the "volunteers" from direct military action and arranged for them to take part in propaganda war against the Chinese prisoners of war. On Dec 22nd, at Khabarovsk [Boli], Cai Yunsheng, i.e., Zhang Xueliang's rep, agreed to the restoration of Soviet control over the railroads well as the resumption of normal trade between China and the Soviet Union. (Thereafter, ROC rep Mo Dehui visited USSR for 25 talks but failed to win anything back. After Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th 1931, USSR sold its interests in China Eastern Railway to Manchukuo, i.e., Japan's puppet. Note that Czar Russia had not invested a cent in the Chinese portion of China Eastern Railway since Li Hongzhang and Manchu China had provided the funds and materials for the said "joint venture". USSR, through the Yalta Betrayal, gained back its interests in China Eastern Railway plus Southern Manchurian Railway via a "friendship treaty" that was coerced from China shortly after the Japan's surrender in Aug 1945 by declining a Japanese request for decent surrender. Chiang Kai-shek, having apparently lost his "time of opportunity" in the one and half months' negotiations with the "big nose", had not repented over his often-repeating mistakes, i.e., the loss of opportunity in stamping a better agreement with communists between the Xi'an Coup of Dec 1936 and the eruption of Resistance War in July 1937. Or in another sense, the conspiracy against the Republic of China by the colonialists-communists 'win-win' team was so immense that there would be no chance for China to fight against the spider web.) Wuhan Incident 
Quelling Tang Shengzhi 
Li Zongren Experiencing French "Dark House" Customs In Vietnam To prevent Li Zongren etc from lending help to Feng Yuxiang, Chiang Kai-shek contacted British governor for HK in having Li Zongren pals evicted from HK. Li Zongren, Ye Qi, Gan Jiehou & Wei Yunsong departed HK for a stopover in Vietnam in early Oct after obtaining visa from French authority. At Saigon, the four went through the usual French colonialist discriminatory checkup at the customs, i.e., imprisonment inside of so-called "dark house" which possessed two doors and no windows. Soon, French found out the true identity of Li Zongren and dispatched plaincoats for guarding at the hotel for sake of protecting the gang from possible assassination by Chiang Kai-shek's spies. While Li Zongren was in Vietnam, Yu Zuobo [Yu Zuobai] & Li Mingrui rebelled against Chiang Kai-shek by launching communist movement inside of Guangxi Province. Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui Colluding With Communists In Guangxi Province, Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui organized a Government, contacted communists for assistance, and tried to obtain support from KMT re-organizers such as Whang Jingwei & Xue Yue. Half a year later, Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui, against communist advice for patience per XHG memoirs, decided to rebel against Chiang Kai-shek by cooperating with KMT re-organizers (? as claimed by Xie Hegeng memoirs). In "White Terror versus Red Terror", we mentioned that following You-jiang Uprising would be Zuo-jiang [Leftside River] Uprising on February 1,1930 when Deng Xiaoping, Li Mingrui and Yu Zuoyu led the Longzhou Uprising, culminating in the formation of the Eighth Corps of the Red Army on basis of 5th column of Guangxi Garrison Troops. Li Mingrui later became the commander-in-chief of the Seventh and Eighth corps. Li Zongren memoirs stated that the whole Guangxi Province objected to Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui for their collusion with communists. Among the returnees, Yang Tenghui, Zhou Zuhuang, Liang Chongxi and Huang Quan split away from Yu Zuobo & Li Mingrui. Chiang Kai-shek frustrated this Guangxi Government via his usual bribery policy with Gui-xi subordinate officials. Chiang Kai-shek first ordered that Luu Huanyan return to Guangxi as new provincial chair. When Luu Huanyan dared not return, Guangxi people sent emissaries to Vietnam for inviting Li Zongren home. Li Zongren returned to China via Guangzhou Bay at the turn of 1929-1930. Before Li Zongren returned to Nanning, Bai Chongxi & Huang Shaohong had already made their stealthy return. Li Zongren memoirs pointed out that Yu Zuobo fled the province, while Li Mingrui, communist Zhang Yunyi, and Yu Zuobo's brother [Yu Zuoyu] divided their forces into two parts and established Soviet Governments in Baise & Longzhou, respectively. Xie Hegeng memoirs stated that Whang Jingwei, for sake of protecting Zhang Fakui's army which stationed in Guangxi, dispatched a messenger to Hong Kong for inviting Li Zongren, Huang Shaohong & Bai Chongxi back to Guangxi Province where they organized the Eight Route of "KMT Army For Protecting Party & Rescuing Nation". However, Li Zongren memoirs stated that Zhang Fakui's 4th Corps, which originally joined the attack at the 4th Group Army in Wuhan, had come southward to Guangxi Province at the order of Whang Jingwei who opposed Chiang Kai-shek's control over the 3rd Plenary. Hence, at Nanning, "KMT Army For Protecting Party & Rescuing Nation" was organized, with Li Zongren acting as commander-in-chief and Huang Shaohong as deputy commander-in-chief. Two routes of armies were arranged, with Zhang Fakui & Xue Yue in charge of 3rd Route, and Li Zongren in charge of 8th Route. Second War Between Chiang Kai-shek & Gui-xi In the winter of 1929, "Second War Between Chiang Kai-shek & Gui-xi" broke out. In early Dec, Zhang Fakui arrived in Guangxi with over 10000 soldiers. The two routes of Guangxi Province army intruded into Guangdong Province, with Zhang Fakui departing Sihui & Qingyuan for Huaxian & Conghua, and the right prong attacking Juntian & Foshan via Zhaoqing. When Zhang Fakui closed in towards Canton, Central Army came to the relief of Guangdong Army. Zhang Fakui retreated. Right prong was cut off by Guangdong Province navy which took over Wuzhou beforehand. Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui then concentrated their armies in the areas of Pingle & Lipu. At this time, Luu Huanyan defected to Chiang Kai-shek's camp at Yulin. Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi promptly dismissed two divisions chiefs, i.e., Huang Quan & Meng Zhi, for their possible collusion with Luu Huanyan emissaries. Then, Huang Shaohong & Zhang Fakui crossed the river to defeat Luu Huanyan who fled to Canton thereafter. Jiang Dingwen led Guangdong Army along West River for an attack at Yulin and defeated Guangxi army at Beiliu. Bai Chongxi, on the other side, defeated Zhu Shaoliang's army [which intruded into Pingle] and expelled Tan Daoyuan & Liu Heding out of Guangxi Province. Guangxi [including Zhang Fakui army] and Guangdong hence faced off with each other till the outbreak of the War of the Central Plains in the spring of 1930 by which time Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui entered Hunan Province in support of Yan Xishan & Feng Yuxiang. War Of The Central Plains (May 1930) Military Approach Against Tang Shengzhi But Political Approach Against Shi Yousan KMT Expanded Meeting (Peking & Taiyuan) War of the Central Plains Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui Invading Hunan Province Guangdong Province Army Hitting The Hind Of Li Zongren & Zhang Fakui Continuing War of the Central Plains Li Zongren Defending Guangxi Province Hu Hanmin's House Arrest Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds In May of 1927, CCP cadre Yang Shan was sent to Hainan Island as a "special commissar" for elevating CCP's "regional committee" to CCP's Qiongya Special Commissar Committee of Hainan Island and launching three consecutive uprisings among Li-zu & Miao-zu minorities around Lingshui county in June, Oct and Nov/Dec of 1927. In western Hunan-Hubei provinces, an area populated mainly by Miao-zu & Tujia-zu minorities, CCP dispatched Heh Long & Zhou Yiqun there for launching rebellion in Jan 1928, culminating in the establishment of Chinese Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army 4th Corps. In Weinan and Huaxian counties of Shaanxi Province, in April and May 1928, Liu Zhidan orchestrated a CCP uprising. Xu Xiangqian, till Jan 1929, fought guerilla warfare in Haifeng & Lufeng area of Guangdong Province with remnant Red Army 2nd & 4th Divisions. Peng Dehuai & Zhang Yunyi, in July 1928, staged Pingjiang Uprising and established Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Revolutionary Base. Deng Xiaoping, Zhang Yunyi, Lei Jingtian and Wei Baqun, on Dec 11th 1929, staged Bai'se Uprising, i.e., You-jiang [Rightside River] Uprising. Inside of KMT camp, Luo Binghui led the defection of gentry-organized militia to communist camp from Zhu Peide's camp, and Mao Tse-tung, after arriving in Gutian of Shanghang county in Dec 1929, launched Gutian Meeting for rectifying the thoughts of soldiers and officers, especially those of 4th Echelon which was comprised of turncoat armies from KMT 8th Corps and 3rd Corps. (Luo Binghui was the prototype of movie "From Slave To General".) Chiang Kai-shek Dispatching Central Army Against Communists First Encirclement Campaign Second Encirclement Campaign On 16-17th, Red Army, separating into left prong of Red Army 3rd Corps Group and Red Army 35th Corps, as well as the middle prong of Red Army 3rd Corps [lacking 7D], encircled and defeated 28th Division and one brigade of 47th Division along the highway from Donggu to Zhongdong (middle cave) while Red Army 4th Corps [including the addition of 64D] and Red Army 12th Corps [lacking 35D], the right prong, fought impediment battles at Guanyinya (Avalokitesvara cliff) and Jiucenling (nine inch ridge?) of Ji’an County . Altogether, government troops incurred a casualty of over 3,000 men and the death of eight battalion commanders. On 17th, Sun Lianzhong’s 25th Division took over Luokou of Ningdu. On 18th, Gao Shuxun’s 27th Division, en route of relief to Shaxi, was impeded by the Red Army at Zhongcun. On 19th, at Baishahe (white sand river), north of Donggu, Red Army 3rd Corps, 4th Corps and 3rd Corps Group continued on to route the remnant part of the brigade from 47th Division as well as Guo Huazong’s 43rd Division which earlier had failed to retreat to Shuinan as a result of sabotage of a convenience bridge on the Xiaolonghe River. Hao Mengling’s 54th Division, under attack at Shaxi, pulled back towards Yongfeng to the north. On 21st, 6th Route Army, i.e., 5th Division and 8th Division, began the pullback to Guangchang from Doubei and Baishui. On 22nd, Red Army 4th Corps and Red Army 3rd Corps group took over Zhongcun (middle village) from 81st Brgade of 27th Division. Gao Shuxun’s 27th Division broke out of the encirclement at Zhongcun for a withdrawal to Le’an, while 25th Division pulled back towards Yihuang. On 23rd, 6th Route Army continued the battle disengagement for a stepwise withdrawal towards Nanfeng. On 27th, combined Red Army forces, including Lin Biao’s Red Army 4th Corps, Luo Binghui’s Red Army 12th Corps and Red Army 3rd Corps group, defeated four regiments of Hu Zuyu’s 5th Division which covered the retreat of 8th Division and Xu Kexiang’s 24th Division, and took over Guangchang after a battle lasting from dawn to 9 pm. Division commander Hu Zuyu, who was injured at Guangchang Battle, died of wounds in Nanchang later on June 3rd. With the fall of Guangchang, Liu Heding’s 56th Division withdrew to Jianing from Zhongsha (middle sand). On 27th, 19th Route Army units took over Xingguo and Futian before a withdrawal towards Ganzhou. On 29th, 10th Division of Lin Biao’s Red Army 4th Corps joined Red Army 3rd Corps in attacking Nanfeng. Red Army adopted a strategy of sweeping towards Jianing to the east from Futian to the west. Red Army 3rd Corps Group and Red Army 12th Corps sacked Jianning from Liu Heding’s 56th Division on May 31st and taking over the vast countryside space at the Jiangxi-Fujian border, such as the areas belonging to Lichuan, Nanfeng, Jianning, Taining, Ninghua and Changting. Third Encirclement Campaign Ganzhou, a city surrounded by water on three sides, had endured eight futile attacks by the Red Army four years ago. Ma Kun’s 36th Brigade of 12th Division, i.e., former Yunnan provincial troops, defended Ganzhou in cooperation with militia corps from neighboring seventeen counties. On February 4th, Red Army pushed to Ganzhou, taking over Baiyunshan (white cloud mountain) and Tianzhushan (Hindu mountain), to the southeast of the city. On 13th and 17th, Red Army conducted two explosions against the city wall. On 23rd, commando team of Red Army 7th Corps, after blasting apart a segment of wall near the east gate, temporarily penetrated into the city. In late February, Chen Cheng, from Taihe-Ji’an area, dispatched 11th Division and 14th Division of 18th Corps to the relief of Ganzhou. On 29th, Luo Zhuoying ordered 32nd Brigade of 11th Division and another regiment from 31st Brigade to dig a tunnel for entering Ganzhou. On March 1st, troika re-issued the decree to take Ganzhou as well as destroy the enemy relief troops. On March 4th, Red Army, digging a tunnel to lay powder, blasted apart the city wall for another temporary penetration. Partial troops from Red Army 5th Corps Group took part in the 4th tunnel explosion operation and 5th frontal attack against Ganzhou. On 7th, four regiments of relief troops and one regiment from Ma Kun’s brigade counterattacked the Red Army from inside of Ganzhou. Under pincer-attack, Red Army incurred casualties by several thousands, including the death of Red Army 11th Division commissar Zhang Chinan of 4th Corps and Red Army 37th Division commissar Ouyang Jian from 13th Corps of Red Army 5th Corps Group, as well as the capture of 1st Division commander Hou Zhongying of Red Army 3rd Corps Group. Huang Zhongyue’s 15th Corps of Red Army 5th Corps Group went to the rescue of the siege forces and covered the retreat of Red Army. Ningdu Rebellion By Northwestern Army Fourth Encirclement Campaign Relocation Of Western Hunan-Hubei Borderline Soviet, Heh Long broke through KMT siege in July 1932 and relocated to Hunan-Hubei borderline. By late 1933, Heh Long & Guan Xiangying convened a meeting at Dachun Village of Xuanen county for a decision in abandoning Hunan-Hubei provinces for a relocation to Sichuan-Guizhou borderline. In Oct 1934, Heh Long's Red Army 3rd Corps converged with Ren Bishi's Red Army 6th Army Corps in Yinjiang county of Guizhou Province. Combined Red Army destroyed two divisions and one brigade of Guizhou provincial army. In Nov, combined Red Army swept back to western Hunan Province, sacked Dayong & Sangzhi, and linked up with Soviet territory at Yongshun and Longshan. In Dayong county, the so-called provincial Government of the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Borderline Soviet was established. CCP propaganda stated that minority peoples, like Tujia-zu, Miao-zu, and Yi-zu joined the communist movement. Red Army continued their stay in this area till the Long March in Nov 1935. Relocation Of Hubei-Henan-Anhui Borderline Soviet After Japanese provocation in Shanghai on Jan 28th 1932, Hu Zongnan's 1st Division was dispatched to Anhui Province for countering Zhang Guotao & Xu Xiangqian's Red Army which defeated Anhui Province chair Chen Diaoyuan and sacked Luan & Huoshan area. After taking over the two counties, Hu Zongnan ordered that Dai Tao consolidate countryside by organizing peasants against the Red Army guerrilla attacks for 6 months. In May-June 1932, Chiang Kai-shek personally assumed the post of commander-in-chief for campaigning against Hubei-Henan-Anhui borderline "communist banditry", while Li Jishen was conferred the deputy post. When the siege first started, Zhang Guotao strictly followed CCP Central instructions in crossing Railroad Ping-Han [Peking-Wuhan] to the west for a possible attack at Huangpi[2] & Wuhan [the provincial city of Hubei]. CCP Central instructions also included a dispatchement of Red Army 25th Corps to northwestern Anhui Province. In late June, Zhang Guotao's Red Army defeated a KMT regiment at Jigongshan. More available at Relocation Of Hubei-Henan-Anhui Borderline Soviet. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Ambush Battles At Huangpi With phase one campaign over, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched major Government troops against the Central Red Army in Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong provinces. In Oct 1932, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a three prong attack from east, south and north. Liu Zhonglin memoirs claimed that Yu Hanmou to the south [Guangdong Province] and Cai Tingkai [Fujian Province] to the east deliberately avoided fighting with the Red Army and that only Chen Cheng mounted lonely campaign from the north. In Oct 1932, CCP Jiangxi Soviet Central Bureau held a meeting in Ningdu of Jiangxi [i.e., Ningdu Meeting], criticized Mao Tse-tung's "rightist opportunism" in the aspect of guerrilla warfare, and revoked the post of Mao's Red Army general commissar. To realize the objective of achieving communist victory in Jiangxi Province alone, Zhou Enlai personally went to the front army headquarters to direct the Ganjiang River crossing for the upperstream cities on the west bank, with a plan to cross the river at Wan’an but faking an attack at Ganzhou city to the south. On August 8th, First Front Red Army, with Mao Tse-tung restored the post of general political commissar, changed plan to attack lightly-defended central Jiangxi towns of Le'an and Yihuang which were far away from the east bank of Ganjiang. On August 17th, Red Army took over Le’an from a brigade of troops under Sun Lianzhong's 27th Division; on 20th, went further east to take over Yihuang that was also defended by 27th Division; and on 23rd, went southwest to take over Nanfeng. At Nancheng, north of Nanfeng and east of Yihuang, Red Army suffered a setback and had to call off the siege. With central government troops wrapping up sweep campaigns against auxiliary soviet enclaves in Hubei-Henan-Anhui and western-Hunan-Hubei borderline areas, communists in Jiangxi Soviet had a new round of debates over waging the 'mobile warfare' (maneuver warfare) versus spontaneous attack at government strongholds. In early October, Jiangxi Central Bureau and CCP military committee held a Ningdu Meeting north of Ruijin, released Mao Tse-tung of Red Army leadership for duty at the soviet government and decreed to have Zhou Enlai replace Mao Tse-tung as front army’s general political commissar. Red Army, from October 18th to 24th, crossed Mt Wuyishan to attack Fujian Province to the east, sacking Qingliu, Lichuan, Jianning, Taining, Shaowu, and Guihua consectively. In late Jan 1933, Chiang Kai-shek went to Nanchang of Jiangxi Province for directing the campaign. Also in Jan, CCP Central Committee relocated to Ruijin of Jiangxi from Shanghai for directing resistance to KMT's Fourth Siege. [CCP Central's relocation away from Shanghai was related to the difficulties in surviving in extraterritories.] 
At the recommendation of Comintern, Bo-gu assumed the post of paramount leader for Jiangxi Soviet.
Liu Zhonglin memoirs claimed that CCP Central Committee rebutted the military plan drafted by general tactician Liu Bocheng and advocated a kind of "leftist venturism" in attacking major cities and achieving revolutionary success in one province of Jiangxi.
Being ordered to attack the government stronghold at Nanfeng, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and Wang Jiaxiang, on February 7th, requested with CCP Jiangxi Central Bureau and Shanghai’s CCP Interim Central for some operational flexibility in military actions on the field. On 12th, Red Army, with Peng Dehuai’s 3rd Red Army Corps Group and Dong Zhentang’s 5th Red Army Corps Group, departed Lichuan for a campaign against Nanfeng to the west. Middle prong commander Chen Cheng, other that ordering Tao Zhiyue’s 8th Division to persist at Nanfeng, ordered three columns of siege armies to converge upon Nanfeng. After two days of fightings, Red Army aborted the siege of Nanfeng with heavy casualties, including the death of two regimental commanders and Red Army 3rd Division commander Peng Ao. With government troops coming to the relief of Nanfeng, Zhou Enlai on February 22nd ordered the withdrawal of Red Army siege forces towards south of Yihuang and Le'an while having Zhou Jianping’s Red Army 11th Corps, which was organized on basis of Red Army 10th Corps from Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi borderline and Red Army 31st Division, fake a relocation eastward across the Huhe River to Lichuan area. By Feb 26th, KMT 52nd & 59th Divisions, under Luo Zhuoying's 1st Echelon, departed Nanfeng and Le'an for a conversion at Huangpi along the two sides of Mt Moluozhang. Red Army, totaling 50,000 men, divided into two wings for ambushing the two KMT divisions. Left Wing comprised of Red Army 1st Army Corps, Red Army 3rd Army Corps and Red Army 21st Corps, to be headed by Peng Dehuai, Nie Rongzhen and Teng Daiyuan, while the Right Wing comprised of Red Army 5th Army Corps and Red Army 22nd Corps, to be headed by Dong Zhentang, Luo Binghui, Chen Yi and Zhu Rui. On 27th, Red Army Left Wing cut off Li Ming's 52nd Division into several segments and destroyed the whole division, and by the next day, Li Ming was captured wounded and later died. Red Army Left Wing's 3rd Army Corps later joined the Right Wing in destroying Chen Shiji's 59th Division, and captured Division Chief Chen Shiji. Chen Cheng compressed his three echelons into two, to be headed by Luo Zhuoying and Wu Qiwei, and continued onward against the Red Army. Luo Zhuoying commanded 5th, 9th & 11th divisions as hind army, while Wu Qiwei commanded 10th, 14th & 90th divisions as herald army. Red Army dispatched 11th Corps for a fake movement to Guangchang. Chen Cheng, mistaking Red Army's movement, gave 5th Division to Wu Qiwei for a hastened chase of the Red Army. On the early morning of March 21st, Central Red Army, plus two detached divisions in Yihuang area, ambushed Xiao Qian's 11th Division and destroyed the bulk of it, and then went on to attack KMT 9th Division. Chen Cheng hence called off the Fourth Siege. KMT Routing CCP Underground Network In Shanghai In 1932, Li Shiqun, a member of CCP special task forces [i.e., 'zhongyang te ke'], was caught by KMT. Li Shiqun soon became an agent of KMT's Investigation Section of Social Organization Ministry, and with Chen Lifu's authorization, re-launched magazine "Social News" together with another turncoat called Ding Mocun. Gao Hua stated that beginning from 1932, Chiang Kai-shek's KMT Government began to revise the old policy of "bodily extinction" as to communists captured. From July 1933 to July 1934, KMT Social Organization Ministry agency had captured 4505 communists, among whom 4209 surrendered to KMT. Altogether, 24000 communists and 30000 pro-CCP activists had surrendered to KMT in early 1930s per GH. By June 1934, KMT had basically destroyed CCP base in Shanghai as well as Comintern Far Eastern Bureau. On June 26th, Li Zhusheng, secretary for Shanghai's CCP Central Bureau, was caught by KMT, and he surrendered to KMT right away. His successor, Sheng Zhongliang, surrendered to KMT when caught in Oct. Wang Shiying, a member of CCP special task forces, had to relocate CCP Central Interim Bureau to Tianjin from Shanghai after KMT twice disrupted the Shanghai operations in 1935. More details could be seen in KMT White Terror. Fifth Encirclement Campaign On January 3rd, 1933, Japanese invaded Rehe [Jehol] to the north of the Great Wall. Japanese incurred heavy casualties and encountered fierce resistance from Government troops at the three major passes in the Great Wall to the north of Peking. From Jan to May of 1933, General Song Zheyuan's 29th Corps fought the Japanese at the Battle of the Great Wall (i.e., "Changcheng Zhi Zhan" in Chinese), including the Battle of Xifengkou and the Battle of Gubeikou. To thwart Chinese resistance, Japanese changed their tactic and took over Luan-he River area to the east of Peking, causing the collapse of KMT defense line at the Great Wall. With Rehe annexed, Peking was surrounded by Japanese from all sides except for the southwest. In late May 1933, Chiang Kai-shek began to negotiate with the Japanese for a ceasefire so that he could concentrate on quelling communist rebellions again. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Chiang Kai-shek adopted tactician Liu Weiyuan's advice in pushing against Red Army again in the summer of 1933. This would be the start of 5th Siege that was disrupted by the 'mutiny' of 19th Route Army in Fujian Province in late 1933. Hitler's advisers, such as Hans von Seeckt, had played a role in remodeling Chiang Kai-shek's army. Interruptions By Actions Of Anti-Japanese Allied Army & Mutiny of 19th Route Army On May 26th 1933, Feng Yuxiang was conferred the post of commander-in-chief of Anti-Japanese Allied Army, with Fang Zhenwu acting as omnipotent director and Ji Hongchang as frontline commissar. Having developed into over 100,000 people, Ji Hongchang's army pushed against Duolun (i.e., a town in former Cha-ha-er and present Inner Mongolia and directly to the north of Peking city), and by July 1933, Ji Hongchang drove the Japanese and collaborators out of Cha-ha-er Province. By late July, Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang (undercover communist) established at Zhangjiakou the committee for recovering the four provinces of the Northeast. Chiang Kai-shek, seeing that communists had dominated the Anti-Japanese Alliance Army, mobilized 16 divisions against Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang. Surrounded by Chiang Kai-shek and Japanese on all sides, Feng Yuxiang resigned his post, while Ji Hongchang fought on for a while before stealthily seeking asylum in Tianjin's extraterritory in Jan 1934. (Later, on April 24th, 1934, Ji Hongchang established the "Great Anti-Fascism Alliance of Chinese People" in Tianjin, with Feng Yuxiang, Li Jishen, Fang Zhenwu and Ren Yingqi echoing support elsewhere in the country. Chiang Kai-shek's agents injured Ji Hongchang in an assassination on Nov 9th, and colluded with French police in extraditing Ji Hongchang for execution in Peking on Nov 24th.) On Dec 15th of 1933, Nationalist armies held a grand assembly for welcoming the defection of CCP 'fei jun' (i.e., bandit soldiers). 19th Route Army, which fought against Japanese in Shanghai during Jan 28th 1932 Incident, staged a mutiny in November 1933 by colluding with Chinese communists in the establishment of a people's government. Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu, contacted Chen Jitang for a concerted effort against Chiang Kai-shek's Nanking Government. Chen Jitang refused to join in. Then, Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu contacted Guangxi Province in the hope of having Li Zongren pressure Guangdong Province. Without support from Guangdong or Guangxi, Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai, and Chen Mingshu decided to contact radicals and "Third Party" members for launching "Fujian People's Government" in Fuzhou of Fujian Province in autumn of 1933. Radicals, such as Xu Qian, Tan Pingshan, Chen Youhong, Zhang Bojun, Shen Junru, and Huang Qixiang then turned to HK for retrieving Li Jishen who was just released from Chiang Kai-shek's imprisonment. Li Zongren at one time flew to HK to dissuade Li Jishen. In late October 1933, Bai Chongxi was one step behind in flying to HK for stopping Li Jishen's trip to Fuzhou. per HQY, Chen Gongpei, who nominall declared severance from CCP after Aug 1st Nanchang Uprising, would act as the secret emissary for the claim that Peng Dehuai was Chen Gongpei's native in late September. Earlier, in the summer months of July-Aug, 19th Route had sent Zhu Yunshan to HK for reaching a compromise with communist forces. Upon Li Jishen's arrival, "Third Party" immediately launched the "National People's Congress" and proclaimed the "People's Government" by making Li Jishen president, devising a new flag in place of KMT flag, and calling for overthrow of KMT Government. Chen Youren was assigned the post of foreign minister, Zhang Bojun education minister, and Huang Xiangqi "tactician general director". Young radical scholar HU Qiuyuan assumed the post as "education & propaganda director". 19th Route was renamed to "People's Revolutionary Army", with Cai Tingkai as commander-in-chief. Fujian Province was subdivided into four provinces of Minhai, Yanjian, Xingquan & Longjiang. After Hu Hanmin & Chen Jitang denounced the so-called "People's Government" of Fuzhou, Li Zongren joined in with a public wire calling for repentance. On Nov 21st, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a three prong attack at Fujian rebels. In mid-Dec, 100000 Central Army, led by Jiang Dingwen, entered Fujian Province from Zhejiang-Jiangxi provinces. Communist Red Army yielded the way by vacating the territory of southern Jiangxi Province in lieu of an early compromise and collusion with the Fujian Government. Li Zongren memoirs stated that tactician division chief Fan Renjie secretly telegraphed to Nanking with itineraries of Fujian army and that corps chief Mao Weishou clandestinely expressed loyalty to Nanking. On Jan 5th, Yanping was taken. Fuzhou was taken by navy on Jan 13th 1934. By mid-Jan of 1934, major cities like Quanzhou & Zhangzhou were taken over by Nanking Government. Officials of Fuzhou People's Government fled to HK, and 19th Route remnants withdrew to Guangdong Province where they were disarmed by Chen Jitang in late Jan. 19th Route remnants was made into 7th route banditry quelling army to be headed by Mao Jishou. 19th Route Army Mutiny in Fujian Province dissipated in a matter of months after communists refused to cooperate with General Cai Tingkai & Jiang Guangnai. 
After the failure of "Fujian People's Government",
Hu Qiuyuan fled to HK where he was arrested and expelled by HK authority. Hu Qiuyuan, together with the son of Chen Mingshu, rode on ship for Britain. During stopovers in Singapore and Malacca, local Chinese went on aboard to give welcome to this young scholar whose "articles on resisting Japanese" earned him a big fame everywhere.
On the way, Hu Qiuyuan observed how Europeans threw coins into the sea to attract Indian boys in diving into the sea.
Prior to entry into European ports, Hu Qiuyuan was surprised to see that colonialists threw white suits into the sea. An Italian sailor explained that those Europeans who ruled Asian countries like masters would be ashamed of being identified as colonialist-colonist returnees on European continent.
Chiang Kai-shek Re-launching Siege Against Red Army KMT mobilized over 1 million soldiers and 200 planes against CCP, with Gu Zhutong, Chen Jitang and He Jian invading from three directions of north, south and west, respectively. Liu Weiyuan's strategy would be "sustained warfare" and "blockhouse tactics" against CCP. Credit was also given to German strategist Hans von Seeckt who was hired over by Chiang Kai-shek, an admirer of Hitler & Mussolini. Beginning from Sept 1933, Government troops adopted castle tactic, built siege lines around communist base, and pushed against communists inch by inch. Economically, KMT Government banned the inflow of medicine, salt, cloth, ammunitions and metal to Soviet territories. Smugglers and merchants were punishable by executions. To counter KMT embargo, Mao Tse-tung temporarily opened up a commodity fair in Suichuan county and gave favorable treatment to 'petite merchants'. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that communist base was hence cut into small blocks by highways and thousands of blockhouses. Some fortifications went as far as 80-90 kilometers into Soviet territories. Battle of Huwan Otto Braun, advocating a strategy to "stop enemies at the gate of Soviet Republic", ordered political commissar Xiao Jingguang to recover Lichuan and Huwan with Red Army 3rd and 7th Army Corps. Red Army 7th Army Corps, being ordered to penetrate to Huzhou (Linchuan) area, failed to induce government troops out of Jinxi, Langju and Huwan strongholds. Along the Huhe River, Liu Xing and Zhou Hunyuan’s 8th Column of 3rd Prong, after Lichuan, continued south against Huwan. On November10th, Red Army 3rd and 7th Army Corps, besieging Li Liangrong’s regiment of 36th Division at Huwan, lined up the ambush forces near Fengshanbu along Huwan-Jinxi Highway. At dawn on November 11th, Xing Zhennan’s 4th Division, under order to send relief to Huwan, departed Jinxi, Panling, Langju and Zuofang with three regiments. Along the way, reconnaissance pilot Xu Kangliang sent notice to the ground troops about large-scale “moving trees” which were Red Arm soldiers in camouflage. At Wujianggang, a flat land bordering Huhe River to the south and a high mountain to the north, Shi Jue’s 24th Regiment dug out trenches while two other regiments mounted a charge at Red Army positions on Mt Daxianling (great fairy ridge) to the west. While the two regiments fell back from Daxianling, the rest of Red Army ambush forces traced behind 4th Division’s luggage unit, intruded into Wujiagang, and for several hours launched batches of human wave attacks at Shi Jue’s 24th Regiment. At night, Red Army launched psychological warfare against 4th Division, while 4th Division soldiers sang aloud national anthem and KMT party anthem to drown out the opposite party. The next day, at dawn, 4th Division beat back a new wave of charge and captured the military flags of Red Army 4th and 5th Divisions. After defending Wujiagang for 19 continuous hours, Shi Jue led an attack force of three infantry companies, some special task units, and mortar and heavy machinegun companies in taking over Daxianling. Having broken out from the Red Army trap, 4th Division effected an junction with Li Liangrong’s regiment charging out of Huwan. On 13th, Chiang Kai-shek made a nationwide radio announcement on the victory at the Battle of Huwan. After the Battle of Wujiagang, 4th Division defeated Peng Dehuai’s Red Army 3rd Army Corps and pressed the Red Army to Huangsidu (yellow lion crossing), west of Zixi. Defeated by government troops and having incurred thousands of casualties, Bo-gu (Qin Bangxian) and Otto Braun ordered Xiao Jingguang to be court-martialed. CCP's Political Movement Against Luo Ming Bo-gu, i.e., a bookish communist, in early 1933, launched a political movement entitled "Anti-Luo-Ming Path" for sake of eliminating the influences of Mao Tse-tung and his cronies. This political movement against Luo Ming (i.e., CCP's deputy provincial secretary for Fujian Prov) was restricted to ideological struggles in lieu of bodily extinction. Luo Ming was sorted out for his objections to CCP Central's strategy in relocating Fujian Prov's Red Army to Jiangxi Soviet for "trench warfare" and "positional combat". At one time, Bo-gu called on a mobilization of one million Red Army against KMT's 5th siege. In Fujian Prov, Luo Ming was asked to absorb local militia into the Red Army ranks for fighting in Jiangxi Soviet. When Government troops intruded into Fujian Soviet, Luo Ming had to discontinue face-to-face confrontations by making Shanghang, Yongding & Longyan into a guerrilla warfare zone. Luo Ming further demanded that Jiangxi's Central Soviet Base suspend the allotments of resources from Fujian Province. Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Fujian Prov's pro-CCP militia refused to join guerrilla forces after seeing that Red Army suffered setbacks in the hands of KMT, not to mention going to the relief of Jiangxi Province Soviet. Hence, Bo-gu revoked all posts of Luo Ming and called him over to Jiangxi Soviet for criticisms. Luo Ming was accused of being a "revocationist" and "rightist opportunist". Similarly, inside of Jiangxi Prov, Bo-gu filtered out Mao Tse-tung's cronies, including Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zetan, Xie Weijun and Gu Bo, as followers of the "Luo Ming path [i.e., line]". Also implicated would be Zhang Dingcheng, Deng Zihui, Xiao Jingguang, Tan Zhenlin, and Heh Shuheng. Li Liang stated that Mao Tse-tung moved to live in a rich landlord's ancestral oblatary at Shazhouba village of Ruijin in July 1933 before undertaking the task of surveying lands and fields. Chen Yongfa pointed out that this political movement would see almost all communist county-level and company-level leaders being classified as "Luo Ming path" followers. Luo Ming survived the call for "execution of Luo Ming", and he was spared life after capture by KMT while stranded as guerilla forces inside of Guizhou Province during the 'long march'. KMT siege came into full motion in Sept 1933. Red Army was said to have been divided into four groups for resisting Government troops. Li Liang mentioned that Bo-gu commanded the wars on paper, pinpointing the positions of Red Army machineguns. 
Inside of CCP, Bo-gu relied upon Otto Braun [a graduate of some German military academy] for resisting KMT siege.
Mao Tse-tung was said to have been disappointed over Otto Braun who came to Ruijin shortly after the KMT siege started, i.e., Oct 1933. (A peasant woman by the name of Xiao Yuehua was immediately allocated to Otto Braun on sexual demand.
Xiao Yuehua, before divorcing Braun, had born a son for him.)
Otto Braun's strategy was to "stop enemies at the gate of Soviet Republic" by countering KMT's blockhouses with CCP's blockhouses.
Otto Braun disciplined Red Army officers who did not follow through with his "trench warfare" orders and branded them "flightist" and "defeatist".
Drain Of Resources Inside Of Jiangxi Soviet In April 1934, Red Army defended Guangchang, i.e., Soviet Republic's north gate, for 17 days, by means of short duration counterattacks. Li Liang stated that Red Army lost 1200 soldiers when KMT planes wiped out the city. Peng Dehuai was recorded to have rebuked Braun by stating that "son had no pain in selling his father's fields". Chen Yongfa pointed out that CCP lost its resistance war due to constraints of resources. Back in early 1933, "field and land survey" was conducted for resource control. Mao Tse-tung was ordered to conduct a new round of "field and land survey" for sake of recruiting Red Army soldiers, appropriating labor, borrowing grains, and confiscating rich people's assets. Soviet Government also resorted to issuance of "public debts & indentures" in addition to levies and taxation. Women were encouraged in taking over the work of their men. Continuing the stringent policy of "kuo [expanding] hong [red, i.e., Red Army soldiers]", CCP proposed a target of recruiting 150000 soldiers. Chen Yongfa stated that only 110000 recruits filled in the ranks from Aug 1933 to July 1934, with an end result that 80% of populace from age 16 to 45 were drained from the Changgang & Caixi counties of Jiangxi Soviet base. As pointed out by Chen Yongfa, the heavy-handed taxation and levy by CCP during the 5th siege induced a new round of "Purging Reactionaries Movement" that would see a batch of local communist leaders executed for failing to fulfill the quotas allotted". After incurring heavy losses, CCP petitioned with Comintern for an approval to relocate. Prof Chen Yongfa pointed out that Comintern approved the 'long march' plan in June 1934. After four months' preparation, in Oct 1934, communist forces of Jiangxi Soviet, still numbering about 100,000 (86,000 ? to be exact), broke through the siege for a relocation. 
At the initial breakout, hordes of "Red Army new recruits" deserted. By the time the Communist forces finally arrived in Yan'an of northern Shanxi Prov, the so-called "Central Front Red Army" had 5,000 men left. Altogether, Red Army 1st Front, 2nd Front & 4th Front combined, ranks dropped to 40k (30k?) from original 200k (300k?). This final figure included the new recruits the Red Army had absorbed along the road. Mao Tse-tung called the 'long march' by the term of so-called "sowing machine". Chen Yongfa pointed out that Mao Tse-tung's self criticisms in 1945 contained acknowledgement of two "past" mistakes: 1) robbing populace (including Tibetans) of their food during the long march; 2) planting some goody [i.e., opium] at Yan'an. The matter of truth would be that Long March had preserved the most diehard communist "survivor cadres" that would surely beat their KMT counterparts in any circumstances. One such "survivor cadre" would be Cai Xiaoqian who was dispatched to Taiwan for instigating 'independence' following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The 'Long March' During the fifth offensive against communists in Ruijin of Jiangxi Prov, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized a huge army against the Red Army. Prevalent Communist records claimed that KMT mobilized over 1 million soldiers and 200 planes against CCP, with Gu Zhutong, Chen Jitang and Heh Jian invading from three directions of north, south and west, respectively. Li Liang stated that Government troops outnumbered CCP by 10 folds. Chen Yongfa stated that Chiang Kai-shek mobilized 600k to 700k army against CCP enclaves. After April 1934 Guangchang Battle, Bo-gu [Qin Bangxian], Zhou Enlai and Li-de [Otto Braun] decided to break out of the siege for preserving the Red Army. While post-mortem communist propaganda emphasized a pre-destined direction of going north to fight Japanese and historical accounts stated that the Red Army had no direction but fleeing banditry, the Long March did not start as a 'march' but a 'relocation' for seeking a safe haven with Heh Long's enclave in Western Hunan province. More, along the road, the Red Army had the specific short-term target for either a stop or establishment of a new enclave. The Long March would be alternatively termed "Iron Flow 25000 li Distance" [again post-mortem], a naming after Russian Bolshevik force's breaking out of an encirclement in early civil wars. In Taiwan, senior scholar Wu Dayou obtained funding from Chinese Education & Culture Foundation for a grand project on "History of China's Last Two Hundred Years". This yielded the two volume "Seventy Years Of Chinese Communist Revolution" by historian Chen Yongfa in 1997. (Chen Yongfa, who specialized in CCP's agrarian revolution during WWII as his doctoral dissertation, believed in reciting "historical facts" in lieu of generalizing "cause and effect". In the following, I will cover CCP's Long March by following Prof Chen Yongfa's insights and line of thoughts. Details of the battles on the long march were from Pu Yuehuo & Xu Sangmi's "Iron Flow 25000 li Distance" and numerous other publications.) Three Preliminary Breakouts 
To cover up the retreat, CCP Central ordered that three columns of army broke out of the siege in the name of "resisting Japanese invasion".
Xun Huaizhou was ordered on an Eastern Campaign at northern Fujian Prov; Ren Bishi was ordered on a Western Campaign at western Hunan Prov; and Wu Huanxian was ordered on a northern campaign at western Henan Province from the communist enclave of E-Yu-Wan [Hubei-Henan-Anhui].
The eastern column was totally annihilated by Government troops, while the remnants of the other two columns later managed to converge with Central Red Army in Shenxi Province.
http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/8/6/69762.html pointed out that it was Qin Bangxian [Bo-gu] who first proposed the slogan of "herald Red Army troops for fighting Japanese" around June 11th 1934.
CCP leader Fang Zhimin, who wrote the book "My Lovely China", was arrested by the Nationalist army in January 1935 after the failure of northeastern route breakout. (Fang Zhimin was executed by KMT on August 6th 1935.)
The southwestern breakout, led by General Xiao Ke, had managed to bring about 1000 remnant soldiers of Red Army 2nd Army Corps to a union with Heh Long's Red Army.
7000 Communist Prisoners of War Li Zongren memoirs claimed that Guangxi Province army had captured 7000 Communist Prisoners of War in the winter of 1934. Not differentiated by Li Zongren would be two confrontations: the confrontation with Xiao Ke's herald troops of Red Army 6th Army Corps in Sept-Oct 1934 and the confrontation with the CCP Red Army Central Front in Dec 1934. Li Zongren accused Chiang Kai-shek of deliberately guiding the communist forces into southwestern China for sake of "killing somebody with borrowed knife". The proper way, in his opinion, would be to encircle the communist enclave or let go the exit towards southeastern coast. Li Zongren cited the 1927 defeat of Heh Long & Ye Ting communist forces in Chaoshan coastal area as a good example. However, historical records pointed to Chen Jitang's collusion with the communists in allowing the Red Army pass through three blockade lines for head-on collision with Guangxi provincial army. In that sense, it was Chen Jitang who sold out his allies Li Zongen and Bai Chongxi. Whereas, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly instructed his troops to encircle and eliminate the Red Army, with Red Army enjoying two respites only, first being the 12-day rest at Zunyi and second being the 5-day rest at Huili. The first respite allowed Sichuan provincial army to beef up Yangtze defense, which cornered the Red Army at Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan border for 4-5 months. Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng and CC Clique spread rumors in Shanghai newspapers stating that communists had obtained the compromise from Guangxi Province in leaving the territory. Li Zongren promptly sent over a wire to Wu Tiecheng, stating that he had dismissed about 3000 communist prisoners of war whose hometowns were from Guangdong-Hunan area but needed Wu Tiecheng's help in repatriating shiploads of communist prisoners of war whose hometowns were from lower Yangtze provinces. Wu Tiecheng immediately wired to Li Zongren, stating that Li Zongren could dismiss those 4000 prisoners on the spot instead of sending them onward to Shanghai. Guangxi Province dispatched a film team for shooting the footage of their victory. Communist propaganda flatly denied that they had lost huge number of soldiers in the battle with Guangxi Province army. For the halving of the Red Army, refer to Xiangjiang River Crossing below. The Dove Is Ready To Fly Away In mid-July, 6 routes of KMT army closed in against the Red Army. Chiang Kai-shek applied just about 12 divisions against the Red Army, with Chen Cheng's two divisions attacking Xingguo from Taihe in the north, Xue Yue's one division attacking Gulonggang from Yongfeng, Fan Songpu & Tang Enbo divisions attacking Ningdu & Shicheng, Huo Kuizhang attacking Ningdu after takeover of Guangchang, two divisions attacking Changting from Liancheng in the east, and three divisions pressing against Huichang & Yudu from the south. In early Aug, Peng Dehuai & Yang Shangkun engaged in a bloody battle with Tang Enbo, and had to retreat to Shicheng. By autumn of 1934, Communists had lost more than half of their Jiangxi Soviet territory. For four months, CCP Central blindfolded the officers and officials about the military action. On Oct 7th, local communist militia and Red Army 24th Division were ordered to take over the defense positions from Central Red Army. Central Red Army, per Pu Yuehuo & Xu Sangmi, converged onto the counties of Xingguo, Yudu and Huichang. On the evening of Oct 10th 1934, communist forces of Jiangxi Soviet, with 86,000 army or five Army Corps, broke through Chen Jitang's line of encirclement for a relocation towards Heh Long's enclave in western Hunan Province. 
As disclosed by various memoirs, CCP pricked three KMT blockades as a result of borrowing a path from Chen Jitang's Guangdong Province army. Chen Jitang was recorded to have ordered that his soldiers shot into the air.
Red Army moved along the borderline of Jiangxi-Guangdong provinces without encountering any major resistance: Red Army entered Guangdong Province from Jiangxi Province and then entered Hunan Province.
Prior to the action, CCP's Chinese OGPU, i.e., political defense bureau, was recorded to have executed batches of "reactionaries" and "wavering elements", including Ningdu Mutiny leaders such as Ji Zhentong and Huang Zhongyue. In the mountains between Yudu and Ruijin, mass burial sites with thousands of victims had been discovered after Government troops moved in. Communist cadres, like Chen Yi and Qu Qiubai, who had antagonized Bo-gu's nucleus, were ordered to stay put for a guerrilla warfare in Jiangxi Soviet enclave. Ruijin the Soviet capital did not fall into KMT hands till Nov 12th 1934 [Nov 10th per XZ]. Among twenty thousand troops and cadres who were left behind either due to injury or politics, many would either be captured and executed or surrender to KMT. Mao’s brother, i.e., Mao Zetan [Mao Tse-tan], died in KMT hands. Xu Zhen claimed that communist casualties ran at 200,000. Later, in early 1935, a platoon of Red Army garrison troops escorted Heh Shuheng, Qu Qiubai and Deng Zihui etc for a stealthy outbreak by wearing KMT uniforms. On the way to Yongding county, Heh Shuheng died of an ambush. On Feb 21st 1935, in Shanghang county of Fujian Prov, Qu Qiubai, Zhang Liang & Zhou Yuelin were arrested by Government troops. Qu Qiubai executed in June 1935 at Changting. Chen Yi remnants, after hiding in the forests and mountains for years, would be coming out as "New Fourth Army" after the outbreak of 1937 Sino-Japanese War. CCP Central and the non-fighting body were organized into two echelons, with 1st echelon under the command of Ye Jianying, and 2nd echelon under Luo Mai [Li Weihan] & Deng Fa. Five Red Army Army Corps, i.e., 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th & 9th, participated in the action. Lin Biao's 1st Corps-Conglomerate included 1st Div, 2nd Division & 15th Div; Peng Dehuai's 3rd Army Corps included 4th Div, 5th Division & 6th Div; Dong Zhentang's 5th Army Corps included 13th Div, & 34th Div; Zhou Kun's 8th Army Corps included 21st Division & 23rd Div; and Luo Binghui's 9th Army Corps included 3rd Division & 22nd Division. On Oct 21st, Red Army broke through 1st blockade at Anyuan & Xingfeng of Jiangxi. In early Nov, Red Army broke through 2nd blockade at Rucheng of Hunan and Chengkou of Guangdong. After crossing Yue-Han [Canton-Wuhan] Railroad, Red Army broke through 3rd blockade at Binxian [Binzhou] & Yizhang of Hunan Province on Nov 15th. Xiangjiang River Crossing (Nov 25th to Dec 3rd) Red Army originally planned for a conversion with Heh Long's Red Army [i.e., 2nd & 6th Army Corps] in western Hunan Province. On Nov 13th, Chiang Kai-shek conferred commander-in-chief onto Heh Jian for chasing the Red Army, with control over Liu Jianxu, Xue Yue, Zhou Yuanhun, Li Yuanjie & Li Yunheng. To prevent the Red Army from a union with Heh Long's gang, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a pile-up of Government troops in Hunan Province. Government troops, consisting of Guangxi & Hunan Province armies as well as Central Army, intercepted the Red Army at Xiangjiang river crossing. Per Pu Yuehuo & Xu Sangmi, government troops included 15 divisions or 400000 soldiers, with Heh Jian's Hunan army & Xue Yue's Central Army stationed along the riverside cities of Lingling, Dong'an & Quanzhou. [Quanzhou is on Guangxi side, while Dong'an is on Hunan Side.] Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi's Guangxi army guarded Xing'an & Guanyang for preventing the Red Army from going into their province, while Guizhou Province army guarded Jinping & Liping for preventing the Red Army from going into their province. Li Yunjie's Hunan army & Zhou Hunyuan's Central Army were chasing the Red Army from behind. Leaflets were dropped over the heads of the Red Army stating that Government troops had been waiting for the Red Army to enter the trap under the order of generalissimo. On the side of the Red Army, Lin Biao's 1st Army Corps fought ahead for the crossing, while Dong Zhentang's 5th Army Corps covered the retreat. Peng Dehuai's 3rd Army Corps, Zhou Kun's 8th Army Corps and Luo Binghui's 9th Army Corps protected the two flanks. CCP Central's echelons arrived in Wenshi & Guiyan on Nov 27th; however, it took them another four days to walk the distance of 80 kilometers to reach the bank. Two divisions under Lin Biao's 1st Army Corps, i.e., Red Army1st and 2nd Divisions, fought against Li Jue’s Hunan provincial troops for two days and two nights at Jiaoshanpu of Quanzhou, with most of Red Army regiments halved after the battle. Peng Dehuai's 3rd Army Corps fought Guangxi army in Xing'an & Guanyang counties for three days and three nights. In Xinwei of Guanyang, between Xiangjiang and Guanjiang rivers, Li Tianyou’s Red Army 5th Division incurrd a casualties of over two thousand, including the death of division chief staff tactician Hu Jun, and had to yield the impediment task to Cao Deqing’s Red Army 6th Division for a retreat across Xiangjiang at Lingqu, southwest of Xing’an.18th Regiment under Red Army 6th Division, to cover the retreat of Red Army 8th Army Corps, was completely wiped out at Guanghuapu, south of Jieshou and west of Xiangjiang. Chen Yongfa cited Wu Xiuquan's "My Road Path" in stating that only a small portion of the newly-recruited Red Army 8th Army Corps [which included 21st and 23rd Divisions, Worker Division, i.e., CCP Central Garrison Division], of which Liu Shaoqi was the political commissar, had crossed Xiangjiang River. Most had slipped away before the river crossing, for which divisional commander Zhou Zikun was arrested for punishment by military court. West of Xiangjiang River, Zhang Zongxun’s Red Army 4th Division, in charge of the riverbank defense, fought two days and two nights for covering the retreat of Red Army 5th and 9th Army Corps and incurred heavy casualties, including the death of fivision chief staff tactician Du Zongmei. Red Army 34th Division, which was subordinate to Dong Zhentang's rearguard 5th Army Corps, only 100-200 soldiers crossed the river, with division political commissar Cheng Cuilin killed and division commander Chen Shuxiang captured alive by constabulary forces when breaking out towards the east. Under pincer-attacks from north and south, Red Army on December 1st completed the crossing of the Xiangjiang River with a loss of more than half of its original headcounts. On December 1st, Bai Chongxi touted the five-day battles at Wenshi and Xinwei of Guanyang, blaming the Red Army’s rivercrossing on the procrastination on the part of Heh Jian and Zhou Hunyuan’s troops. When Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng and CC Clique claimed in Shanghai newspapers that communists had obtained the compromise from Guangxi Province in leaving the territory. Li Zongren promptly sent over a wire to Wu Tiecheng, stating that he had dismissed about 3000 communist prisoners of war whose hometowns were from Guangdong-Hunan area but needed Wu Tiecheng's help in repatriating shiploads of communist prisoners of war whose hometowns were from lower Yangtze provinces. The Xiangjiang River crossing would cost the bulk of the Red Army, with less than 30000 [40,000 ?] Red Army First Front [i.e., Red Army Central Front] reaching the other shore. CCP records blamed Bo-gu's CCP Central for bringing on heavy equipments, including mimeograph machines, medical equipment like X-ray machine, printing machines, ammunition plants, and grains. Among the 86000 people would be 9000 non-military staff and 5000 civilian who carried loads on shoulder poles. Li Liang stated that Mao Tse-tung asked Wang Jiaxiang & Zhang Wentian to go to the bank together, and then ordered Red Army dump the heavy equipment into the river and seek protection inside of woods in face of KMT plane bombing. Chen Yongfa cited Wu Xiuquan's "My Road Path" in stating that only a small portion of the newly-recruited Red Army 8th Army Corps [which included Worker Division, i.e., CCP Central Garrison Division] had crossed Xiangjiang River. Most had slipped away before the river crossing. Chief Zhou Zikun was arrested for punishment by military court. Liu Shaoqi was assigned the job of the commissar for 8th Army Corps before the breakout. At the same time, Red Army Second Front broke through the siege in western Hunan Prov, stay put in eastern Guizhou Province for a while, and counter-attacked western Hunan Province for lending help to the besieged Red Army First Front. Red Army in E-Yu-Wan [Hubei-Henan-Anhui], i.e., Red Army Fourth Front, already crossed Ping-Han Railroad in Oct 1932 to found an enclave in northern Sichuan Province. After Xiangjiang River Crossing, Mao Tse-tung, Wang Jiaxiang & Zhang Wentian began to assert control over the Red Army despite of the fact that Bo-gu and Otto Braun were still the nominal leaders. Mao Tse-tung vehemently opposed the original plan of converging with Red Army 2nd & 6th Army Corps [i.e., marching northward along the borderline of Hunan-Guizhou Provinces], while Chiang Kai-shek relocated Wang Jialie's Guizhou Province army to Jinping & Liping for a new blockade. On Dec 12th, Lin Biao's 1st Army Corps and Peng Dehuai's 3rd Army Corps intruded into Guizhou Province via two prongs. On Dec 14th, Red Army 2nd & 6th Army Corps were ordered to develop new Soviet base in northwestern Hunan Province. On Dec 16th, Red Army took over Liping & Jinping from Guizhou army. Lin Biao's 1st Army Corps and Luo Binghui's 9th Army Corps were ordered to cross Qingshuijiang River for still the original northward march to the territories held by Red Army 2nd & 6th Army Corps. CCP Central's echelons arrived in Liping of Guizhou Province on Dec 16th. On Dec 18th, at a politburo meeting in Liping, Mao Tse-tung proposed a reverse of the northward march and an approach of going to the west for a Soviet base at Sichuan-Guizhou borderline, with Zunyi city selected as a possible center. Liping Meeting stipulated an expanded politburo meeting to be held for reflecting on the 5th anti-siege and the long march. Antagonism Between Provincial Militarists & the KMT Central Government Li Zongren memoirs claimed that Red Army had survived as a result of Chiang Kai-shek's approach of "yang [multiplying] fei [communist banditry] zi [for enhancing selfish] zhong [self-strengthening]". The best example would be Chiang Kai-shek's abducting Guizhou Province Chair Wang Jialie at Guiyang Airport and replacing Wang Jialie with a Zhejiang Province native called Wu Zhongxing. Li Zongren, citing the precedent of Heh Long & Ye Ting defeat by Bai Chongxi & Huang Shaohong (not Qian Dajun?), stated that KMT should have either encircled the Red Army in its entirety or pressured the Red Army towards coastal Guangdong or Fujian province for extermination. Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi, who had inflicted a heavy injury onto Xiao Ke's herald troops in Sept-Oct and then assisted Chiang Kai-shek in more than halving the Red Army Central Front at Xiang-jiang River crossing, then apparently felt relieved that the Red Army passed Guangxi Province for the further west. Li Zongren stated that Chiang Kai-shek deliberately stationed the bulk of army in northern Hunan Province so that communists had no choice but to go west into Guangxi Province. Liao Lei's Guangxi Province hence traced the Red Army into Guizhou Province. (See Li Zongren debates for details on the antagonism between provincial militarists and the KMT Central Government.) The Red Army Central Army, with about 30,000 remnants after the river crossing, would continue to lose headcounts in its wars with provincial armies of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan as well as the Central Army. Later, in Guizhou Prov, communist spy master Qian Zhuangfei was killed in action, and Luo Ming was caught prisoner of war. One of the killers of Gu Shunzhang family was also taken prisoner of war during this phase of the Long March. Wu-jiang River Crossing Zunyi Meeting (Jan 1935) Crossing Chi-shui [Red Water] River Four Times Planned Conversion Of 1st & 4th Front Armies Crossing Jinsha [gold sand] River (Early May 1935)
Luding-qiao Iron Chain Bridge In Western Sichuan Province, Liu Wenhui, after a defeat in the hands of his nephew Liu Xiang, had retreated to the neighboring Xi-kang Province [now being parts of Sichuan & Tibet] with about 20,000 remnants out of his original force of 120,000 soldiers. With Red Army coming north for the Jinshajiang River, Liu Wenhui ordered that Xi-kang border commander Liu Yuanzhang deploy the majority of provincial brigades,about 12 regiments, led by Liu Yuantang, Liu Yuanzong, Xu Jianshang, Deng Xiuting and Liu Yuanxuan, to the Jinshajiang riverbank, while having Yuan Guorui and Yang Xuerui’s brigades of 5th Division defend multiple Dadu [grand crossing] River crossings, and Yu Songlin's brigade guard the upperstream Dadu River. After Red Army crossed the Jinshajiang River, Liu Yuantang, sitting at Huili city, withdrew the bulk of his forces into the citywall for a defence. Three days later, Red Army descended upon Huili, a town which was next to southernmost Xikang city of Yianbian (salt border) bordering Yunnan Province, but after seven days and seven nights, failed to sack the city. Chiang Kai-shek ordered an airdrop of a bonus of 10,000 legal tender [[yuan]] to Liu Yuantang and conferred the title of brigadier-general [[??]] onto Liu Yuantang. Chiang Kai-shek ordered that i) Liu Yuantang command Liu Wenhui's 24th Corps for defending the north bank of Dadu River and that ii) Yang Sen command Liu Xiang's 20th Corps as well as part of 21st Corps for sending the relief to Liu Yuanzhang. On May 14th, 1935, Chiang Kai-shek telegraphed Liu Wenhui with instructions as to defence of Dadu [Tadu] River and a threat of court martial for any dereliction of duty. On May 22nd, Chiang Kai-shek flew over to Chongqing & Chengdu for directing the Sichuan campaign. For the Ludingqiao Bridge defense on the western Dadu River bend, Liu Wenhui had called upon a retired officer called Chen Guangzao to organize a 5th Division of 24th Corps after the bulk of Liu Wenhui's troops had been dispatched to the defence of Jinshajiang River and Huili city consecutively. Chen Guangzao had managed to recruit about 50 former soldiers and officers in total. Chen Guangzao, himself sitting in Ya'an, dispatched deputy division chief Chen Nengfen and tactician Ye Jianming to Hanyuan for leading the Dadu River defence. Chen Nengfen and Ye Jianming, after arriving at Hanyuan, found out that they had no soldiers or guns there. Li Jinshan [[Li Quanshan??]], 38th Regiment commander of Yuan Guorui’s 4th Brigade under the empty-shell 5th Division of 24th Corps was subsequently sent to the Luding Iron Chain Bridge. Luding Bridge, with thirteen chains, built in 1701 under Manchu reign, measures about 100 meters long and 2.8 meters wide. Along the southern Dadu River bend, at Anhunchang ferry of Shimian (asbestos) County, west of Hanyuan, 7th Regiment commander Yu Weiru under 7th Brigade of 24th Corps was assigned the task of defending Anqingba on the north bank, while battalion commander Haan Kuijie was ordered to raze the Anshunchang town on the south bank.Liu Wenhui's 24th Corps being assigned the river segment from Ludingqiao Bridge to Fulin, Sichuan provincial 20th Corps chief Yang Sen, who had volunteered with Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Red Army, was in charge of the river segment from Fulin to downstream Jinkou. Yang Sen was given command of Wang Zejun’s brigade under Liu Xiang's 21st Corps for beefing up the defense at Fulin. On May 15th, Red Army, having failed to sack the Huili city and after five days’ rest, went north in an attempt at crossing the Dadu River via the path of Huili-Dechang-Xichang-Hugu-Yuexi. Red Army, while defeating Xu Jianshang's provincial brigade en route, skipped Xichang, a strategic point between Xide and Dechang. Traveling through the ancient silk-trade Kongming-niao-dao (prime minister Kong Ming’s bird flying path), a citadel-dotted narrow passage along the Anninghe River and between Xiaoxiangling and Daliangshan mountain ranges, Red Army easily passed the Qingxiguan (clear creek pass) for the north. At Hugu, Red Army split into two prongs, with Zuo Quan and Liu Yalou leading a contingent on a fake attack at the lowerstream Dashubao ferry [opposite to Fulin] on the Dadu River and Liu Bocheng and Nie Rongzhen penetrating the Yi-zu minority mountain regions for the upperstream Anshuchang crossing. After taking over Mianning county capital, Liu Bocheng, to secure the Daqiaozhen-Kailuochang passage through Yizu territory, drunk blood-dripped liquor with a Yi-zu tribal chieftan. At Kailuochang, Red Army took over a provincial military’s grain depot. On the night of May 24th, Liu Bocheng’s Red Army walked down Mt Maanshan (saddle mountain) to take over Anshunchang where a dispute with locals and minority affairs officer Lai Zhizhong prevented Haan Kuijie’s provincial battalion from razing the town and sabotaging all of the boats. The next day, seventeen commandos from Yang Dezhi and Lih Lin’s Red Army 1st Regiment, under battalion commander Sun Jixian, forcefully crossed the river by means of one captured boat. Leaving Li Juquan’s Red Army 1st Division and officer corps at Anshunchang, the rest of the Red Army sped along the southern bank for a right-turn towards the Ludingqiao Bridge on the western river bend. On May 27th, Liu Wenhui took his bodyguard brigade to the Anshunchang front. At the western river bend, Li Quanshan and his small group of provincial troops arrived at the eastern end of the Luding Bridge by the evening of May 28th. Since locals refused to destroy the chains, Li Quanshan ordered that his barehand soldiers dismantle the wood planks. Under rainy weather, Li Quanshan's soldiers stopped their work for smoking pipe,leaving intact the wood planks on the eastern part of the bridge. Overnight, Red Army 4th Regiment of 2nd Division, headed by regimental commander Wang Kaixiang and commissar Yang Chengwu, rushed to the bridge after trekking 160 kilometers within two days and beating off sporadic resistance along the road.While the east bank force under Liu Bocheng & Nie Rongzhen's contingent ran their way towards the iron chain bridge on the relatively flat path, Yang Dezhi’s team under Lin Biao’s contingent marched tenuously on the west bank towards the same target. At one time, the west bank force encountered the relief army of Sichuan provincial army travelling same direction across the river and pretended to be of same camp by flashing the torch light. Red Army, on the east bank, caught up with the Sichuan provincial relief army which stopped for a rest overnight, and at Lengqi, about 22 kilometers away from Ludingcheng town, Red Army on two sides of the river cooperated in eliminating a provincial post. By daybreak, Yang Dezhi’s team ran to the bridge nonstop, and spent the rest of day collecting wood planks from a cathedral nearby. In late afternoon, when the east bank Red Army force closed in to Ludingchen town, the west bank Red Army force, with machinegun and mortars overpowering the east end of the Luding Iron Chain Bridge and the defenders at Ludingcheng town, organized a 22-member commando team to charge over the bare chains, while auxiliary units paved the wood planks simultaneously. With a loss of three soldiers, company commander Liao Dazhu's Red Army assault team succeeded in overpowering the badly-equipped Li Jinshan gang, and in cooperation with Nie Rongzhen’s Red Army, took over the burning bridgehead [which was a monastery building] as well as the half-burnt Ludingcheng town. Mao Tse-tung and the bulk of Red Army completed crossing the suspension bridge on May 30th. Li Zongren signed that it was the Heaven which had allowed Mao Tse-tung cross the river where Shi Dakai, i.e., King Yi-wang of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, had been doomed. What Li Zongren did not fully realize is that Red Army had already taken control of the Anshunchang Crossing in lowerstream Dadu River, thus averting Shi Dakai's fate of death with his son and followers at Anshunchang. The related myth of communist using human shield being another fallacy, Jung Chang & Jon Halliday's wild claim that Chiang Kai-shek had let go the Reds with a cart of supplies and map was not worthy of refutation by this webmaster. Climbing Great Snow Mountain Lianghekou Meeting Zhang Guotao's Challenging Zunyi Meeting Decisions Luhua Meeting & Maoergai Meeting Shawo Meeting & Grasslands of Qinghai Split of Mao Tse-tung's Red Army From Zhang Guotao's Mao Tse-tung asked Xu Xiangqian and Chen Changhao in telegraphing Zhang Guotao for the leftside column to follow up. At this time, instead of going north to Gansu Prov, Zhang Guotao ordered a reroute towards the south on the pretext that rivers were overflowing. On Sept 3rd, Zhang Guotao telegraphed with following message: for 35 kilometers along Gequ-he River, they could not locate bridges or crossings; they had only 2-3 days grains left; and they planned to return to A'ba. Xu Xiangqian stated that Chen Changhao visited CCP Central on a daily basis for seeking a compromise with Mao Tse-tung who already ordered that 1st Division of Red Army 1st Corps detected KMT defense at Wenxian, Wudu, Xigu and Minzhou [i.e., counties of southern Gansu Prov, next to Jiuzhaigou Scenery Site of borderline Sichuan Province]. On Sept 8th, Chen & Xu telegraphed Zhang Guotao again for instructions by pointing out that it was a good time to attack southern Gansu since Hu Zongnan's Government troops did not come to Minzhou area yet. Chen & Xu also suggested to Zhang Guotao that leftside column could attack Songfan should Hu Zongnan's Government troops relocate to the north for attacking Red Army rightside column. On the same day, Zhang Guotao ordered that Chen & Xu returned to the south. Chen Changhao took the telegraph to Zhang Wentian and Bo-gu, and in the evening, called over Xu Xiangqian for a meeting at Zhou Enlai's place. Mao Tse-tung presented Xu Xiangqian [i.e., the only non-member of the Politburo] with a pre-written telegraph for endorsement. Seven member CCP Central team hence telegraphed Zhang Guotao with an request for a northward conversion. Mao Tse-tung suggested a distraction of enemy forces by calling on Red Army 25th & 26th Corps of northern Shenxi Province for lending support. On 9th, CCP Central wired Zhang Guotao again with a hint that leftside column could still come northward to take over Gansu-Qinghai provinces to the northwest should they have difficulty in following through the rightside column to the east. Zhang Guotao telegraphed Chen Changhao again with insistence of southward move. During this period of time, Zhang Guotao was said to have sent radio message to Chen Changhao demanding the return of the Eastside Column to Aba [Apa] of borderline Sichuan Province. Xu Xiangqian stated that Chen Changhao changed mind to follow Zhang Guotao's order and he himself decided to maintain the entity of 4th Front by going south, too. Chen Changhao went to see Mao Tse-tung and returned to tell Xu Xiangqian that he had been severely criticized. On the evening of 10th, Mao Tse-tung came to see Xu Xiangqian for support, but Xu Xiangqian stated that he did not want to see 4th Front split. Historical riddle still exists today as to what happened on Sept 10th 1935. Mao Tse-tung, always wary of Zhang Guotao, was said to had again dispersed his men, i.e., Lin Biao and Peng Dehuai's armies. When Ye Jianying came to see Mao Tse-tung with a purported secret telegraph from Zhang Guotao, Mao Tse-tung immediately fled the camp with his thousands of men without notifying the soldiers of Zhang Guotao's Red Army 4th Front which was incidentally the main bulk of the Eastside Column. Xu Xiangqian memoirs claimed that when he woke up the next morning, he received report stating that Ye Jianying had disappeared with "military maps" of the command center. Both Chen Changhao and Xu Xiangqian were shocked, and soon the two received phonecall from the front stating that Mao Tse-tung's army had left overnight and moreover deployed "cordon guards" against the 4th Front. Heh Wei of "Red Army University" came to ask whether there was an order of departure. Chen Changhao and Xu Xiangqian were in shocked status for half an hour, and when the frontal post phoned again as to whether they should attack 1st Front, Xu Xiangqian replied to Chen Changhao, "Have you ever seen the Red Army attacking the Red Army?" [Note prevalent writings often impersonate Zhang Guotao as Chen Changhao in regards to this question and answer.] Xu Xiangqian [Hsu Hsang-Ch'ien] stated that he had tears about this split, and Chen Changhao, ignoring continuous orders from Mao Tse-tung to go north, called CCP Central by "rightist opportunism" and "flightism". Xu Xiangqian and Zhang Guotao led their Red Army for crossing the Grasslands a second time to the south. Xu Xiangqian memoirs stated that Zhang Guotao, possibly right in tactics, had definitely wronged in strategy in comparison with Mao Tse-tung's analysis of "forming possible anti-Japanese-invasion alliance in northwestern China". Mao Tse-tung, detaching from Zhang Guotao's control, led his troops to Panyu. Government troops constructed defense positions at the Lazikou [Latzu] Pass. On September 15, Red Army was ordered to take over the pass within two days. Red Army won a skirmish with a battalion of the KMT Fourteenth Division. Three KMT regiments and two battalions were said to have defended the sheer-cliff pass. Numerous night attacks by the Red Army failed. There were heavy casualties. Mao Tse-tung then ordered several dozens of mountaineers climb from behind the mountain at night. Once the soldiers reached the peak, they threw grenades down at KMT soldiers and expelled the defenders. Mao Tse-tung broke two more enemy lines by crossing the Liupanshan Mountains and converged with Liu Zhidan's Shenxi Red Army & Xu Haidong's Red Army 25th Corps at Wuqizhen town on Oct 31st 1935. (http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/8/6/69762.html pointed out that Jia Tuofu's herald company, in Ganquan county of Shenxi Prov, encountered Shenxi enclave's Red Army 15th Army Corps led by Cheng Zihua and Guo Hongtao and that Mao Tse-tung’s Red Army Central Front arrived in Wuqizhen town on Oct 19th 1935.) Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Mao Tse-tung was lucky because Government troops were sent to fighting Zhang Guotao's main bulk of the Red Army. Xu Zhen stated that various provincial armies simply did not intercept the Red Army at all. In mid-Oct, Hu Zongnan, having released all other divisions, arrived in Gangushi county with his 1st Division by following the footstep of Mao Tse-tung. Hu Zongnan dispatched Liu Hongxun to pacifying the local minority leaders in Gansu-Qinghai provinces. Zhang Guotao's Defeat At Baizhangguan Pass In mid-Sept, Zhang Guotao's armies regrouped respectively, with an aim for Dajinchuan River area. Xu Xiangqian, in crossing grasslands for a second time, noticed that the corpses of Red Army soldiers were unburied inside the tents that were made of twigs. After a short stay at Maoergai, Xu Xiangqian marched along mountain road to the west of Heishui. By end of Sept, Xu Xiangqian converged with Zhang Guotao's army at Dangba. On Oct 5th, Zhang Guotao convened a meeting of 40-50 senior leaders at a monastery and accused Mao Tse-tung of adopting a retreat approach of "flightist" and "rightist utopia" nature. Zhang Guotao claimed that he, having terminated the retreat ensuing from the defeat of anti-5th-siege, would advocate an "attack" approach by going south. Zhang Guotao, blaming Mao Tse-tung for clandestine runaway, proposed to establish an "Interim CCP Central" by following the example of Lenin breakaway from "Second Communist International". More available at Battle Of Baizhangguan Pass. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Conversion of Red Army 2nd & 4th Fronts 4th Front hence devised Kangding-Daofu-Luhuo Campaign, aiming at Kangding to the west. In late Feb, 4th Front departed in three echelons. They first climbed Jiajinshan Snow Mountain, passed Dawei, Maogong & Danba, then climbed Mt Zheduoshan [mid-segment of Snowy Mountain Range, with an elevation of 5000 meters] by resting overnight at mountain waist and passing the peak before noon of the day. Red Army 4th Front HQ arrived at Daofu on March 15th and then Luhuo. Herald 30th Corps took over Ganzi to the northeast, while 4th Corps departed Luhuo for southwest and took over Zanhua. 93rd Division of Red Army 31st Corps and 25th Division of Red Army 9th Corps further drove off Li Baobing's forces southward to Kangding from Taining [?]. At Luhuo, Chen Changhao & Liu Bocheng took over 10000 units of grains, 50000 kilograms of wool and 20000 kg of salt from a monastery. Red Army had both conflicts and cooperation with Tibetan lamas in this area, with an aim of allotting 15 days of grain supply for further march northward. In western Sichuan, Red Army 4th Front re-organized armies into 4th Corps (Chen Zaidao & Wang Hongkun), 5th Corps (Dong Zhentang & Huang Chao), 9th Corps (Sun Yueqing & Chen Haisong), 30th Corps (Cheng Shicai & Li Xiannian), 31st Corps (Wang Shusheng & Zhou Chunquan), 32nd Corps (Luo Binghui & Li Ganhui), and 200 person cavalry division (Xu Shiyou). Thereafter, about 14000 soldiers of Red Army 2nd Front, leaving eastern Sichuan-Guizhou Prov, entered northwestern Yunnan Province for a planned conversion with Zhang Guotao. Zhu De, having objected Lin Yueying's order, advocated for a stay in western Sichuan Province so that Red Army 2nd & 6th Army Corps could come over for a conversion. Lin Yueying, citing authority from his Comintern contacts, had asked Zhang Guotao and Heh Long in staying put in southwestern China because Mao Tse-tung's Red Army had just crossed the Yellow River in early 1936 for an eastern campaign into Shanxi Province. Xu Xiangqian pointed out that he had later learnt from internal documentation to find out that Mao Tse-tung's Red Army was planning to march into Suiyuan Province for a liaison with Outer Mongolia. In mid-April 1936, Red Army 4th Front dispatched 4th Corps and 32nd Corps to the south for lending support to 2nd Front. On April 19th, Red Army defeated Li Baobing's army, and subsequently occupied Yajiang River and the west bank of the river. In May, Mao Tse-tung's Red Army returned to Shenxi after looting Shanxi Province and mounted western campaign instead. Mao Tse-tung wired to instruct the conversion of 2nd and 4th Red Army fronts, mentioned his collusion with Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army, hinted that Comintern wish to see Red Army close in towards Outer Mongolia and New Dominion Prov, and suggested that Zhang Guotao could either go to Gansu Province or Qinghai Province in the northwest. Red Army 4th Front made a decision for going to Tao-he and Xia-he river area in late June in the expectation that Red Army 2nd Front would take over Ganzi. However, KMT camp had an internal strife in June [i.e., Xie Hegeng instigated "June 1st Movement"] when Guangxi-Guangdong provinces rebelled against Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek relocated Hu Zongnan's KMT crack force away from southern Gansu Province for exerting pressure on Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren. Taking advantage of this vacuum, Red Army 4th Front changed plan to depart for southeastern Gansu Province from Mingzhou area by sweeping the Government troops under Wang Jun, Mao Bingwen & Lu Dachang. Also in this time period, Red Army 4th Front and Red Army 2nd Front formed CCP Northwestern Bureau, and Zhang Guotao officially rescinded his "Second Central" at a meeting in Luhuo. Red Army 2nd Front possessed such leaders as Heh Long, Guan Xiangying, Ren Bishi, Xiao Ke and Wang Zhen. On June 29th, 4th Front issued a call for echoing Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren's rebellion in Guangxi-Guangdong provinces. The two groups of armies converged at Ganzi in early July. Xu Xiangqian, crossing the grasslands for a 3rd time, arrived in Baozuo after one month long trek. On July 27th, CCP Northwestern Bureau was ratified, with Zhang Guotao & Ren Bishi acting as secretaries. On Aug 5th 1936, Red Army 4th Front and Red Army 2nd Front mounted the Campaign of Mingzhou-Taozhou-Xigu. On 9th, Lazikou Pass was taken. At Mingzhou, Chen Changhao failed to take the city which was guarded by Lu Dachang. After taking over Taozhou, Red Army fought one week against Ma Bufang's cavalry brigade. In southern Gansu Prov, Xu Xiangqian finally realized the extent of communist collusion with Zhang Xueliang for establishing a so-called "Northwestern National Defense Government". Xu Xiangqian stated that Red Army devised two-step plan: first step would be to attack Mao Bingwen and Ma Bufang for sake of creating an opportunity for Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army to fill up the positions in Gansu Province [Ganzhou-Liangzhou-Suzhou] within one and half a month; and second step would be to mount the Campaign of Ningxia after a trilateral Red Army conversion in northern Gansu Province. The roadmap called for a December Campaign against Ma Hongkui's cavalry by having two Red Army fronts cross the frozen Yellow River to the west in the attempt of a liaison with USSR. Xu Xiangqian mentioned that Red Army and Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army had plan for a "herald column to Suiyuan Province for resisting Japanese invasion". Ningxia-Yinchuan Campaign On Jan 14th 1936, Zhang Fakui assumed the post of general director for banditry quelling in Fujian-Zhejiang-Anhui-Jiangxi border area, while Li Zongren took charge of quelling communist insurgents in Hunan-Guangxi-Guizhou border area. In March 1936, Hu Zongnan led his troops eastward to Tongguan on the pretext that Wang Jun's 3rd Corps and Yang Bufei's 61st Division were enough for Gansu Province. In northern Shenxi Prov, Mao Tse-tung's "Central Red Army" [about 7000 or less, widely believed to be 5000 remnants] already converged with Liu Zhidan's Shenxi Red Army [close to 6000 ?]. (Xu Zhen claimed that Mao Tse-tung, after conversion with Liu Zhidan, would change the banditry den approach, pacify local gentry-organized forces in various counties, and develop into 10000 force within one year.) Back in Nov 1935, Mao Tse-tung dispatched a top cadre to Yang Hucheng's Northwestern Army for striking a non-aggression pact. Chen Yongfa pointed out that General Wang Yizhe's 67th Corps and Red Army reached a non-aggression pact in March 1936. On the afternoon of April 9th 1936, Zhang Xueliang, Liu Ding, Wang Yizhe, and bodyguard chief Sun Mingjiu flew to Fushi [Yan'an] where they held a secret meeting with Zhou Enlai & Li Kenong inside a catholic church under the foot of Yan'an Bao-ta [treasured pagoda]. Meeting lasted through to 4:00 am the next day. Zhang Xueliang gave the CCP a new color map of China as a gift, while CCP promised to i) help train Northeastern Army officers, ii) establish joint army for resisting Japanese invasion, iii) organize "Northwestern National Defense Government", and vi) ally with USSR for military assistance. (See Wu Tianyao's "Liu Ding & Xi'an Incident".) At the same time, communists actively pursued "peace talks" with Chiang Kai-shek. Xu Zhen stated that Zhou Enlai contacted KMT special agent in HK, i.e., Zeng Yangfu as well as wrote direct to the two Chen brothers. More available at Ningxia-Yinchuan Campaign. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Official Completion Of The Long March On Oct 2nd, Red Army 1st Front took over Huining. On Oct 8th, Red Army 4th Front converged with Red Army 1st Front at Qingjiangyi & Jieshipu areas of Huining. Both Zhu De and Xu Xiangqian received warm welcome from Red Army 1st Front. Xu Xiangqian stated that 4th Front frontline headquarters arrived in Huining on 9th and received welcome from Chen Geng, i.e., a former general of Hubei-Henan-Anhui enclave. On Oct 10th, a ceremony was held in regards to this event. per CYF, CCP was said to have received aid from Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army for this conversion to happen. In Oct, Zhang Xueliang gave CCP 670000 yuan "fa [legalized] bi [currency]". On Oct 22nd 1936, Red Army 2nd Front converged with Red Army 1st Front at Jiangtaibao, to the northeast of Huining. Long March was officially over when all three Red Army groups converged with each other. To the west of today's Huining city would be a new geographical name termed "hui [converging] shi [armies] lou [storey building]". Who Authorized First Western Expedition? Zhang Guotao, per CYF, orchestrated the "Western Expedition" on basis of instructions from both Comintern and Mao Tse-tung's CCP Central. Prof Chen Yongfa pointed out that Zhang Guotao might have ambition for going into the west where USSR & New Dominion Province were not in KMT hands. Prof Chen Yongfa cited Xu Xiangqian's "History In Retrospect" in validating a likely Mao Tse-tung authorization in dispatching Zhang Guotao on a western expedition in the first place. Chen Yongfa pointed out that Zhang Wentian and Mao Tse-tung instructed Zhang Guotao via telegraph that Shenxi Province did not have extra grains for supporting his Red Army 4th Front. Xu Xiangqian memoirs stated that the "Campaign of Ningxia & Western Gansu Prov" was a mutual understanding between Red Army and Zhang Xueliang's Northeastern Army. Zhang Xueliang was said to have dispatched an emissary to New Dominion Province for liaison with Sheng Shicai. Zhang Xueliang, in early Oct 1936, divulged to CCP so-called Chiang Kai-shek's "Tongwei Campaign", i.e., a campaign intended to have Central Army pressure Northeastern Army into a concerted fight against communists. CCP Central immediately contacted military leaders of 2nd & 4th Fronts in regards to Chiang Kai-shek's Tongwei Campaign and decided to pull up the "Campaign of Ningxia & Western Gansu Prov" on Oct 10th 1936. CCP guidelines called for completion of ship building prior to Nov 10th as well as retention of Xi'an-Lanzhou Highway for the month of Oct. 30th Corps was ordered to build 40-50 ships at Daluzi, near Jingyuan. Three corps were tentatively arranged for crossing the river and attacking Ningxia on Nov 10th. CCP re-shuffled cabinet into a so-called "military committee presidium" that would comprise of Mao, Zhou, Wang, Zhu, Zhang, and Chen. Further, Zhu De & Zhang Guotao were empowered with commanding the whole operation. Xu Xiangqian mentioned that Zhang Guotao, who had expressed worry about his being purged by Mao once he went to Shenxi, would appear much more relaxed thereafter. On Oct 16th 1936, Chiang Kai-shek issued the attack order, and on 18th, Zhu Shaoliang dispatched KMT 1st Corps, 37th Corps and 3rd Corps against the Red Army from three directions of east, west and south. Fighting ensued on Oct 21st. Chiang flew to Xi'an the next day to mobilize Northwestern Army & Northeastern Army. To the south, Red Army 4th, 5th & 31st corps fought against KMT 3rd Corps for two days. Deputy corps chief Luo Nanhui of Red Army 5th Corps sacrificed his life. Red Army 4th, 5th & 31st corps retreated towards Huining. While Zhu De & Zhang Guotao departed Huining for talks with Peng Dehuai of Red Army 1st Div, Chen Changhao & Xu Xiangqian were put in charge of defending Huining with portion of Red Army 9th Corps. Xu Xiangqian stated that KMT planes bombarded Huining, inflicting a casualty of 800 soldiers or one quarter of the Red Army 5th Corps. Under the pressure of KMT 37th Corps, Red Army gave up Huining on Oct 23rd but defended positions to the north of Huining. At this time, Red Army 30th Corps built 16 ships. CCP Central hastily ordered that Red Army 30th Corps & 9th Corps cross the Yellow River immediately. 4th Front, however, proposed that three corps cross the Yellow River for controlling the west bank so that Red Army 1st Front could follow through by crossing the river at Zhongwei-Lingwu segment as well. After first crossing ran astrand in the middle of the river overnight, Red Army crossed the river at a different location [Hupaodu Crossing] on the night of Oct 24th. 30th Corps, with acquiesce of Deng Baoshan's Northeastern Army, completed the river crossing one day later. 30th Corps immediately destroyed Ma Family Cavalry defense along the west bank. 9th Corps, however, stopped at the east bank of the Yellow River when CCP Central telegraphed with new instruction of coordinating with the remnant 4th Front as well as 2nd Front to hinder KMT northward thrust. On Oct 26th, CCP Central ordered that 9th Corps cross the Yellow River immediately so that it could go on to take Dingyuanying while 30th Corps were to sack Yongdeng. By the dawn of 28th, 9th Corps finished the nighttime crossing. On Oct 29th, CCP Central agreed to have Xiao Ke's 31st Corps cross the river as a backup. But CCP Central changed order on 30th again after Peng Dehuai petitioned for assistance. At Jingyuan river crossing, Red Army 5th Corps, which was in charge of boats, had to evacuate to the west bank when Guan Linzheng's KMT Division intruded into Jingyuan. Remnant Red Army 4th Front on the east bank retreated towards Dalachi and Haiyuan, while those on the west bank began to march into Mt Yitiaoshan area. Prof Chen Yongfa pointed out that "when Mao Tse-tung ordered Zhang Guotao in crossing the river for the campaign of 'Western Corridor', Zhang Guotao led a speedy crossing of the Yellow River without liaison with Red Army 2nd Front, something that would purportedly cause Red Army 2nd Front a loss when Red Army 2nd Front was caught up by Government troops... About 10000 remnants of Red Army 2nd Front continued the march northward... Zhang Guotao, though shielded by Red Army 2nd Front's entanglement with Government troops to the east, still had about 10000 soldiers failing to cross the river. This group of soldiers later marched northward to converge with Red Army 1st & 2nd Fronts." In light of historical context, Chen Yongfa had apparently mixed up this episode with Zhang Guotao's wavering at the time of "highway" campaign. About 20000 soldiers of Zhang Guotao's Red Army 4th Front, after crossing the Yellow River, stranded in Yongdeng & Gulang areas of Gansu Province with only 3-4 days of grain supply when Mao Tse-tung called off the "Ningxia-Yinchuan Campaign". Yongdeng & Gulang are two cities between Lanzhou and Wuwei of Gansu Prov, i.e., all major points on the Western Corridor. Xu Xiangqian claimed that Red Army 30th Corps, 9th Corps and 5th Corps, on the west bank, possessed 21800 persons in all. Should this group of Red Army 4th Front have survived, they might very well increase the communist military might by 3-5 folds. Re-organizing Red Army Western Route Prof Chen Yongfa stated that Mao Tse-tung ordered that Zhang Guotao's Red Army 4th Front stay in Gansu Province because northern Shenxi Province could not afford to support extra heads financially. Zhang Guotao's Red Army 4th Front would stay till Nov 4th 1936 when "Red Army Western Route" was re-organized for opening up the so-called He-xi [west of western Yellow River Bend] Corridor. The immediate task for the 21800 person troops would be to march northward at Ning-na [i.e., southern Ningxia Province] for taking over Zhongwei & Dingyuanying so that Mao Tse-tung's Central Army could cross the Yellow River at the center of the West Bend. Xi'An Incident - Turning Point Of Modern History Northeastern Army vs Red Army Communist Infiltrations Into Northwestern Army Zhang Xueliang's Collusion With CCP Secret KMT-CCP Direct Contacts In Multiple Channels On The Eve Of Coup D'etat Tang Junyao Abducting Chiang Kai-shek At Lintong Stalin, Comintern & Xi'an Incident Solution To Coup D'etat Disintegration Of Northeastern Army Dissolution Of Mao Tse-tung's "Marriage" Demise Of Red Army Western Expedition http://weekly.china-forum.org/CCF93/ccf9303A-3.html asked a good question: "Who Destroyed Western-Route Army ?" and "Why the ceasefire between CCP and KMT armies after XiAn Incident failed to be realized for WRA ?" Xiaowen Li stated: June 6, 1936: Zhang Guotao dropped his '2nd Central'; Oct. 9: The 1st and 4th Front [Red] Armies joined force; Oct. 24: The 4th Front Army started to cross Yellow River to west by the order of Central Rev. Mil. Com.; End Oct-Early Nov: KMT the first Corps cut off along the Yellow River; Nov. 9: WRA [Western Route Red Army] marched to west by the order of Mao and Zhou on Nov. 8; Nov. 21: Victory of ShanChengBao (east bank of Y.R.), KMT army defeated; Dec. 12-25: XiAn Incident; Late Feb. 1937: "Army for helping WRA" (Yuan Xi Jun) was organized; March 14: WRA's final failure. Cheng ChangHao, Xu XiangQian left troops; Late March to Apr. 6: Zhang GuoTao was criticized, struggled and kicked out from power. The answer would be the same as "Where did the Red Army originally destine during the Long March?" Under Sheng Shicai's rule, New Dominion Province already fell into the sphere of USSR, with USSR Red Army 8th Regiment stationed in Hami. Sheng Shicai invited the Soviet Red Army and Chinese Communist Party into his dominion. (Wu Xiangxiang stated that Russian Red Army 8th Regiment came to Hami in 1938. Sheng Shicai, on the pretext of a purported CCP uprising on April 12th 1942, would defect back to Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist Government by taking advantage of Russian entanglement with Germany during WWII.) Chinese Red Army was trying to penetrate towards the northwest for reliance upon USSR aid, i.e., the He-xi Corridor Campaign. Mao & Zhou dispatched Western Route Red Army for a second time in late 1936 & early 1937 for the only purpose of fetching military equipments that Comintern had transported to Russian Altai. Xu Xiangqian, in his memoirs, wrongly assumed that military equipments, including cannons, were already moved to Dihua (i.e., Urumqi). Before the Red Army 2nd Western Expedition, CCP, under Fu-lei-de & Li-de [Otto Braun] false promise, had built an airport in Ruijin of Jiangxi Province in 1933 for Russian military airplanes to drop military supplies. Even earlier than that, CCP had conducted Dec 1927 "Canton Commune" rebellion in anticipation of Soviet military delivery via the sea port. On Oct 27th, Red Army 30th Corps defeated two brigades of Ma Family cavalry at Wujiachuan & Weiquan, and continued on to encircle one regiment of Ma Family cavalry in northwest of Yitiaoshan. In late Oct, Red Army 9th Corps surrounded 600 Ma Family cavalry in southern Yitiaoshan area. Red Army 5th Corps guarded boats at Sanjiaocheng. Then 30th corps destroyed a Ma Family regiment at Wufushi crossing. On Oct 30th, CCP instructed that 9th & 30th corps stayed put for further order. On Nov 1st, Zhu De & Zhang Guotao checked with Lin Yueying as to availability of Russian supplies. Xu Xiangqian urged CCP Central for an early launch of Haiyuan Campaign & Ningxia Campaign in light of the fact that it would be tough to go north for Dingyuanying [i.e., ancient garrison or commandery] which was 4 days across the Tengri Desert while not knowing when and whether Soviet supplies could reach the northern Sino-Mongolian border. On Nov 3rd, CCP Central instructed that Western Route Army depart Yitiaoshan & Wufushi for attacking Yongdeng & Gulang. On 5th, Zhu De & Zhang Guotao instructed Chen Changhao & Xu Xiangqian that they should concentrate on defeating Ma Bufang cavalry while isolating or neutralizing the other three Ma factions. In Qinghai & Gansu provinces, Ma Bufang & Ma Buqing brothers possessed 30,000 troops and 100000 militia. Ma Buqing, i.e., 5th Cavalry Division Chief, himself commanded three cavalry brigades, one infantry brigade, and 3 regiments, while Ma Bufang held 2nd Corps and 100th Division as commander in Western Corridor area. Back on Nov 2nd, at Yitiaoshan, Red Army 30th Corps [Li Xiannian & Cheng Shicai] defeated Ma Bufang's relief army of two cavalry brigades commanded by Ma Yuanhai. The next day, five brigades attacked Red Army 30th Corps repeatedly. On 4th, Red Army 9th Corps engaged with 5000 strong miscellaneous columns of Ma Family cavalry and militia in Dalabai area. After 4 days of fighting, Red Army destroyed about 1000 enemy troops, including the killing of Ma Tingxiang the tactician for Ma Family 5th Division. On Nov 6th, Pingfan-Dajing-Gulang-Liangzhou Campaign was devised, with Cheng Shicai's Red Army 30th Corps after Dajing, Sun Yueqing's 9th Corps after Gulang, and Dong Zhentang's 5th Corps after Liangzhou. CCP Central Abandoning Ningxia Campaign First Western Expedition Red Army 9th Corps Being Frustrated At Gulang Flipping By Mao Tse-tung's CCP Central CCP Central Ordering Western Route Army Stay Put Xi'an Coup & CCP Central Order As To Taking Over Ganzhou & Shuzhou Second Western Expedition Dong Zhentang's Death With Red Army 5th Corps At Gaotai 40-Day Defense of Nijiayingzi Final Demise Of Red Army Western Route Purge Of Zhang Guota Path 
1945-1949 Civil War Liao-Shen Campaign Korean War Vietnamese War Written by Ah Xiang Last Modified: Thursday, 05-Feb-2009 22:22:13 EST |
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Li Hongzhang's Poem After 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
